转基因克隆法制作人胰岛素原牛乳腺生物反应器的研究
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摘要
显微注射法的高成本、低效率长期以来制约着转基因动物研究的发展,体细胞核移植技术的出现为转基因动物的制作提供了新的思路。转基因克隆技术使用预先筛选的基因修饰细胞作为核供体,可以大大提高转基因动物的制作效率,因此这一技术一经出现就受到广泛关注,成为研究热点。理论上所有的转基因克隆动物后代都是转基因动物,但事实并非如此,许多研究表明,利用该方法培育的克隆动物后代中转基因阳性率从0%到100%都存在。本研究试图通过转基因克隆的方法制作牛乳腺生物反应器,采用绿色荧光蛋白基因和新霉素抗性基因两个标记基因与人胰岛素原乳腺特异表达载体一起构建了可以在细胞和胚胎阶段进行双重筛选的转基因载体,并转染体外培养的牛胎儿成纤维细胞,经G418筛选后选择绿色荧光阳性细胞为核供体,制作克隆胚胎,进一步筛选绿色荧光阳性囊胚进行胚胎移植,通过三次筛选以避免非转基因胚胎用于移植,节约受体动物,提高转基因克隆的效率,最终得到了妊娠的结果。
1.转基因载体的构建:
将以牛α-乳白蛋白基因启动子指导人胰岛素原基因乳腺特异表达的载体p0.8-IS用酶HindⅢ和KpnⅠ切开后回收2.18kb的片段,连入pGEM-7zf(+)载体的MCS中,得到载体p7Z-IS;从载体pIRES2-EGFP上PCR得到Neo~r基因并在其两端引入NheⅠ和BamHⅠ两个酶切位点,将其插入pIRES2-EGFP的MCS中,
Although pronuclear microinjection has been used for more than two decades to produce transgenic animal, the low efficiency and high cost of this technology has been the main barrier for transgenic animal production. The production of somatic cell clones derived from different tissue types of cultured cells opens new horizons for transgenic technologies. The advantage of using nuclear transfer to produce transgenic animals is the ability to use nuclei from preselected genetically modified donor cells. All of the animals created via NT from such selected cells should be but are not always transgenic. In the study present here, we constructed a transgenic vector for expression of human pro-insulin in mammary gland using GFP and neomycin resistant gene as marker genes. In vitro cultured bovine fetal fibroblast cells were transfected with this construct. The stable transfected cells were selected by G418 additton in the culture medium and GFP expression. Using the nuclei from selected donor cells, bovine blastocysts were produced via nuclear transfer technology and the blastocysts expressing GFP were transferred to recipients via embryo transfer technology. Experiment 1: Construction of transgenic vectorThe vector pO.8-IS containing 0.84kb of bovine a-lactalbamin promoter sequence
and 1.34kb of human pro-insulin genomic sequence (including exons, introns and 3'untranscribed region) in PUC18 backbone was excised as a 2.18kb of Hindlll-Kpnl fragment and inserted into the plasmid pGEM-7zf(+) that had been digested with Hindlll and KpnI. The vector was named p7Z-IS. The coding sequence of neomycin resistance gene was derived by PCR amplification from the plasmid pIRES2-EGFP and a Nhel site and a BamHI site was introduced respectly at the two ends of the sequence. Then the 942bp neomycin resistance gene fragment was assembled into the MCS of the plasmid pIRES2-EGFP that had been digested with BamHI and Nhel. The resulted vector which contains a Neor gene coding sequence and an EGFP coding sequence linked by IRES sequence in down stream of a CMV promotor was named pNIE. Then the vector pNIE was excised as an Nsil-Sspl fragment and inserted into the vector p7Z-IS which had been digested with Nsil and EcolCRI. So in the end we got the vector named pNEI, which contained the Neor gene and the EGFP gene regulated by CMV promoter for expression in a non-tissue specific mode and the human pro-insulin gene regulated by bovine a-lactalbamin promoter for expression specifically in mammary gland. The constructed vector pNEI, according to our design, was proved by restriction fragments using several endonuclear enzyme digestion and PCR amplification. Experiment 2: Isolation and in vitro culture of bovine fetal fibroblast cellThe bovine fetal fibroblast (BFFB) cells were isolated by attachment of tissue pieces from ear skin of a 3-4 months gestation bovine fetal. The cells grown into confluence 7 days after attachment and were cryopreserved after 2-3 passages for
purification and amplification. The growth curve of the cell was drawn during 7 days culture based on counting the cell number continually. The karyotype of the cell within 10th passages and after 20th passages was analyzed. As results the growth of the cell was very prosperous and more than 62% of the cells maintained diploid karyotype after 20th passages. So the bovine fetal fibroblast cells gave a good fit to transgenic cloning manipulation. Experiment 3: Gene transfection of the bovine fetal fibroblast cellFor transfection, the plasmid pNEI were linearized by digestion with Xhol and purified through phenol chloroform extraction. BFFB passage 3 cells in a 0100mm disk at 70% confluency were harvested and adjusted to 5x106cell/ml with HeBES. 200jlxI of the cell suspension were electroporated with 4 ug linearized pNEI vector in a 2-ram Gap cuvette for K 5> 1(K 15 and 20 ms at 800V/cm, 900V/cm, lOOOV/cm respectively. Cells were checked 24-48 hours after electroporation under fluorescence microscopy for GFP expression, and G418 selection (800ug/ml) was applied since then. After 2 weeks, selected colonies were counted and proliferated in culture medium containing 300 ng/ml G418 for 2-3 passages and cryopreserved. A small part of the cells were analyzed by PCR for gene integration. As results, bright green fluorescence can be detected 24 to 48 hours after electroporation, and more colonies were selected when electroporation parameters were 900V/cm, 5ms. The result of PCR detection showed that the foreign gene was integrated into the genome, and the selected cells should be competent for transgenic cloning. Experiment 4: Transgenic cell nuclear transfer
In this study, we attempted to produce transgenic bovine mammary gland bio-reactor using somatic cell nuclear transfer and embryo implantation. Preimplantation screening by EGFP expression was used to detect NT-derived transgenic embryos to ensure that the newborn calf would be transgenic.Totally 3612 oocytes were aspirated from 2-8mm follicles of bovine ovaries collected from an abattoir, 72% of them were matured after 18 hours culture. We compared the parthenogenetic activation rates of 4 different treatments: 2uM Inomycin for 5 minutes, 7% ethanol for 7minutes, 2uM Inomycin for 5 minutes plus 2mM 6-DMAP for 4 hours and 7% ethanol for 7minutes plus 2mM 6-DMAP for 4 hours. There were no significant differences between the first 2 groups (25.7% vs. 33.7%) or between the last 2 groups (91.1% vs. 92.1%). However the parthenogenetic activation rates of the last 2 groups were significantly higher than those of the first 2 groups (P<0.01). We also compared the pronuclear morphology between the last 2 groups. The rate of 1 pronuclear formation of the Inomycin plus 6-DMAP group was lower than that of the ethanol plus 6-DMAP group. Totally 1443 oocytes were enucleated and 1119 enucleated oocytes were treated for electrofusion with donor cells. Among them, 654(58.4%) couplets were fused. Totally 594 reconstructed embryos were stimulated and cultured in vitro and 20% of them developed to blastocyst stage. We compared the fusion rates and the blastocyst formation rate between 2 different treatments of donor cells. One group of donor cells was normal cultured cells, and another group of donor cells was synchronized in Gi cycle stage by serum starvation for 2 days plus normal culture for 10 hours. There were no
significant differences both in the fusion rate (55.3% vs. 56.2%) and in the blastocyst formation rate (23%vsl8.9%) between the two groups. Among the cloning blastocysts derived from transgenic cell nuclear transfer, 63% of them expressing GFP protein. OPS vitrification method was used for cryopreservation of the transgenic cloning blastocysts. The survival rate after thawing was 91%. 8 cryopreserved blastocysts were transferred into uterus of 2 recipient cows, but no pregnant was detected. Totally 21 freshly produced NT blastocysts expressing GFP were transferred into uterus of 7 recipient cows. 1 pregnant was detected after 3 months.
1.转基因载体的构建:
将以牛α-乳白蛋白基因启动子指导人胰岛素原基因乳腺特异表达的载体p0.8-IS用酶HindⅢ和KpnⅠ切开后回收2.18kb的片段,连入pGEM-7zf(+)载体的MCS中,得到载体p7Z-IS;从载体pIRES2-EGFP上PCR得到Neo~r基因并在其两端引入NheⅠ和BamHⅠ两个酶切位点,将其插入pIRES2-EGFP的MCS中,
Although pronuclear microinjection has been used for more than two decades to produce transgenic animal, the low efficiency and high cost of this technology has been the main barrier for transgenic animal production. The production of somatic cell clones derived from different tissue types of cultured cells opens new horizons for transgenic technologies. The advantage of using nuclear transfer to produce transgenic animals is the ability to use nuclei from preselected genetically modified donor cells. All of the animals created via NT from such selected cells should be but are not always transgenic. In the study present here, we constructed a transgenic vector for expression of human pro-insulin in mammary gland using GFP and neomycin resistant gene as marker genes. In vitro cultured bovine fetal fibroblast cells were transfected with this construct. The stable transfected cells were selected by G418 additton in the culture medium and GFP expression. Using the nuclei from selected donor cells, bovine blastocysts were produced via nuclear transfer technology and the blastocysts expressing GFP were transferred to recipients via embryo transfer technology. Experiment 1: Construction of transgenic vectorThe vector pO.8-IS containing 0.84kb of bovine a-lactalbamin promoter sequence
and 1.34kb of human pro-insulin genomic sequence (including exons, introns and 3'untranscribed region) in PUC18 backbone was excised as a 2.18kb of Hindlll-Kpnl fragment and inserted into the plasmid pGEM-7zf(+) that had been digested with Hindlll and KpnI. The vector was named p7Z-IS. The coding sequence of neomycin resistance gene was derived by PCR amplification from the plasmid pIRES2-EGFP and a Nhel site and a BamHI site was introduced respectly at the two ends of the sequence. Then the 942bp neomycin resistance gene fragment was assembled into the MCS of the plasmid pIRES2-EGFP that had been digested with BamHI and Nhel. The resulted vector which contains a Neor gene coding sequence and an EGFP coding sequence linked by IRES sequence in down stream of a CMV promotor was named pNIE. Then the vector pNIE was excised as an Nsil-Sspl fragment and inserted into the vector p7Z-IS which had been digested with Nsil and EcolCRI. So in the end we got the vector named pNEI, which contained the Neor gene and the EGFP gene regulated by CMV promoter for expression in a non-tissue specific mode and the human pro-insulin gene regulated by bovine a-lactalbamin promoter for expression specifically in mammary gland. The constructed vector pNEI, according to our design, was proved by restriction fragments using several endonuclear enzyme digestion and PCR amplification. Experiment 2: Isolation and in vitro culture of bovine fetal fibroblast cellThe bovine fetal fibroblast (BFFB) cells were isolated by attachment of tissue pieces from ear skin of a 3-4 months gestation bovine fetal. The cells grown into confluence 7 days after attachment and were cryopreserved after 2-3 passages for
purification and amplification. The growth curve of the cell was drawn during 7 days culture based on counting the cell number continually. The karyotype of the cell within 10th passages and after 20th passages was analyzed. As results the growth of the cell was very prosperous and more than 62% of the cells maintained diploid karyotype after 20th passages. So the bovine fetal fibroblast cells gave a good fit to transgenic cloning manipulation. Experiment 3: Gene transfection of the bovine fetal fibroblast cellFor transfection, the plasmid pNEI were linearized by digestion with Xhol and purified through phenol chloroform extraction. BFFB passage 3 cells in a 0100mm disk at 70% confluency were harvested and adjusted to 5x106cell/ml with HeBES. 200jlxI of the cell suspension were electroporated with 4 ug linearized pNEI vector in a 2-ram Gap cuvette for K 5> 1(K 15 and 20 ms at 800V/cm, 900V/cm, lOOOV/cm respectively. Cells were checked 24-48 hours after electroporation under fluorescence microscopy for GFP expression, and G418 selection (800ug/ml) was applied since then. After 2 weeks, selected colonies were counted and proliferated in culture medium containing 300 ng/ml G418 for 2-3 passages and cryopreserved. A small part of the cells were analyzed by PCR for gene integration. As results, bright green fluorescence can be detected 24 to 48 hours after electroporation, and more colonies were selected when electroporation parameters were 900V/cm, 5ms. The result of PCR detection showed that the foreign gene was integrated into the genome, and the selected cells should be competent for transgenic cloning. Experiment 4: Transgenic cell nuclear transfer
In this study, we attempted to produce transgenic bovine mammary gland bio-reactor using somatic cell nuclear transfer and embryo implantation. Preimplantation screening by EGFP expression was used to detect NT-derived transgenic embryos to ensure that the newborn calf would be transgenic.Totally 3612 oocytes were aspirated from 2-8mm follicles of bovine ovaries collected from an abattoir, 72% of them were matured after 18 hours culture. We compared the parthenogenetic activation rates of 4 different treatments: 2uM Inomycin for 5 minutes, 7% ethanol for 7minutes, 2uM Inomycin for 5 minutes plus 2mM 6-DMAP for 4 hours and 7% ethanol for 7minutes plus 2mM 6-DMAP for 4 hours. There were no significant differences between the first 2 groups (25.7% vs. 33.7%) or between the last 2 groups (91.1% vs. 92.1%). However the parthenogenetic activation rates of the last 2 groups were significantly higher than those of the first 2 groups (P<0.01). We also compared the pronuclear morphology between the last 2 groups. The rate of 1 pronuclear formation of the Inomycin plus 6-DMAP group was lower than that of the ethanol plus 6-DMAP group. Totally 1443 oocytes were enucleated and 1119 enucleated oocytes were treated for electrofusion with donor cells. Among them, 654(58.4%) couplets were fused. Totally 594 reconstructed embryos were stimulated and cultured in vitro and 20% of them developed to blastocyst stage. We compared the fusion rates and the blastocyst formation rate between 2 different treatments of donor cells. One group of donor cells was normal cultured cells, and another group of donor cells was synchronized in Gi cycle stage by serum starvation for 2 days plus normal culture for 10 hours. There were no
significant differences both in the fusion rate (55.3% vs. 56.2%) and in the blastocyst formation rate (23%vsl8.9%) between the two groups. Among the cloning blastocysts derived from transgenic cell nuclear transfer, 63% of them expressing GFP protein. OPS vitrification method was used for cryopreservation of the transgenic cloning blastocysts. The survival rate after thawing was 91%. 8 cryopreserved blastocysts were transferred into uterus of 2 recipient cows, but no pregnant was detected. Totally 21 freshly produced NT blastocysts expressing GFP were transferred into uterus of 7 recipient cows. 1 pregnant was detected after 3 months.
引文
[1] Janeisch R, Mintz B. Simian virus 40 DNA sequences in DNA of healthy adult mice derived from preimplantation blastocysts injected with viral DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U. S. A., 1974, 71 (4): 1250.
[2] Palmiter R D, Brinster R L, Hammer R E, et al., Dramatic growth of mice that develop from eggs microinjection with MT growth hormone fusion genes. Nature. 1982, 300:511-515
[3] Evans M J, Kaufmann M H. Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature, 1981, 292: 154-156
[4] Wilmut I, Schnieke AE, McWhir WA, et al. Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature.1997, 385:810-813
[5] Cibelli J B, Stice S L, Golueke P J, et al. Cloned transgenic calves produced from nonquiescent fetal fibroblasts. Science, 1998, 280 : 1256-1258.
[6] Keefer C L, Baldassarre H, Keyston R, et al. Generation of dwarf goat (Capra hircus) clones following nuclear transfer with transfected and nontransfected fetal fibroblasts and in vitro2 matured oocytes. Biol Reprod, 2001, 64 : 849-856.
[7] Wakayama T, Perry A C F, Zuccotti M, et al., Full term development of mice from enucleated oocytes injected with cumulus cell nuclei. Nature, 1998, 394 : 369-374.
[8] Polejaeva I A, Chen S H, Vaught T D, et al. Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells. Nature, 2000, 407:86-90
[9] Chesne P, Adenot P G, Viglietta, et al., Cloned rabbits produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells. Nat Biotechnol, 2002, 20(4) : 366-369.
[10] Zhou Q, Renard JP, Le Friec G, et al., Generation of fertile cloned rats by regulating oocyte activation. Science. 2003 Nov 14:302 (5648): 1179. Epub 2003 Sep 25.
[11] Gomez MC, Jenkins JA, Giraldo A, et al., Nuclear transfer of synchronized african wild cat somatic cells into enucleated domestic cat oocytes. Biol Reprod. 2003 Sep: 69(3): 1032-41. Epub 2003 May 28.
[12] Galli C, Lagutina I, Crotti G, et al., Pregnancy: a cloned horse born to its dam twin. Nature. 2003 Aug 7;424(6949): 635. Erratum in: Nature. 2003 Oct 16;425(6959): 680
[13] Hill et al.Clinical and pathologic features of cloned transgenic calves and fetuses(13 case studies).Therio, 1999, 51: 1451-1465
[14] Behboodi et al .Birth of large calves that developed from in vitro derived bovine embryos. Therio, 1995,44:227-232
[15] Garry et al.Postnatal characteristics of calves produced by nuclear transfer cloning. Therio, 1996,45: 141-152
[16] Walker et al.The production of unusually large offspring following embryo manipulation: concepts and challenges.Therio, 1996,45: 111-120
[17] Schieke AS, Kind AJ, Ritchie WA, et al.Human factor IX transgenic sheep produced by transfer of nuclei from transfected fetal fibroblasts.Science.1997, 278: 2130-2133
[18] Thomas K R, Capecchi M R. Site directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo derived stem cells. Cell, 1987, 51 : 503-512.
[19] Palmiter R D, Sandgren E.P, Advarbock M.R et al., Heterologous introns can enhance expression of transgenes in mice. Proc.Natl Acad Sci U.S.A, 1991, 88(2)478-482.
[20] Betthauser J, Forsburg E, Augenstein M, et al., Production of cloned pigs from in vitro systems. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18: 1055-1059.
[21] Denning C, Burl S, Ainslie A, Delection of the a(1, 3)galactosyl transferase (GGTA1) gene and the prion protein (PrP) gene in sheep. Nat Biotechnol 2001 ;19: 559-562.
[22] Lai L, Kolber-Simonds D, Park KW, Production of a-1, 3-glactosyl transferase knockout pigs by nuclear transfer cloning. Science 2002; 295: 1089-1092.
[23] Bondioli K, Ramsoondar J, Williams B, Cloned pigs generated from cultured skin fibroblasts derived from a H-transferase transgenic boar. Mol Reprod Dev 2001; 60: 189-195.
[24] Echelard Y, Destrempes MM, Koster JA, Production of recombinant human serum albumin in the milk of transgenic cows. Theriogenology 2002; 57: 779.
[25] Inouye S, Tsuji FI.Aequorea green fluorescent protein Expression of the gene and fluorescence characteristics of the recombinant protein. FEBS Lett.1994;341: 277-280
[26] Zhang G, Gurtu V, Kain ST.An enhanced green fluorescent protein allows sensitive detection of gene transfer in mammalian cells.Biochem Biophys Res Com. 1996, 227: 707-711
[27] Ikawa M, Kominami K, Yoshimura Y, et al., A rapid and non-invasive selection of transgenic embryos before implantation using green fluorescent protein (GFP), FEBS Lett. 1995, 375(1-2):125-128
[28] Takada T, Awaji T, Itoh K, et al.Selective production of transgenic mice using green fluorescent protein as a marker.Nature Biotechnology. 1997, 15:453-461
[29] Kato M, Yamanouchi K, Kawa M, et al.Efficient selection of transgenic mice using green fluorescent protein as a marker.Nature Biotech. 1997, 15: 458-461
[30] McCeath K J, Howcroft J, Campbell KHS, et al.Production of gene-targeted sheep by nuclear transfer from cultured somatic cells.Nature.2000, 405:1066-1069
[31] Schieke AS, Kind AJ, Ritchie WA, et al.Human factor Ix transgenic sheep produced by transfer of nuclei from transfected fetal fibroblasts. Science, 1997, 278:2130-2133
[32] Baquisi A, Behboodi E, Melican DT, et al. Production of goats by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Nat Biotechnol. 1999, 17:456-461.
[33] Cibelli J B, Stice S L, Golueke P J, et al . Cloned transgenic calves produced from nonquiescent fetal fibroblasts. Science, 1998, 280 : 1256-1258.
[34] Lai L, Kolber-Simonds D, Park KW, et al., Production of alpha-1,3-galactosyl transferase knockout pigs by nuclear transfer cloning. Science, 2002, 295:1089-1092
[35] Dai Y, Vaught TD, Boone J, et al. Targeted disruption of the alphal, 3-galactosyl transferase gene in cloned pigs. Nat Biotechnol, 2002, 20(3): 251-255
[36] Phelps CJ, Koike C, Vaught TD, et al., Production of alpha-1,3-galactosyl transferase-deficient pigs. Science, 2003, 299:411-414
[37] 龚国春,戴蕴平,樊宝良等,利用体细胞核移植技术生产转基因牛 科学通报,2003,48(24):2528-2533
[2] Palmiter R D, Brinster R L, Hammer R E, et al., Dramatic growth of mice that develop from eggs microinjection with MT growth hormone fusion genes. Nature. 1982, 300:511-515
[3] Evans M J, Kaufmann M H. Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature, 1981, 292: 154-156
[4] Wilmut I, Schnieke AE, McWhir WA, et al. Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature.1997, 385:810-813
[5] Cibelli J B, Stice S L, Golueke P J, et al. Cloned transgenic calves produced from nonquiescent fetal fibroblasts. Science, 1998, 280 : 1256-1258.
[6] Keefer C L, Baldassarre H, Keyston R, et al. Generation of dwarf goat (Capra hircus) clones following nuclear transfer with transfected and nontransfected fetal fibroblasts and in vitro2 matured oocytes. Biol Reprod, 2001, 64 : 849-856.
[7] Wakayama T, Perry A C F, Zuccotti M, et al., Full term development of mice from enucleated oocytes injected with cumulus cell nuclei. Nature, 1998, 394 : 369-374.
[8] Polejaeva I A, Chen S H, Vaught T D, et al. Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells. Nature, 2000, 407:86-90
[9] Chesne P, Adenot P G, Viglietta, et al., Cloned rabbits produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells. Nat Biotechnol, 2002, 20(4) : 366-369.
[10] Zhou Q, Renard JP, Le Friec G, et al., Generation of fertile cloned rats by regulating oocyte activation. Science. 2003 Nov 14:302 (5648): 1179. Epub 2003 Sep 25.
[11] Gomez MC, Jenkins JA, Giraldo A, et al., Nuclear transfer of synchronized african wild cat somatic cells into enucleated domestic cat oocytes. Biol Reprod. 2003 Sep: 69(3): 1032-41. Epub 2003 May 28.
[12] Galli C, Lagutina I, Crotti G, et al., Pregnancy: a cloned horse born to its dam twin. Nature. 2003 Aug 7;424(6949): 635. Erratum in: Nature. 2003 Oct 16;425(6959): 680
[13] Hill et al.Clinical and pathologic features of cloned transgenic calves and fetuses(13 case studies).Therio, 1999, 51: 1451-1465
[14] Behboodi et al .Birth of large calves that developed from in vitro derived bovine embryos. Therio, 1995,44:227-232
[15] Garry et al.Postnatal characteristics of calves produced by nuclear transfer cloning. Therio, 1996,45: 141-152
[16] Walker et al.The production of unusually large offspring following embryo manipulation: concepts and challenges.Therio, 1996,45: 111-120
[17] Schieke AS, Kind AJ, Ritchie WA, et al.Human factor IX transgenic sheep produced by transfer of nuclei from transfected fetal fibroblasts.Science.1997, 278: 2130-2133
[18] Thomas K R, Capecchi M R. Site directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo derived stem cells. Cell, 1987, 51 : 503-512.
[19] Palmiter R D, Sandgren E.P, Advarbock M.R et al., Heterologous introns can enhance expression of transgenes in mice. Proc.Natl Acad Sci U.S.A, 1991, 88(2)478-482.
[20] Betthauser J, Forsburg E, Augenstein M, et al., Production of cloned pigs from in vitro systems. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18: 1055-1059.
[21] Denning C, Burl S, Ainslie A, Delection of the a(1, 3)galactosyl transferase (GGTA1) gene and the prion protein (PrP) gene in sheep. Nat Biotechnol 2001 ;19: 559-562.
[22] Lai L, Kolber-Simonds D, Park KW, Production of a-1, 3-glactosyl transferase knockout pigs by nuclear transfer cloning. Science 2002; 295: 1089-1092.
[23] Bondioli K, Ramsoondar J, Williams B, Cloned pigs generated from cultured skin fibroblasts derived from a H-transferase transgenic boar. Mol Reprod Dev 2001; 60: 189-195.
[24] Echelard Y, Destrempes MM, Koster JA, Production of recombinant human serum albumin in the milk of transgenic cows. Theriogenology 2002; 57: 779.
[25] Inouye S, Tsuji FI.Aequorea green fluorescent protein Expression of the gene and fluorescence characteristics of the recombinant protein. FEBS Lett.1994;341: 277-280
[26] Zhang G, Gurtu V, Kain ST.An enhanced green fluorescent protein allows sensitive detection of gene transfer in mammalian cells.Biochem Biophys Res Com. 1996, 227: 707-711
[27] Ikawa M, Kominami K, Yoshimura Y, et al., A rapid and non-invasive selection of transgenic embryos before implantation using green fluorescent protein (GFP), FEBS Lett. 1995, 375(1-2):125-128
[28] Takada T, Awaji T, Itoh K, et al.Selective production of transgenic mice using green fluorescent protein as a marker.Nature Biotechnology. 1997, 15:453-461
[29] Kato M, Yamanouchi K, Kawa M, et al.Efficient selection of transgenic mice using green fluorescent protein as a marker.Nature Biotech. 1997, 15: 458-461
[30] McCeath K J, Howcroft J, Campbell KHS, et al.Production of gene-targeted sheep by nuclear transfer from cultured somatic cells.Nature.2000, 405:1066-1069
[31] Schieke AS, Kind AJ, Ritchie WA, et al.Human factor Ix transgenic sheep produced by transfer of nuclei from transfected fetal fibroblasts. Science, 1997, 278:2130-2133
[32] Baquisi A, Behboodi E, Melican DT, et al. Production of goats by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Nat Biotechnol. 1999, 17:456-461.
[33] Cibelli J B, Stice S L, Golueke P J, et al . Cloned transgenic calves produced from nonquiescent fetal fibroblasts. Science, 1998, 280 : 1256-1258.
[34] Lai L, Kolber-Simonds D, Park KW, et al., Production of alpha-1,3-galactosyl transferase knockout pigs by nuclear transfer cloning. Science, 2002, 295:1089-1092
[35] Dai Y, Vaught TD, Boone J, et al. Targeted disruption of the alphal, 3-galactosyl transferase gene in cloned pigs. Nat Biotechnol, 2002, 20(3): 251-255
[36] Phelps CJ, Koike C, Vaught TD, et al., Production of alpha-1,3-galactosyl transferase-deficient pigs. Science, 2003, 299:411-414
[37] 龚国春,戴蕴平,樊宝良等,利用体细胞核移植技术生产转基因牛 科学通报,2003,48(24):2528-2533