基于客流特征的轨道换乘站换乘设施服务水平研究
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摘要
轨道交通是缓解地面交通压力的一种有效交通方式,以运量大、速度快、准时、环境污染少、安全性好等优势正在受到越来越多大中城市的青睐。随着大城市轨道线网的逐步形成,轨道换乘行为越来越普遍,轨道换乘站作为线网的节点承担的客运量越来越大。研究合理的评价指标和评价模型用于评价轨道换乘站换乘设施的服务水平,对提高换乘站通行能力、换乘安全性和轨道管理水平具有重要意义。
本文首先基于轨道换乘站的特点、形式、轨道内部乘客特性和客流影响因素的分析,研究了换乘站内部乘客特性和换乘客流特征。其次介绍了换乘站内部乘客服务设施形式、设计标准和能力,定性分析了各个设施的物理特性对乘客行为和感知的影响。
基于换乘站乘客特性、客流特征的总结和各换乘设施的能力分析,以客流密度为主要指标划分换乘通道、楼梯和站台的舒适性等级；以通道长度和楼梯台阶数为指标划分通道和楼梯的便利性等级；然后通过问卷调查的方法和木桶原理,得到换乘通道、楼梯和站台的服务水平综合评价标准。基于各换乘设施服务水平标准的确定,建立了换乘站换乘设施整体服务水平评价模型。
采用摄像法调查了北京地铁建国门站内部换乘客流,选取客流量最大的早高峰时段,使用评价标准和模型对各换乘设施和整体进行评价,得出早高峰建国门站内换乘设施整体的服务水平为C级,并提出改善措施和建议。
最后,根据调查得到的速度、密度、流率关系,对上下行楼梯的通过能力标准提出建议值范围。
Rail transit is an effective ways to ease the enormous pressure of ground transportation, which has developed rapidly due to the merits of large freight, fast, punctually, less environmental pollution and safety. With the rapidly development, more and more transfer passengers will select rail transit to travel outside. Transfer rail stations, as the vital node of the network, which would afford more and more passenger volume in the future. The research on evaluation index and evaluation model of the rail transfer facilities has an important significance, contributing to improve the capacity, security, and management level of transfer stations.
In the first section, on the one side, based on the analysis of the rail transfer stations'characteristics, forms, passenger characteristics internal, this paper has studied on the passenger characteristics in the transfer stations. On the other side, it introduced something about the layout, design standards and capabilities of passenger service facilities, and then qualitative analyzed the relationship between facilities characteristics and passengers'sensation and cognition.
In the second section, based on analysis of passengers'characteristics and facilities' ability, with the passenger density as the mainly indicator, the level of platform comfortless, stairs and transfer gallery was divided. And then, the level of the convenience about transfer gallery and stairs were divided according to the gallery length and step number. With questionnaire inventory and vat theory, the evaluation standard of the level of service on transfer facilities was achieved. Based on the above standard, it has made an evaluation model with respect to transfer infrastructure as a whole.
In the last section, the whole theories in this paper have applied into the evaluation on service level Jianguomen rail station in Beijing, the result of Level C was obtained, and then proposed some effective measures and suggestions.
Finally, this paper has proposed a suggested scope on the standard of traffic efficiency regarding to up and down steps, according to the relationship of speed, density, rate of passenger volume mutually, which was obtained by photograph investigation.
本文首先基于轨道换乘站的特点、形式、轨道内部乘客特性和客流影响因素的分析,研究了换乘站内部乘客特性和换乘客流特征。其次介绍了换乘站内部乘客服务设施形式、设计标准和能力,定性分析了各个设施的物理特性对乘客行为和感知的影响。
基于换乘站乘客特性、客流特征的总结和各换乘设施的能力分析,以客流密度为主要指标划分换乘通道、楼梯和站台的舒适性等级；以通道长度和楼梯台阶数为指标划分通道和楼梯的便利性等级；然后通过问卷调查的方法和木桶原理,得到换乘通道、楼梯和站台的服务水平综合评价标准。基于各换乘设施服务水平标准的确定,建立了换乘站换乘设施整体服务水平评价模型。
采用摄像法调查了北京地铁建国门站内部换乘客流,选取客流量最大的早高峰时段,使用评价标准和模型对各换乘设施和整体进行评价,得出早高峰建国门站内换乘设施整体的服务水平为C级,并提出改善措施和建议。
最后,根据调查得到的速度、密度、流率关系,对上下行楼梯的通过能力标准提出建议值范围。
Rail transit is an effective ways to ease the enormous pressure of ground transportation, which has developed rapidly due to the merits of large freight, fast, punctually, less environmental pollution and safety. With the rapidly development, more and more transfer passengers will select rail transit to travel outside. Transfer rail stations, as the vital node of the network, which would afford more and more passenger volume in the future. The research on evaluation index and evaluation model of the rail transfer facilities has an important significance, contributing to improve the capacity, security, and management level of transfer stations.
In the first section, on the one side, based on the analysis of the rail transfer stations'characteristics, forms, passenger characteristics internal, this paper has studied on the passenger characteristics in the transfer stations. On the other side, it introduced something about the layout, design standards and capabilities of passenger service facilities, and then qualitative analyzed the relationship between facilities characteristics and passengers'sensation and cognition.
In the second section, based on analysis of passengers'characteristics and facilities' ability, with the passenger density as the mainly indicator, the level of platform comfortless, stairs and transfer gallery was divided. And then, the level of the convenience about transfer gallery and stairs were divided according to the gallery length and step number. With questionnaire inventory and vat theory, the evaluation standard of the level of service on transfer facilities was achieved. Based on the above standard, it has made an evaluation model with respect to transfer infrastructure as a whole.
In the last section, the whole theories in this paper have applied into the evaluation on service level Jianguomen rail station in Beijing, the result of Level C was obtained, and then proposed some effective measures and suggestions.
Finally, this paper has proposed a suggested scope on the standard of traffic efficiency regarding to up and down steps, according to the relationship of speed, density, rate of passenger volume mutually, which was obtained by photograph investigation.
引文
[1]Harries,N.G,Capacity Restraint Simulation in a public Transport Environment.[J].Traffic Engeering and Control.London,1989.30 (6):312-315
[2]Daly,P.N.Mc.Grath,Annesley.Pedestrian Speed/Flow Relationships for Underground Station.[J]. Traffic Engeering and Control,1991.32 (2) :75-78
[3]P.Hoogendoom.Microscopic Simulation of Pedestrian Flows. [C].Annual Meeting at the Transportation Research Board Proceedings on CD-ROM,2003
[4]W.Daaman,EHoogendoom,Piet H.L.Bovy.First. Order Pedegrian Traffic Flow Theory.[C]. Transportation Research Board National Research Council. Washington D.C.2005:1-13
[5]Serge P.Hoogendoom, W.Daamen, Piet.H.L.Bovy. Extracting Microscopic Pedestrian Characeristics from Video Data.[C].TRB Annual Meeting CD-ROM,2003
[6]D.Helbing,LubosBuzna,AndersJohansson,Torsten Wemer.Self-Organized Pedestrian Crowd Dynamics:Experiments,Simulations and Design Solutions. [J].Transportation Science.February, 2005:1-24
[7]Jodie Y.S.Lee,William H.K.Lam,S.C.Wong.Pedestrian Simulation Model for Hong Kong Underground Stations.[C].IEEE lnrelligent Transportation Systems Conference Proceedings. Oakland,USA.August,200 1:554-558
[8]Chung-Yu Cheung,William H.K.Lam.Pedestri.Route Choices between Escalator and Stairway in MTR Stations.[J].Journal ofTransportation Eng,May/June,1998:277-285
[9]徐尉南,吴正.地铁候车厅客流运动的数学模型[J].铁道科学与工程学报.2005.2(2)：70-75
[10]李灿,城市轨道交通枢纽乘客流交通特性分析及建模.[D].北京.北京交通大学.2007.
[11]许婷.城市轨道交通枢纽行人微观行为激励及组织方案研究.[D].北京.北京交通大学.2007
[12]赵光华.行人仿真在奥运地铁站的应用研究.[D].北京.北京工业大学.2007
[13]李得伟.城市轨道交通枢纽乘客集散模型及微观仿真理论.[D]北京：北京交通大学.2007
[14]陶志祥,张宇,杜波.城市轨道交通客流时空分析研究[J].城市公共交通,2004,2：33-35
[15]李鹏飞,岑敏.上海轨道交通5号线站点客流特征分析[J].城市轨道交通研究,2007(8)：31-34
[16]聂英杰.城市轨道交通的客流特性分析.[J].地下工程与隧道,2003.(4)：20-23
[17]沈丽萍,马莹,高世廉.城市轨道交通客流分析.[J].城市交通.2007.4(3)：14-19
[18]郭平.城市轨道交通客流特征及预测相关问题.[J].城市轨道交通研究.2010.1：58-62
[19]Seneviratne PN,Morrall JE Level of Service on Pedestrian Facilities.[J].Transportation Quarterly.1985 (10): 147-159
[20]Ian S.J.Dickins.Park and Ride Facilities on Light Rail Transit System.[J]Transportation,1991 (1 8):23-26
[21]Lee.K.K.T,Schonfeld.P.Optimal Headway and Slack Times Multiple Route Timed-transfer Terminals. [R].College Park.University of Maryland.1992
[22]饶雪平.轨道交通车站楼梯和自动扶梯处客流延时分析.[J].交通与运输.2005：13-15
[23]沈景炎.乘客动态分布与站台宽度的研究.[J].城市轨道交通研究.2001.1：21-25
[24]王蓉蓉.地铁换乘车站设施规模确定问题研究.[D].北京,北京交通大学.2006
[25]李三兵.城市轨道交通车站客流特征与服务设施的关系研究.[D].北京,北京交通大学.2009
[26]Pruin,J.J.Pedestrain Planning and Design.[M].New York,Metropolitan Association of Urban Designers and Environmental Planners Inc.1971
[27]National Research Council (NRC).Highway Capacity Manual.[M].Washington,D.C:TRB.2000
[28]Henson C.Levels of Service for Pedestrian.[J].Transportation Engeering.2000.70 (9): 26-30
[29]何静,刘志刚,孙有望.基于乘客能量和心理阻抗的换乘便利性分析.[J].同济大学学报.2010.38(1)：92-97
[30]黎韦利.人行道服务水准评估之研究.[D].台湾交通人学交通运输研究.1995
[31]谭丹丹,王炜,陆建,边扬.人行道行人服务水平评价方法研究.[J].交通运输系统工程信息2007.7(5)：74-79
[32]林泊生,杨新苗,史其信.公共汽车电车站乘客服务设施服务水平分析.[J].城市公共交通.2009.8：32-34
[33]张驰清.城市轨道交通枢纽乘客交通设施服务水平研究.[D].北京.北京交通大学.2007
[34]陈旻瑜.地铁乘客服务水平评价体系研究.[J].城市轨道交通研究.2006.9：63-64
[35]刘佩霞,易娇.基于人性化理念的城市轨道交通服务水平评价模型.[J].科技信息.2012.3：232-222
[36]向兵,孙有望.城市轨道交通乘客服务水平评价方法研究.[J].城市轨道交通研究.2008.11(9)：15-18
[37]黎冬平,晏克非,徐明明,刘辉.城市轨道车站设施的进站服务水平评价分析.[J].同济大学学报.2010.38(10)：1458-1462
[38]刘狄.基于设施容量的城市轨道交通换乘站内部换乘客流量研究.[D].北京.北京建筑工程学院.2010
[39]沙滨,袁振洲,缪江华,曹守华.城市轨道交通换乘方式对比分析.[J].城市交通.2006,4(2)：11-15
[40]方礼君.城市轨道交通客流相关问题研究.[D].上海.同济大学.2008
[41]王波,李晓霞,安栓庄.轨道交通换乘站客流特性分析及车站设计.[J].都市快轨交通,2010.23(2)：55-58
[42]马杰.城市轨道交通车站通行设施通过能力研究.[D].北京.北京交通大学.2010
[43]王波,安栓庄,李晓霞.城市轨道交通换乘设施的评价方法.[J].都市快轨交通.2007.20(4)：40-43
[44]]李国清.北京地铁换乘站设计现状及建议.[J].隧道建设.2010.30(4)：434-438
[45]王凯英,廖明军,孟线强,王显利.上海地铁站内行人楼梯交通特性.[J].上海海事大学学报.2009.03.30(1)：69-73
[46]KRETZ T, GRUNEBOHM A, KESSEL A, et al. Up stairs walking speed distributions on a long stairway[J]. Safety Sci, 2008,46 (1) 72-78.
[47]李三兵,陈峰,李程垒.地铁站台集散区客流密度与行进速度的关系探讨.[J].城市轨道交通研究.2009.12.34-41
[48]Xin Yaping, Fu Liping, Saccomanno F F. Assessing transit level of service along travel corridors Case study using the "T ransit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual"[J] Transportation Research Record, 2005,1927:259-267.
[2]Daly,P.N.Mc.Grath,Annesley.Pedestrian Speed/Flow Relationships for Underground Station.[J]. Traffic Engeering and Control,1991.32 (2) :75-78
[3]P.Hoogendoom.Microscopic Simulation of Pedestrian Flows. [C].Annual Meeting at the Transportation Research Board Proceedings on CD-ROM,2003
[4]W.Daaman,EHoogendoom,Piet H.L.Bovy.First. Order Pedegrian Traffic Flow Theory.[C]. Transportation Research Board National Research Council. Washington D.C.2005:1-13
[5]Serge P.Hoogendoom, W.Daamen, Piet.H.L.Bovy. Extracting Microscopic Pedestrian Characeristics from Video Data.[C].TRB Annual Meeting CD-ROM,2003
[6]D.Helbing,LubosBuzna,AndersJohansson,Torsten Wemer.Self-Organized Pedestrian Crowd Dynamics:Experiments,Simulations and Design Solutions. [J].Transportation Science.February, 2005:1-24
[7]Jodie Y.S.Lee,William H.K.Lam,S.C.Wong.Pedestrian Simulation Model for Hong Kong Underground Stations.[C].IEEE lnrelligent Transportation Systems Conference Proceedings. Oakland,USA.August,200 1:554-558
[8]Chung-Yu Cheung,William H.K.Lam.Pedestri.Route Choices between Escalator and Stairway in MTR Stations.[J].Journal ofTransportation Eng,May/June,1998:277-285
[9]徐尉南,吴正.地铁候车厅客流运动的数学模型[J].铁道科学与工程学报.2005.2(2)：70-75
[10]李灿,城市轨道交通枢纽乘客流交通特性分析及建模.[D].北京.北京交通大学.2007.
[11]许婷.城市轨道交通枢纽行人微观行为激励及组织方案研究.[D].北京.北京交通大学.2007
[12]赵光华.行人仿真在奥运地铁站的应用研究.[D].北京.北京工业大学.2007
[13]李得伟.城市轨道交通枢纽乘客集散模型及微观仿真理论.[D]北京：北京交通大学.2007
[14]陶志祥,张宇,杜波.城市轨道交通客流时空分析研究[J].城市公共交通,2004,2：33-35
[15]李鹏飞,岑敏.上海轨道交通5号线站点客流特征分析[J].城市轨道交通研究,2007(8)：31-34
[16]聂英杰.城市轨道交通的客流特性分析.[J].地下工程与隧道,2003.(4)：20-23
[17]沈丽萍,马莹,高世廉.城市轨道交通客流分析.[J].城市交通.2007.4(3)：14-19
[18]郭平.城市轨道交通客流特征及预测相关问题.[J].城市轨道交通研究.2010.1：58-62
[19]Seneviratne PN,Morrall JE Level of Service on Pedestrian Facilities.[J].Transportation Quarterly.1985 (10): 147-159
[20]Ian S.J.Dickins.Park and Ride Facilities on Light Rail Transit System.[J]Transportation,1991 (1 8):23-26
[21]Lee.K.K.T,Schonfeld.P.Optimal Headway and Slack Times Multiple Route Timed-transfer Terminals. [R].College Park.University of Maryland.1992
[22]饶雪平.轨道交通车站楼梯和自动扶梯处客流延时分析.[J].交通与运输.2005：13-15
[23]沈景炎.乘客动态分布与站台宽度的研究.[J].城市轨道交通研究.2001.1：21-25
[24]王蓉蓉.地铁换乘车站设施规模确定问题研究.[D].北京,北京交通大学.2006
[25]李三兵.城市轨道交通车站客流特征与服务设施的关系研究.[D].北京,北京交通大学.2009
[26]Pruin,J.J.Pedestrain Planning and Design.[M].New York,Metropolitan Association of Urban Designers and Environmental Planners Inc.1971
[27]National Research Council (NRC).Highway Capacity Manual.[M].Washington,D.C:TRB.2000
[28]Henson C.Levels of Service for Pedestrian.[J].Transportation Engeering.2000.70 (9): 26-30
[29]何静,刘志刚,孙有望.基于乘客能量和心理阻抗的换乘便利性分析.[J].同济大学学报.2010.38(1)：92-97
[30]黎韦利.人行道服务水准评估之研究.[D].台湾交通人学交通运输研究.1995
[31]谭丹丹,王炜,陆建,边扬.人行道行人服务水平评价方法研究.[J].交通运输系统工程信息2007.7(5)：74-79
[32]林泊生,杨新苗,史其信.公共汽车电车站乘客服务设施服务水平分析.[J].城市公共交通.2009.8：32-34
[33]张驰清.城市轨道交通枢纽乘客交通设施服务水平研究.[D].北京.北京交通大学.2007
[34]陈旻瑜.地铁乘客服务水平评价体系研究.[J].城市轨道交通研究.2006.9：63-64
[35]刘佩霞,易娇.基于人性化理念的城市轨道交通服务水平评价模型.[J].科技信息.2012.3：232-222
[36]向兵,孙有望.城市轨道交通乘客服务水平评价方法研究.[J].城市轨道交通研究.2008.11(9)：15-18
[37]黎冬平,晏克非,徐明明,刘辉.城市轨道车站设施的进站服务水平评价分析.[J].同济大学学报.2010.38(10)：1458-1462
[38]刘狄.基于设施容量的城市轨道交通换乘站内部换乘客流量研究.[D].北京.北京建筑工程学院.2010
[39]沙滨,袁振洲,缪江华,曹守华.城市轨道交通换乘方式对比分析.[J].城市交通.2006,4(2)：11-15
[40]方礼君.城市轨道交通客流相关问题研究.[D].上海.同济大学.2008
[41]王波,李晓霞,安栓庄.轨道交通换乘站客流特性分析及车站设计.[J].都市快轨交通,2010.23(2)：55-58
[42]马杰.城市轨道交通车站通行设施通过能力研究.[D].北京.北京交通大学.2010
[43]王波,安栓庄,李晓霞.城市轨道交通换乘设施的评价方法.[J].都市快轨交通.2007.20(4)：40-43
[44]]李国清.北京地铁换乘站设计现状及建议.[J].隧道建设.2010.30(4)：434-438
[45]王凯英,廖明军,孟线强,王显利.上海地铁站内行人楼梯交通特性.[J].上海海事大学学报.2009.03.30(1)：69-73
[46]KRETZ T, GRUNEBOHM A, KESSEL A, et al. Up stairs walking speed distributions on a long stairway[J]. Safety Sci, 2008,46 (1) 72-78.
[47]李三兵,陈峰,李程垒.地铁站台集散区客流密度与行进速度的关系探讨.[J].城市轨道交通研究.2009.12.34-41
[48]Xin Yaping, Fu Liping, Saccomanno F F. Assessing transit level of service along travel corridors Case study using the "T ransit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual"[J] Transportation Research Record, 2005,1927:259-267.