森林精准计测关键技术研究
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摘要
精准的森林资源调查数据对于国家制定林业政策、规划方案和林业局(场)作业设计有着重要的作用和意义。长期以来,森林资源调查不但具有耗时、费力、工作量大和精度不高等特点,且相关作业可能会给森林带来破坏。本文从森林资源调查理论基础入手,阐述了森林资源调查的最新方法(多边形样地法和精准立木材积测量法),研究了精准立木材积测量法的仪器要求、测量材积精度、一元和二元材积模型建立及精度分析；分析了多边形样地布设的原则、精度及适用的范围和条件。本文旨在阐明精准森林计测几项关键技术且对其精度进行分析。本文主要研究内容可归纳如下：
1.无损自动精准测算立木材积原理及精度分析
用解析几何、数学分析及概率论数理统计学等数学原理解释无损立木材积测量原理与技术方法,以己知真值的电杆作为研究对象,阐明了电子经纬仪立木材积量测方法,并分别以不同区分段、不同观测距离、不同观测方位、多方位取平均值、不同观测员观测、不同电子经纬仪观测等多角度来研究外界因数对该方法精度的影响,通过研究分析,得出了影响精度的因数,提出了最佳观测方案。结合内蒙古赤峰市喀喇沁旗旺业甸林场具体树木进行了立木材积测量,提出了最佳观测方位、距离范围和区分段长度标准。
2.一元、二元材积模型的建立及精度分析
根据旺业甸林场十个树种在林场的数量比例,规划出十个树种(白桦、黑桦、红松、落叶松、山杨、五角枫、油松、榆树、柞树、樟子松)各径阶树木应获取的数量,使用无损自动精准测算立木材积技术获取了旺业甸林场十个常见树种不同径阶(6cm-60cm)的1003棵树木的材积,将其中80%的立木材积数据用来建立模型,通过对相关系数及模型均方差等误差因数的分析,选出最优一元、二元材积模型；将另外20%的数据结合旺业甸林场的以前为了产材而进行砍伐的数据(十个树种的常见径阶(16cm、18cm、20cm、22cm、24cm、26cm、28cm)的数据各40株树,但因五角枫保存数据每个径阶不足40棵,则五角枫各径阶选择10组数据,共计2590棵砍伐树木,取其各径阶的树高和材积的平均值)将其与材积表估算的材积进行检验,用来验证模型的精度。结果表明建立的一元、二元材积模型平均精度都达到95%以上,符合材积表精度的要求；十个树种的二元材积模型的离散率都小于一元材积模型的离散率,表明二元材积模型较一元材积模型稳定性强,二元材积模型优于-元材积模型。
3.多边形样地法的森林资源调查与监测研究
用空间解析几何、抽样统计学、全站仪电磁波测距、及生物空间分布生态学原理诠释了多边形样地法的森林资源调查与监测的原理与技术方法。首先选择有代表性的四块林地(疏松的人工林、密集的人工林、疏松的天然林、密集的天然林),使用全站仪放样技术在这四块林地里建立(20m*30m)或(30m*30m)的矩形样地,使用全站仪、电子经纬仪、胸径尺精准量测出这四块样地里的每棵树木的树高、胸径、材积和坐标,进而可以得到四个矩形样地的林分平均高、林分密度、平均胸径值、材积总和即蓄积量,并将这些林分特征因子作为真值。在这四块样地中,建立5-10块多边形样地,把获取的多边形样地的林分平均高、林分密度、平均胸径值、蓄积量与真值进行比较,判别精度：再分别将各矩形样地的其中两个、三个、以此累加到所有的多边形样地林分特征因子的平均值与真值比较,分析精度。
4.多边形样地法结合林相图求算林场蓄积量
使用机械抽样的方法,在林相图上布设了203个多边形样地点,为了尽可能的使多边形样地在旺业甸林场布设均匀,对机械抽样布设林相图的样地点稍作调动,记录下每个样地点的三维坐标,使用北斗定位导航系统在林场工作人员带领下,在规划好的林地布设多边形样地。首先用油漆标示出样地每个树木,使用胸径尺、北斗定位导航系统和全站仪记录下多边形样地点每棵树的坐标、树高、胸径,使用专门编制的多边形程序求算出林分平均高、林分密度、蓄积量等林分特征因子。结合林相图中每个小班的面积数据,本着就近原则,求算出每个小班的蓄积,最终求算出内蒙古赤峰市喀喇沁旗旺业甸林场蓄积总量为3098005.056m3。
5.多边形样地法结合资源三号卫星影像求算林场蓄积量
将布设的203个多边形样地点作为资源三号卫星影像的地面观测数据,反演出旺业甸林场的蓄积求算模型,精度分析表明：针叶林和阔叶林两个模型的预估精度分别达到82.51%,80.12%。
本文的创新点可归纳如下：1.提出了一种无损精准量测立木材积的新技术,通过使用电子经纬仪精准测量立木材积技术,研建了旺业甸实验林场的一元、二元材积模型,完全可以代替伐倒解析木的材积表；2.提出了多边形样地森林资源调查的新方法,该森林资源调查方法精度在85%以上,并可实现精准监测树木的生长量。
It has an important significance and role to get the accurate surveying data on forest resource for the country to develop the forest policy and the medium-term planning, and also for forestry bureau to design the field surveying. For a long time, the forest resource surveying has some shortcomings, such as time-consuming, hard sledding, heavy workload, little accuracy and destruction of the forest, etc. So the paper made the forest resource surveying theory as the foundation, firstly, elaborated the latest methods of surveying, including polygonal plot method and nondestructive standing tree volume measurement, and then studied the instruments requirement of nondestructive standing volume measurement, measurement accuracy, compilation of unitary volume table and duality volume table and their precision analysis, finally analyzed the layout principle of the polygonal plot, precision and conditions. The paper aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the national forest resource survey by using the easiest way to solve the complex survey questions. The main research contents can be summarized as follows:
1The principle and accuracy analysis of nondestructive precision auto-measurement in standing tree volume
The principle and technical methods of nondestructive standing tree volume can be explained with analytic geometry, mathematical analysis and probability statistics and other mathematical principles. Choosing a pole, known the true value, as the object of study, to clarify the standing tree volume measurement with instrument of the electronic theodolite, and studying the impact of the external factor, including different areas, different observation distance, different observation orientation, multi-faceted average, different observers and different electronic theodolite on this method's accuracy. After analysis, we get the factors affecting the accuracy and bring forward the best observing programs. On account of1003trees of ten common species, the trees volume are measured, like birch, dahurian birch, korean pine, larch, aspen, acer mono maxim, chinese pine, elm, oak, scotch pine planted in Wangyedian forest farm, located in Harqin Banner, Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia. In which, selecting representative87trees (four species, five diameter classes and four kinds of slope and aspect), and letting different observers observe the trees in different direction and distance to get the data to put forward the best observation azimuth and distance range.
2The establishment of unitary volume model and duality volume model and their precision analysis
Based on the proportion of ten species in the Wangyedian forest farm, the numbers of each diameter class were calculated and the1003trees volume of ten common species were measured in different diameter classes, from6cm to60cm, by using nondestructive auto-measurement technology, and the80%amount of trees volume data were selected to build the model and elect the optimal unitary and duality volume models through the analysis of the error factors of correlation coefficients and mean square deviation. The other20%amount data were combined with the data of trees felled before to get the tree height and the average volume, including ten species and seven common diameter classes (16cm,18cm,20cm,22cm,24cm,26cm and28cm),40trees of each class, while the data saved of acer mono maxim were less than40trees, so we change to10trees, and all the trees amount to2590trees. Though testing with the volume table to verify the accuracy of the model, the results showed that the average accuracy of unitary volume model and duality volume model all reached more than95%, and met the precision of volume table. Duality volume model's deviation rate in ten species was less than unitary volume model which showed that the stability of duality volume model was better than unitary volume model.
3The forest resource surveying and monitoring research of polygonal plots
The principles and technical methods of forest resource surveying of polygonal plots can be interpreted with space analytic geometry, sampling statistics, the total station electromagnetic ranging and biological spatial distribution and ecology principle. Firstly, selecting the representative four forest lands, including loose plantation, dense plantation, loose natural forest and dense natural forest, in which the rectangular plots,20m*30m or30m*30m were built, with total station lofting techniques. Secondly, measuring each tree's height, DBH, volume and coordinate with total station, electronic theodolite and DBH scale to get the average stand height, stand density, the average DBH, and the sum of volume, namely, stand volume of the four rectangular plots, and these stand characteristics were made as the true values. Thirdly, comparing the average stand height, stand density, the average DBH, and the stand volume of5-10polygonal plots built in the four forest lands with the true values to discriminate accuracy. At last, accumulating all the polygonal plots in each rectangular plot to get the average stand characteristics factors and comparing with the true values to discriminate accuracy and determine the suitable polygonal plots numbers in different forest farm.
4Combination with polygonal plots method and forest map to calculate the stand volume
Using the mechanical sampling method to lay out203polygonal plots location in the forest map with recording every location's coordinate, and laying out the polygonal plots in the forest land under leading by staff with the help of Beidou satellite navigation and positioning system. Firstly, recording the coordinate of each tree marked with paint in the plots, including height, DBH with the help of DBH scale, Beidou satellite navigation and positioning system and total station, secondly, inputting all these data into specially prepared polygon program to calculate the average stand height, stand density and stand volume and other stand characteristics factors. At last, gathering every sublot's area in the forest map and calculate each sublot's volume with the principle of proximity, and total forest stand volume of the Wangyedian forest farm is3098005.056m3.
5Combination with polygonal plots method and resources satellite No.3images to calculate the forest stand volume
The203polygonal plots location were selected as the ground-based observations by the resources satellite No.3images to inverse the model for volume accumulation, through estimating by the model. The accuracy of the analysis show that:coniferous and broadleaf forest model forecast accuracy reached 82.51%,80.12%, respectively.
The innovation of the paper can be summarized as follows:1The new technology of the electronic theodolite measuring the standing tree was proposed and applied with non-felled in the Wangyedian forest farm to establish the unitary volume model and duality volume model.2The polygon method was combined with standing volume method to calculate the forest stand volume.
1.无损自动精准测算立木材积原理及精度分析
用解析几何、数学分析及概率论数理统计学等数学原理解释无损立木材积测量原理与技术方法,以己知真值的电杆作为研究对象,阐明了电子经纬仪立木材积量测方法,并分别以不同区分段、不同观测距离、不同观测方位、多方位取平均值、不同观测员观测、不同电子经纬仪观测等多角度来研究外界因数对该方法精度的影响,通过研究分析,得出了影响精度的因数,提出了最佳观测方案。结合内蒙古赤峰市喀喇沁旗旺业甸林场具体树木进行了立木材积测量,提出了最佳观测方位、距离范围和区分段长度标准。
2.一元、二元材积模型的建立及精度分析
根据旺业甸林场十个树种在林场的数量比例,规划出十个树种(白桦、黑桦、红松、落叶松、山杨、五角枫、油松、榆树、柞树、樟子松)各径阶树木应获取的数量,使用无损自动精准测算立木材积技术获取了旺业甸林场十个常见树种不同径阶(6cm-60cm)的1003棵树木的材积,将其中80%的立木材积数据用来建立模型,通过对相关系数及模型均方差等误差因数的分析,选出最优一元、二元材积模型；将另外20%的数据结合旺业甸林场的以前为了产材而进行砍伐的数据(十个树种的常见径阶(16cm、18cm、20cm、22cm、24cm、26cm、28cm)的数据各40株树,但因五角枫保存数据每个径阶不足40棵,则五角枫各径阶选择10组数据,共计2590棵砍伐树木,取其各径阶的树高和材积的平均值)将其与材积表估算的材积进行检验,用来验证模型的精度。结果表明建立的一元、二元材积模型平均精度都达到95%以上,符合材积表精度的要求；十个树种的二元材积模型的离散率都小于一元材积模型的离散率,表明二元材积模型较一元材积模型稳定性强,二元材积模型优于-元材积模型。
3.多边形样地法的森林资源调查与监测研究
用空间解析几何、抽样统计学、全站仪电磁波测距、及生物空间分布生态学原理诠释了多边形样地法的森林资源调查与监测的原理与技术方法。首先选择有代表性的四块林地(疏松的人工林、密集的人工林、疏松的天然林、密集的天然林),使用全站仪放样技术在这四块林地里建立(20m*30m)或(30m*30m)的矩形样地,使用全站仪、电子经纬仪、胸径尺精准量测出这四块样地里的每棵树木的树高、胸径、材积和坐标,进而可以得到四个矩形样地的林分平均高、林分密度、平均胸径值、材积总和即蓄积量,并将这些林分特征因子作为真值。在这四块样地中,建立5-10块多边形样地,把获取的多边形样地的林分平均高、林分密度、平均胸径值、蓄积量与真值进行比较,判别精度：再分别将各矩形样地的其中两个、三个、以此累加到所有的多边形样地林分特征因子的平均值与真值比较,分析精度。
4.多边形样地法结合林相图求算林场蓄积量
使用机械抽样的方法,在林相图上布设了203个多边形样地点,为了尽可能的使多边形样地在旺业甸林场布设均匀,对机械抽样布设林相图的样地点稍作调动,记录下每个样地点的三维坐标,使用北斗定位导航系统在林场工作人员带领下,在规划好的林地布设多边形样地。首先用油漆标示出样地每个树木,使用胸径尺、北斗定位导航系统和全站仪记录下多边形样地点每棵树的坐标、树高、胸径,使用专门编制的多边形程序求算出林分平均高、林分密度、蓄积量等林分特征因子。结合林相图中每个小班的面积数据,本着就近原则,求算出每个小班的蓄积,最终求算出内蒙古赤峰市喀喇沁旗旺业甸林场蓄积总量为3098005.056m3。
5.多边形样地法结合资源三号卫星影像求算林场蓄积量
将布设的203个多边形样地点作为资源三号卫星影像的地面观测数据,反演出旺业甸林场的蓄积求算模型,精度分析表明：针叶林和阔叶林两个模型的预估精度分别达到82.51%,80.12%。
本文的创新点可归纳如下：1.提出了一种无损精准量测立木材积的新技术,通过使用电子经纬仪精准测量立木材积技术,研建了旺业甸实验林场的一元、二元材积模型,完全可以代替伐倒解析木的材积表；2.提出了多边形样地森林资源调查的新方法,该森林资源调查方法精度在85%以上,并可实现精准监测树木的生长量。
It has an important significance and role to get the accurate surveying data on forest resource for the country to develop the forest policy and the medium-term planning, and also for forestry bureau to design the field surveying. For a long time, the forest resource surveying has some shortcomings, such as time-consuming, hard sledding, heavy workload, little accuracy and destruction of the forest, etc. So the paper made the forest resource surveying theory as the foundation, firstly, elaborated the latest methods of surveying, including polygonal plot method and nondestructive standing tree volume measurement, and then studied the instruments requirement of nondestructive standing volume measurement, measurement accuracy, compilation of unitary volume table and duality volume table and their precision analysis, finally analyzed the layout principle of the polygonal plot, precision and conditions. The paper aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the national forest resource survey by using the easiest way to solve the complex survey questions. The main research contents can be summarized as follows:
1The principle and accuracy analysis of nondestructive precision auto-measurement in standing tree volume
The principle and technical methods of nondestructive standing tree volume can be explained with analytic geometry, mathematical analysis and probability statistics and other mathematical principles. Choosing a pole, known the true value, as the object of study, to clarify the standing tree volume measurement with instrument of the electronic theodolite, and studying the impact of the external factor, including different areas, different observation distance, different observation orientation, multi-faceted average, different observers and different electronic theodolite on this method's accuracy. After analysis, we get the factors affecting the accuracy and bring forward the best observing programs. On account of1003trees of ten common species, the trees volume are measured, like birch, dahurian birch, korean pine, larch, aspen, acer mono maxim, chinese pine, elm, oak, scotch pine planted in Wangyedian forest farm, located in Harqin Banner, Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia. In which, selecting representative87trees (four species, five diameter classes and four kinds of slope and aspect), and letting different observers observe the trees in different direction and distance to get the data to put forward the best observation azimuth and distance range.
2The establishment of unitary volume model and duality volume model and their precision analysis
Based on the proportion of ten species in the Wangyedian forest farm, the numbers of each diameter class were calculated and the1003trees volume of ten common species were measured in different diameter classes, from6cm to60cm, by using nondestructive auto-measurement technology, and the80%amount of trees volume data were selected to build the model and elect the optimal unitary and duality volume models through the analysis of the error factors of correlation coefficients and mean square deviation. The other20%amount data were combined with the data of trees felled before to get the tree height and the average volume, including ten species and seven common diameter classes (16cm,18cm,20cm,22cm,24cm,26cm and28cm),40trees of each class, while the data saved of acer mono maxim were less than40trees, so we change to10trees, and all the trees amount to2590trees. Though testing with the volume table to verify the accuracy of the model, the results showed that the average accuracy of unitary volume model and duality volume model all reached more than95%, and met the precision of volume table. Duality volume model's deviation rate in ten species was less than unitary volume model which showed that the stability of duality volume model was better than unitary volume model.
3The forest resource surveying and monitoring research of polygonal plots
The principles and technical methods of forest resource surveying of polygonal plots can be interpreted with space analytic geometry, sampling statistics, the total station electromagnetic ranging and biological spatial distribution and ecology principle. Firstly, selecting the representative four forest lands, including loose plantation, dense plantation, loose natural forest and dense natural forest, in which the rectangular plots,20m*30m or30m*30m were built, with total station lofting techniques. Secondly, measuring each tree's height, DBH, volume and coordinate with total station, electronic theodolite and DBH scale to get the average stand height, stand density, the average DBH, and the sum of volume, namely, stand volume of the four rectangular plots, and these stand characteristics were made as the true values. Thirdly, comparing the average stand height, stand density, the average DBH, and the stand volume of5-10polygonal plots built in the four forest lands with the true values to discriminate accuracy. At last, accumulating all the polygonal plots in each rectangular plot to get the average stand characteristics factors and comparing with the true values to discriminate accuracy and determine the suitable polygonal plots numbers in different forest farm.
4Combination with polygonal plots method and forest map to calculate the stand volume
Using the mechanical sampling method to lay out203polygonal plots location in the forest map with recording every location's coordinate, and laying out the polygonal plots in the forest land under leading by staff with the help of Beidou satellite navigation and positioning system. Firstly, recording the coordinate of each tree marked with paint in the plots, including height, DBH with the help of DBH scale, Beidou satellite navigation and positioning system and total station, secondly, inputting all these data into specially prepared polygon program to calculate the average stand height, stand density and stand volume and other stand characteristics factors. At last, gathering every sublot's area in the forest map and calculate each sublot's volume with the principle of proximity, and total forest stand volume of the Wangyedian forest farm is3098005.056m3.
5Combination with polygonal plots method and resources satellite No.3images to calculate the forest stand volume
The203polygonal plots location were selected as the ground-based observations by the resources satellite No.3images to inverse the model for volume accumulation, through estimating by the model. The accuracy of the analysis show that:coniferous and broadleaf forest model forecast accuracy reached 82.51%,80.12%, respectively.
The innovation of the paper can be summarized as follows:1The new technology of the electronic theodolite measuring the standing tree was proposed and applied with non-felled in the Wangyedian forest farm to establish the unitary volume model and duality volume model.2The polygon method was combined with standing volume method to calculate the forest stand volume.
引文
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