指纹肖像加密与印刷品信息隐藏技术及其应用研究
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摘要
随着各种数字图像处理软件的出现以及高分辨率打印、扫描、照相等硬件设备的升级，使得证件、文档等的仿造、印刷品的盗版变得更加容易，图像的真伪及版权鉴定已经成为一种社会需求。而长于处理”模拟图像”的光学技术与数字图像处理技术相结合，是解决这一问题的有效途径之一。
本文以纸质载体上的证件人像和指纹两类特殊图像为研究对象，针对实用中防伪造、防篡改的需要，对三种水印方案进行了探索：第一种方案是不用传统的计算机技术而是利用照相法直接将水印加在照片上；第二种方案是抗打印扫描攻击水印技术；第三种方案是多水印嵌入技术，包括证件人像的多水印嵌入和指纹图像的多水印嵌入技术。
主要研究内容包括：
1、基于傅立叶变换原理，通过在摄影现场投射加密光束，给彩色肖像照片嵌入肉眼不可辨识的防伪标记。
本文试验出一种给肖像（印刷品）添加水印的新方法，利用液晶投影仪与照相机组合，以加密照明光束的方法替代传统的计算机图像处理软件，向彩色照片中嵌入“模拟水印”，其特点是在曝光时刻给摄影作品直接嵌入水印图案。
抗攻击实验表明，使用光学（模拟）/数字混合技术可在傅立叶域给彩色图片嵌入防伪识别标记，该标记具有较强鲁棒性，不仅对打印-扫描等传统攻击方式具有抵抗性，而且具备抗污损、抗局部缺失等性能。
2、借鉴光学双随机相位编码技术，基于分数傅立叶变换的光学实现原理，编制了分数傅立叶变换程序，提出一种指纹图像加密的新方法，将指纹图像经过灰度映射，以下述两种方式之一打印成加密标签。
第一种方式是对二值指纹图像先进行Arnold置乱，再施加分数傅立叶变换，得到该指纹的灰度加密图形，将该图形的实部和虚部灰度图案打印生成“不暴露原指纹轮廓”的防伪图案。实验表明，在破损或污损1/4面积的情况下，仍能够从残缺标记中提取清晰的指纹图案。
另一种方式是将两幅图像（分别为指纹图像和个人信息文本）的不同阶分数傅立叶谱加权叠加在一张图上，打印成防伪标识。实验表明在破损或污损1/4面积的情况下，指纹图案和文本图像都能够被提取和辨识（由于两幅图像的相互干扰，提取的水印残留宿主底纹）。
3、单图嵌入多重水印
(a)基于分数傅立叶变换原理，在肖像中嵌入指纹、文本等水印图案。
将二至三个二值（或灰度）图像水印转换为一维序列，添加到宿主图像不同分数阶数的傅立叶变换域，得到嵌入多个水印的图像，提取水印时不需要原始图像信息。此项技术可用于多人持密钥，共享版权的情况，也可用于嵌入描述图像作品不同特征的多个水印。
(b)基于小波变换和分数傅立叶变换原理，在灰度指纹图像中嵌入肖像及文本等水印图案。
以指纹图像为载体，嵌入水印的实验有两个难点：（1）由于指纹的原始图像简单，嵌入水印后易于被人眼察觉；（2）嵌入水印后，指纹的几何形状有可能失真。
本文采用小波、分数傅立叶变换与最低有效位结合的方法解决上述两个技术难点，使得嵌入肖像水印后的指纹纹理特征受到较小的干扰。
4、基于分数傅立叶变换和小波变换原理，结合奇异值分解和最低有效位技术实现在人像中嵌入多个水印。检测时，根据图像中水印的提取情况以及二次离散分数傅立叶变换的幅度谱，判断被检测图像是否是赝品（例如，是否是印刷图像的扫描-打印副本），此方法相对于已有文献报道的方法有所创新。
经验证，本文提供的技术可解答“印刷品真伪或版权归属、是否被篡改、打印－扫描以及复印”等问题，在图像信息安全、个人身份验证等领域具有实用价值。
With new kinds of digital image processing software appeared, and the print,scanning, photographic equipment are to be upgraded every years, the certificate andtrademark counterfeit, the fake prints piracy are more easier. There are growing demandfor copyright identification of an image.The combination of optical technology and thedigital watermarking technique is one way of solving this problem.
The copyright identification technology of two special kinds of image like the faceimage and fingerprints was discussed in this paper. Four kinds of watermarking schemehave been explored. The first is embeding invisible anti-counterfeiting mark byprojecting encryption beam instead of traditional digital watermarking technique intocolor portrait photo.The second is print-scan resilient watermarking technology.Thethird is multiple watermarks embeddeing technology including embeddeing multiplewatermarks into portrait and embeddeing multiple watermarks into fingerprint image.
The research contents include:
1. Embeding invisible anti-counterfeiting mark based on Fourier transform byprojecting encryption beam into color portrait photo.
This paper gives a new method of adding watermark into portraiture photography(printed). The combination of liquid crystal display(LCD) projectors and camera,instead of traditional computer image encryption procedures, was used for embedding a"simulation watermark" to the color photos. The characteristic is embedding watermarkdirectly at the moment of exposure.
The experimental results show that by using analog/digital mixing technology,security identification markers can be embedded in Fourier domain of the color image.The watermark is resistant after printing, scanning and being local damaged.
2. Transforming fingerprint image into encryption graphics basing on double phaseencryption and discrete fractional Fourier transform(DFRT) principle is used for thecertificate security.
The first method: After scrambling binary fingerprint image through Arnoldtransform. and additional fractional Fourier transform, the gray encryption graphicsconsidering fingerprint information can be got. Experimental results show that thefingerprint mark still can be extracted from1/4area damage or dirty.
The second method: weighted-type fractional Fourier transform amplitudespectrums of two images including fingerprint image and personal information imageare added. Experimental results show that the fingerprint mark and personal informationimage still can be extracted from1/4area damage or dirty (as a result of two of theimage mutual interference, the watermark extraction was mixed with the background).
3. Embeddeing multiple watermarks in an image is presented.
(a) Embeddeing multiple fingerprint watermarks into portrait based on fractionalFourier transform principle.
A new method of multiple watermarks embedding simultaneously based ondiscrete fractional Fourier transform is presented. The different watermarks areconverted one-dimension sequences and embedded simultaneously on differentpositions of one-dimension fractional Fourier transform middle part amplitude spectrumbase on different orders. We get the corresponding watermark image through two keys:the orders and the positions. When one of them is not correct, the watermark image can'tbe obtained. And the technology needn't the original image when we extractivewatermark images, so it is an blind watermark images embedding technology. Whenseveral people have the rights of the image work, the different fractional Fouriertransform orders and the different positions are distributed to different people. And italso can be used for embedding different characteristic watermark images in an image.
(b) Embeddeing multiple watermarks including portrait image into fingerprintimage based on wavelet transform and fractional Fourier transform principle.
The fingerprint image watermark embedding technology has two great difficulties:(1) The original fingerprint image is simple, it is perceive easily after embedding thewatermark;(2) The geometric distortion caused by the watermark fingerprint can lead toits original identity authentication function failure.
We solve preliminarily the two technical difficulties based on wavelet transform,fractional Fourier transform principle and the least significant bit(LSB) technology, andmake the embedded watermark smaller interference.
4. Embeddeing multiple watermarks simultaneously for identifying image statusbased on wavelet transform, singular value decomposition(SVD) technology、LSBtechnology and DFRT principle is presented. According to the extracting situation ofwatermarks from an image and the twice DFRT amplitude spectrum, we can identify theimage situation including copyright ownership, and whether is tampered, printed orscanned.
本文以纸质载体上的证件人像和指纹两类特殊图像为研究对象，针对实用中防伪造、防篡改的需要，对三种水印方案进行了探索：第一种方案是不用传统的计算机技术而是利用照相法直接将水印加在照片上；第二种方案是抗打印扫描攻击水印技术；第三种方案是多水印嵌入技术，包括证件人像的多水印嵌入和指纹图像的多水印嵌入技术。
主要研究内容包括：
1、基于傅立叶变换原理，通过在摄影现场投射加密光束，给彩色肖像照片嵌入肉眼不可辨识的防伪标记。
本文试验出一种给肖像（印刷品）添加水印的新方法，利用液晶投影仪与照相机组合，以加密照明光束的方法替代传统的计算机图像处理软件，向彩色照片中嵌入“模拟水印”，其特点是在曝光时刻给摄影作品直接嵌入水印图案。
抗攻击实验表明，使用光学（模拟）/数字混合技术可在傅立叶域给彩色图片嵌入防伪识别标记，该标记具有较强鲁棒性，不仅对打印-扫描等传统攻击方式具有抵抗性，而且具备抗污损、抗局部缺失等性能。
2、借鉴光学双随机相位编码技术，基于分数傅立叶变换的光学实现原理，编制了分数傅立叶变换程序，提出一种指纹图像加密的新方法，将指纹图像经过灰度映射，以下述两种方式之一打印成加密标签。
第一种方式是对二值指纹图像先进行Arnold置乱，再施加分数傅立叶变换，得到该指纹的灰度加密图形，将该图形的实部和虚部灰度图案打印生成“不暴露原指纹轮廓”的防伪图案。实验表明，在破损或污损1/4面积的情况下，仍能够从残缺标记中提取清晰的指纹图案。
另一种方式是将两幅图像（分别为指纹图像和个人信息文本）的不同阶分数傅立叶谱加权叠加在一张图上，打印成防伪标识。实验表明在破损或污损1/4面积的情况下，指纹图案和文本图像都能够被提取和辨识（由于两幅图像的相互干扰，提取的水印残留宿主底纹）。
3、单图嵌入多重水印
(a)基于分数傅立叶变换原理，在肖像中嵌入指纹、文本等水印图案。
将二至三个二值（或灰度）图像水印转换为一维序列，添加到宿主图像不同分数阶数的傅立叶变换域，得到嵌入多个水印的图像，提取水印时不需要原始图像信息。此项技术可用于多人持密钥，共享版权的情况，也可用于嵌入描述图像作品不同特征的多个水印。
(b)基于小波变换和分数傅立叶变换原理，在灰度指纹图像中嵌入肖像及文本等水印图案。
以指纹图像为载体，嵌入水印的实验有两个难点：（1）由于指纹的原始图像简单，嵌入水印后易于被人眼察觉；（2）嵌入水印后，指纹的几何形状有可能失真。
本文采用小波、分数傅立叶变换与最低有效位结合的方法解决上述两个技术难点，使得嵌入肖像水印后的指纹纹理特征受到较小的干扰。
4、基于分数傅立叶变换和小波变换原理，结合奇异值分解和最低有效位技术实现在人像中嵌入多个水印。检测时，根据图像中水印的提取情况以及二次离散分数傅立叶变换的幅度谱，判断被检测图像是否是赝品（例如，是否是印刷图像的扫描-打印副本），此方法相对于已有文献报道的方法有所创新。
经验证，本文提供的技术可解答“印刷品真伪或版权归属、是否被篡改、打印－扫描以及复印”等问题，在图像信息安全、个人身份验证等领域具有实用价值。
With new kinds of digital image processing software appeared, and the print,scanning, photographic equipment are to be upgraded every years, the certificate andtrademark counterfeit, the fake prints piracy are more easier. There are growing demandfor copyright identification of an image.The combination of optical technology and thedigital watermarking technique is one way of solving this problem.
The copyright identification technology of two special kinds of image like the faceimage and fingerprints was discussed in this paper. Four kinds of watermarking schemehave been explored. The first is embeding invisible anti-counterfeiting mark byprojecting encryption beam instead of traditional digital watermarking technique intocolor portrait photo.The second is print-scan resilient watermarking technology.Thethird is multiple watermarks embeddeing technology including embeddeing multiplewatermarks into portrait and embeddeing multiple watermarks into fingerprint image.
The research contents include:
1. Embeding invisible anti-counterfeiting mark based on Fourier transform byprojecting encryption beam into color portrait photo.
This paper gives a new method of adding watermark into portraiture photography(printed). The combination of liquid crystal display(LCD) projectors and camera,instead of traditional computer image encryption procedures, was used for embedding a"simulation watermark" to the color photos. The characteristic is embedding watermarkdirectly at the moment of exposure.
The experimental results show that by using analog/digital mixing technology,security identification markers can be embedded in Fourier domain of the color image.The watermark is resistant after printing, scanning and being local damaged.
2. Transforming fingerprint image into encryption graphics basing on double phaseencryption and discrete fractional Fourier transform(DFRT) principle is used for thecertificate security.
The first method: After scrambling binary fingerprint image through Arnoldtransform. and additional fractional Fourier transform, the gray encryption graphicsconsidering fingerprint information can be got. Experimental results show that thefingerprint mark still can be extracted from1/4area damage or dirty.
The second method: weighted-type fractional Fourier transform amplitudespectrums of two images including fingerprint image and personal information imageare added. Experimental results show that the fingerprint mark and personal informationimage still can be extracted from1/4area damage or dirty (as a result of two of theimage mutual interference, the watermark extraction was mixed with the background).
3. Embeddeing multiple watermarks in an image is presented.
(a) Embeddeing multiple fingerprint watermarks into portrait based on fractionalFourier transform principle.
A new method of multiple watermarks embedding simultaneously based ondiscrete fractional Fourier transform is presented. The different watermarks areconverted one-dimension sequences and embedded simultaneously on differentpositions of one-dimension fractional Fourier transform middle part amplitude spectrumbase on different orders. We get the corresponding watermark image through two keys:the orders and the positions. When one of them is not correct, the watermark image can'tbe obtained. And the technology needn't the original image when we extractivewatermark images, so it is an blind watermark images embedding technology. Whenseveral people have the rights of the image work, the different fractional Fouriertransform orders and the different positions are distributed to different people. And italso can be used for embedding different characteristic watermark images in an image.
(b) Embeddeing multiple watermarks including portrait image into fingerprintimage based on wavelet transform and fractional Fourier transform principle.
The fingerprint image watermark embedding technology has two great difficulties:(1) The original fingerprint image is simple, it is perceive easily after embedding thewatermark;(2) The geometric distortion caused by the watermark fingerprint can lead toits original identity authentication function failure.
We solve preliminarily the two technical difficulties based on wavelet transform,fractional Fourier transform principle and the least significant bit(LSB) technology, andmake the embedded watermark smaller interference.
4. Embeddeing multiple watermarks simultaneously for identifying image statusbased on wavelet transform, singular value decomposition(SVD) technology、LSBtechnology and DFRT principle is presented. According to the extracting situation ofwatermarks from an image and the twice DFRT amplitude spectrum, we can identify theimage situation including copyright ownership, and whether is tampered, printed orscanned.
引文
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