秸秆覆盖免耕对土壤有机质转化积累及玉米生长的影响
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摘要
长期以来,东北地区种植玉米形成了垄作的习惯,为实现耕整土地、起垄作业,地表的秸秆被全部移走或就地焚烧,以达到农机作业的要求,加之,人们对土地最大利益化的追求,大量使用化肥而很少使用厩肥。长期的掠夺式经营,造成了东北黑土地的严重退化。提高有机物质的输入,是实现东北黑土地力的重建的关键,因此,我们研究保护性耕作技术在东北黑土区的应用,期望能从保护珍贵黑土资源的角度来探寻耕作制度的改变对农业生产的影响及实现土壤有机质重建的机制。
本研究始于2007年4月,依托中国科学院保护性耕作研发基地(吉林省梨树县,43°19'N,124°14'E),开展玉米秸秆覆盖免耕技术研究。实验区土壤类型为中层黑土壤质粘土。以常规垄作(RT)为对照,连续5年实施不同秸秆覆盖量(NT-0、NT-33、 NT-67、NT-100)免耕。针对耕层土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤容重、田间蚯蚓数量、土壤有机质及产量方面进行分析,并对耕层不同层次(0.2cm、2-5cm、5-10cm、10-20cm)的全土及颗粒分级土壤有机碳、氨基糖的变化特征进行了分析,结果表明：
1.秸秆覆盖免耕增加了耕层土壤的含水量,相较于常规垄作,春播前秸秆覆盖免耕可增加30%以上耕层水分,但是,秸秆覆盖处理降低了土壤温度,在5cm土壤深度,NT-100较RT温度低2-8.5℃,在10cm处低1.7-9.0℃,20cm处低1.4-6.0℃。NT-0处理在保证土壤水分的同时,土壤温度在各层次较RT无明显差异。
2.常规垄作改为免耕种植,容重是增加的,但其耕层容重均在1.40g cm-3以下,其中NT-100的容重仅为1.24g cm-3,说明连续实施免耕5年虽然增加了土壤的容重,但其仍在适合玉米生长的范围之内,并不影响春天播种。另外,耕作方式的变化对蚯蚓数量的影响并不显著,RT和NT-0每平方米蚯蚓的数量分别为15条和18条,而重量方面的差异也不显著。秸秆覆盖免耕无论是对蚯蚓的数量还是重量均有显著(p<0.05)的影响,蚯蚓密度在免耕条件下有随秸秆覆盖量增加而增加的特征。尤其是在全量秸秆覆盖(NT-100)下达到每平方米143条,重16.27g。
3.实施秸秆覆盖免耕(NT-100/67/33),对玉米的生育进程产生了一定的影响,开花期以前,秸秆覆盖免耕明显降低了玉米的株高、叶面积指数及干物质的积累,这种影响随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增大。NT-0无论是对玉米株高、叶面积指数还是干物质的积累均无影响,在不同生育期还可起到促进作用,尤其是叶面积指数,NT-0的下降速率明显慢于RT。秸秆覆盖量免耕造成的减产主要与收获时公顷有效穗数的下降有关。免耕的实施对春玉米的理论产量影响并不大,NT-0和NT-33在玉米的百粒重这一指标较RT却分别增长了0.41-1.13g(100.weight)-1和0.37-0.91g(100-weight)-1因此,通过加强田间管理,提高农机具的质量及病害的防治效果,有利于免耕在东北黑土区的推广。
4.秸秆覆盖免耕的实施,增加了土壤有机碳的含量,有机碳的积累具有明显的表层富集作用,且其增加量随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增加,在表层0-2cm秸秆覆盖免耕(NT-100/67/33)较常规垄作(RT)5年间土壤有机碳含量分别增加了：29.7%、17.9%和11.5%,在2-5cm这一层次上分别增加了：4.0%、5.1%和2.8%。NT-0的土壤有机碳含量在5年间与RT相比,变化不显著,说明仅是耕作方式改变而不实施秸秆还田对土壤有机质的提高效果短期内不显著。
5.不同量秸秆覆盖增加了表层(0-2cm)土壤氨基糖含量；不同微生物来源氨基糖对秸秆覆盖量的响应不同,其中氨基葡萄糖和氨基半乳糖表现出随秸秆覆盖量增加而增加的趋势,而胞壁酸仅在全秸秆覆盖下显著增加；秸秆覆盖还田免耕下真菌来源的氨基葡萄糖与细菌来源的胞壁酸的比值高于无秸秆还田免耕,表明连续秸秆覆盖还田土壤中真菌己逐渐转为优势群体,而真菌占优势的农田生态系统更利于土壤固碳。。
6.免耕的实施虽然对土壤各粒级的组成没有明显的影响,但却改了各粒级中有机碳的含量。在表层0-5cm,秸秆覆盖免耕增强了黏粒吸附有机碳的能力,其吸附能力表现出了秸秆覆盖量的增加而增强的特征,秸秆覆盖免耕还增加了黏粒的库容。另外,黏粒的有机碳富集系数虽然均大于1,在层0-2cm其数值表现为：秸秆覆盖免耕<常规垄作,而在2-5cm却得到相反的结果,从黏粒有机碳对全土有机碳的贡献率发现,在表层0-5cm表现为：秸秆覆盖免耕>常规垄作,秸秆覆盖免耕的富集系数小,但其有机碳的库容及对全土有机碳的贡献率高,说明在连续秸秆覆盖免耕的条件下黏粒的有机碳积累正达到一个新的平衡,提高了土壤有机质的含量。耕作方式的改变也影响了粉粒和砂粒有机碳含量,在0-2cm这一层次有机碳的分布强度、库容、富集系数等方面,粉粒中表现为：免耕<常规垄作,而砂粒中却现为：免耕>常规垄作,在免耕措施中,粉粒和砂粒中有机碳的分布强度、库容、富集系数等指标均有随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增加的特征,说明秸秆覆盖免耕的实施也有利于提升大颗粒中有机碳的含量。
7.秸秆覆盖免耕的实施对各粒级中氨基糖的影响,主要体现在砂粒中,土壤氨基糖的总量及各氨基单糖(GluN、GlaN和Mur)在砂粒中的分布强度、库容及富集系数均表现出随秸秆覆盖量的增加而显著增加的特征,且免耕处理均高于常规垄作处理,说明耕作次数的减少及新鲜有机物料的补充共同为土壤微生物营造了良好的生境,从而加速了对微生物对有机碳的积累与转化。连续5年的免耕,并未对黏粒中土壤氨基糖的量造成显著影响,但是,在氨基糖的分布强度及库容方面,表现出了随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增加的趋势,而在富集系数及有对贡献率方面却表现为随秸秆覆盖量的增加而下降的趋势。
综上所述,秸秆覆盖免耕的实施有利于土壤理化性状的改善,提高了土壤表层有机质的含量。但东北黑土区的积温较低,大量的秸秆覆盖不利于春天地温的提升,建议不同的区域依据实际情况选择合适的秸秆覆盖量。本研究为两年的实验结果,且为全程机械化的实际效果对玉米生长发育及产量影响的数据,不等同于相同农艺条件下的结果,因此,免耕对农业生产的影响,随着农机具的质量提高,还有待于进一步研究。另外,短期的秸秆覆盖免耕虽然增加了土壤有机质的含量,但这种显著的增加仅在表层2cm以内,在保持现有土壤环境的前提下,如何快速提高整个耕层土壤有机质的含量将会是研究东北黑土的一重要方向。
In northeast of China farmers have formed the habit of ridge tillage for corn. In order to achieve the requirements for agricultural machinery operation, straw were all removed from the field or burt in situ. In addition, people used the abundant chemical fertilizer instead of farmyard manure. Long-term predatory operation caused serious soil degradation. In order to reconstruction of the black soil fertility, it is a key method to add the input of organic matter in soil. Therefore, it is considerable important to study the application of conservation tillage technology, which help us realize the reconstruction mechanism of soil organic matter.
We conducted the experiments in Conservation Tillage Research and Development Base (43°19'N,124°14'E) of Chinese Academy of Sciences in Jilin province from2007to2012. The treatments were set as no-tillage (NT-0), no-tillage with stalk cover (NTS,NT-33/67/100) and ridge tillage (RT). The soil moisture, soil temperature, bulk density, field earthworm population, soil organic matter in different sampling depths and plant biomass were all measured. We also determined the content of soil organic carbon and amino sugars in soil particle size fractions (0-2cm,2-5cm,5-10cm,10-20cm). The results were as follows:
1. The soil water content increased in the treatment of NTS(NT-33/67/100) compared with in the treatment of RT. However, the soil temperature, at5cm depth of soil, the NT-100was lower in the treatment of NTS than that in the treatment of RT.
2. The soil bulk density increased in the treatment of NT, ranged from1.24to1.40g cm-3. There was no significant change for the number of earthworms in treatment of RT and NT-0. However, the treatment of NT-100increased the number and quality of earthworms (p<0.05).
3. The results showed that NTSinhibitedthe corn growth. Before the flowering period, NTS significantly reduced maize plant height, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation, this kind of influence increased with the amount of straw mulching. It is no affect of NT-0for maize plant height, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation. In different growth period, the leaf area index in NT-0is significantly slower than RT. NTSyeild is mainly caused by the decrease in the number of effective ears at harvest time. No-till had smalleffect on the theoryyield,The100-weight of the corn is more than that of RT. So, the field management should be strengthened, the quality of agricultural machinery should be improved. It is helpful for the popularize no-till in the Northeast.
4. The results showed that NTS improved the soil organic carbon content. The accumulation of organic carbon has obvious enrichment. The amount changed with the increased amount of straw mulching. In the surface layer0-2cm, NTS(NT-100/67/33)increased soil organic carbon content:29.7%,17.9%and11.5%,4.0%,5.1%and2.8%at2-5cm in the past five years. The NT-0has little change in soil organic carbon content compared with RT. It has little effect that only changecultivation method without straw mulching in the short term.
5. NTS promoted the accumulation of soil amino sugars in the top soil (0-2cm) compared with NT-0. The amounts of amino sugars derived from different fungi and bacteria changes significantly under the stover mulching, the amounts of glucosamine and galactosamine increased with stover mulching quantity increased, while muramic acid was significantly increased only under100%stover mulching. Furthermore, the ratios of glucosamine to muramic acid in stover mulching treatments were higher than that of in no stover mulching treatment. It suggests that the fungi play a dominant role in stover mulching agroecosystems as the enrichment of fungal-derived glucosamine, thus leading to higher soil organic C storage in the soils.
6. Although the implementation of the no-till has no obvious impacts on fraction of soil, impacts the organic carbon content. In the surface layer (0-5cm), NTS enhances the clay adsorption ability of organic carbon. The adsorption capacity showed increased with stover mulching quantity increased. NTS also increases the storage capacity of clay. In addition, the Enrichment of clay were>1, in the layer of0-2cm the Enrichment showed that NTSRT.The enrichment of NTS is small, but its organic carbon storage and the contribution of soil organic carbon is high,means under the condition of continuous NTSthe clay organic carbon accumulation are reaching a new equilibrium, and improving the content of soil organic matter.Tilling also affects the organic carbon content of the silt and sand. In the0-2cm, the concentration, stock and enrichment of silt organic carbon showed:NTS 7. The effect of the NTS influence on amino sugars mainly reflected in the sand. The amount of soil amino sugars and the amino monosaccharides (GluN, GlaN and Mur) in the concentration, stock and enrichmen of sand increased with stover mulching quantity increased, and the no-tillage treatment was higher than RT. The reduction of tilling and fresh organic material created a good habitat for soil microorganisms, thus speeding up the accumulation and transformation of microorganisms of organic carbon. The effect of five consecutive years of no-till was not obvious for the amount of clay soil amino sugar. However, the amino sugar in the concentration, stockshowed increased with stover mulching quantity increased, while in the enrichment and coefficients has the opposite result.
To sum up, the implementation of NTS helpful for the improvement of the soil physical and chemical properties and add the content of soil organic matter. But the accumulated temperature of soil is low in the northeast, a large number of stover mulching is bad to improve the soil temperature before sowing. It is suggested that different regions to choose the appropriate amount of stover mulching according to the actual situation. This study showed that the results of the whole mechanization of the actual effect on corn growth and yield, is not the same as the agronomic conditions. Therefore, no-tillage effects on agricultural production, with agricultural machinery and implement quality improvement, it is need to be further research. In addition, the short-term stover mulching increases the soil organic matter content. However, the increased only exist in the surface layer within2cm. In the premise of keeping the existing soil environment, how to improve the content of soil organic matter will be an important research direction of black soil in Northeast china.
本研究始于2007年4月,依托中国科学院保护性耕作研发基地(吉林省梨树县,43°19'N,124°14'E),开展玉米秸秆覆盖免耕技术研究。实验区土壤类型为中层黑土壤质粘土。以常规垄作(RT)为对照,连续5年实施不同秸秆覆盖量(NT-0、NT-33、 NT-67、NT-100)免耕。针对耕层土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤容重、田间蚯蚓数量、土壤有机质及产量方面进行分析,并对耕层不同层次(0.2cm、2-5cm、5-10cm、10-20cm)的全土及颗粒分级土壤有机碳、氨基糖的变化特征进行了分析,结果表明：
1.秸秆覆盖免耕增加了耕层土壤的含水量,相较于常规垄作,春播前秸秆覆盖免耕可增加30%以上耕层水分,但是,秸秆覆盖处理降低了土壤温度,在5cm土壤深度,NT-100较RT温度低2-8.5℃,在10cm处低1.7-9.0℃,20cm处低1.4-6.0℃。NT-0处理在保证土壤水分的同时,土壤温度在各层次较RT无明显差异。
2.常规垄作改为免耕种植,容重是增加的,但其耕层容重均在1.40g cm-3以下,其中NT-100的容重仅为1.24g cm-3,说明连续实施免耕5年虽然增加了土壤的容重,但其仍在适合玉米生长的范围之内,并不影响春天播种。另外,耕作方式的变化对蚯蚓数量的影响并不显著,RT和NT-0每平方米蚯蚓的数量分别为15条和18条,而重量方面的差异也不显著。秸秆覆盖免耕无论是对蚯蚓的数量还是重量均有显著(p<0.05)的影响,蚯蚓密度在免耕条件下有随秸秆覆盖量增加而增加的特征。尤其是在全量秸秆覆盖(NT-100)下达到每平方米143条,重16.27g。
3.实施秸秆覆盖免耕(NT-100/67/33),对玉米的生育进程产生了一定的影响,开花期以前,秸秆覆盖免耕明显降低了玉米的株高、叶面积指数及干物质的积累,这种影响随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增大。NT-0无论是对玉米株高、叶面积指数还是干物质的积累均无影响,在不同生育期还可起到促进作用,尤其是叶面积指数,NT-0的下降速率明显慢于RT。秸秆覆盖量免耕造成的减产主要与收获时公顷有效穗数的下降有关。免耕的实施对春玉米的理论产量影响并不大,NT-0和NT-33在玉米的百粒重这一指标较RT却分别增长了0.41-1.13g(100.weight)-1和0.37-0.91g(100-weight)-1因此,通过加强田间管理,提高农机具的质量及病害的防治效果,有利于免耕在东北黑土区的推广。
4.秸秆覆盖免耕的实施,增加了土壤有机碳的含量,有机碳的积累具有明显的表层富集作用,且其增加量随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增加,在表层0-2cm秸秆覆盖免耕(NT-100/67/33)较常规垄作(RT)5年间土壤有机碳含量分别增加了：29.7%、17.9%和11.5%,在2-5cm这一层次上分别增加了：4.0%、5.1%和2.8%。NT-0的土壤有机碳含量在5年间与RT相比,变化不显著,说明仅是耕作方式改变而不实施秸秆还田对土壤有机质的提高效果短期内不显著。
5.不同量秸秆覆盖增加了表层(0-2cm)土壤氨基糖含量；不同微生物来源氨基糖对秸秆覆盖量的响应不同,其中氨基葡萄糖和氨基半乳糖表现出随秸秆覆盖量增加而增加的趋势,而胞壁酸仅在全秸秆覆盖下显著增加；秸秆覆盖还田免耕下真菌来源的氨基葡萄糖与细菌来源的胞壁酸的比值高于无秸秆还田免耕,表明连续秸秆覆盖还田土壤中真菌己逐渐转为优势群体,而真菌占优势的农田生态系统更利于土壤固碳。。
6.免耕的实施虽然对土壤各粒级的组成没有明显的影响,但却改了各粒级中有机碳的含量。在表层0-5cm,秸秆覆盖免耕增强了黏粒吸附有机碳的能力,其吸附能力表现出了秸秆覆盖量的增加而增强的特征,秸秆覆盖免耕还增加了黏粒的库容。另外,黏粒的有机碳富集系数虽然均大于1,在层0-2cm其数值表现为：秸秆覆盖免耕<常规垄作,而在2-5cm却得到相反的结果,从黏粒有机碳对全土有机碳的贡献率发现,在表层0-5cm表现为：秸秆覆盖免耕>常规垄作,秸秆覆盖免耕的富集系数小,但其有机碳的库容及对全土有机碳的贡献率高,说明在连续秸秆覆盖免耕的条件下黏粒的有机碳积累正达到一个新的平衡,提高了土壤有机质的含量。耕作方式的改变也影响了粉粒和砂粒有机碳含量,在0-2cm这一层次有机碳的分布强度、库容、富集系数等方面,粉粒中表现为：免耕<常规垄作,而砂粒中却现为：免耕>常规垄作,在免耕措施中,粉粒和砂粒中有机碳的分布强度、库容、富集系数等指标均有随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增加的特征,说明秸秆覆盖免耕的实施也有利于提升大颗粒中有机碳的含量。
7.秸秆覆盖免耕的实施对各粒级中氨基糖的影响,主要体现在砂粒中,土壤氨基糖的总量及各氨基单糖(GluN、GlaN和Mur)在砂粒中的分布强度、库容及富集系数均表现出随秸秆覆盖量的增加而显著增加的特征,且免耕处理均高于常规垄作处理,说明耕作次数的减少及新鲜有机物料的补充共同为土壤微生物营造了良好的生境,从而加速了对微生物对有机碳的积累与转化。连续5年的免耕,并未对黏粒中土壤氨基糖的量造成显著影响,但是,在氨基糖的分布强度及库容方面,表现出了随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增加的趋势,而在富集系数及有对贡献率方面却表现为随秸秆覆盖量的增加而下降的趋势。
综上所述,秸秆覆盖免耕的实施有利于土壤理化性状的改善,提高了土壤表层有机质的含量。但东北黑土区的积温较低,大量的秸秆覆盖不利于春天地温的提升,建议不同的区域依据实际情况选择合适的秸秆覆盖量。本研究为两年的实验结果,且为全程机械化的实际效果对玉米生长发育及产量影响的数据,不等同于相同农艺条件下的结果,因此,免耕对农业生产的影响,随着农机具的质量提高,还有待于进一步研究。另外,短期的秸秆覆盖免耕虽然增加了土壤有机质的含量,但这种显著的增加仅在表层2cm以内,在保持现有土壤环境的前提下,如何快速提高整个耕层土壤有机质的含量将会是研究东北黑土的一重要方向。
In northeast of China farmers have formed the habit of ridge tillage for corn. In order to achieve the requirements for agricultural machinery operation, straw were all removed from the field or burt in situ. In addition, people used the abundant chemical fertilizer instead of farmyard manure. Long-term predatory operation caused serious soil degradation. In order to reconstruction of the black soil fertility, it is a key method to add the input of organic matter in soil. Therefore, it is considerable important to study the application of conservation tillage technology, which help us realize the reconstruction mechanism of soil organic matter.
We conducted the experiments in Conservation Tillage Research and Development Base (43°19'N,124°14'E) of Chinese Academy of Sciences in Jilin province from2007to2012. The treatments were set as no-tillage (NT-0), no-tillage with stalk cover (NTS,NT-33/67/100) and ridge tillage (RT). The soil moisture, soil temperature, bulk density, field earthworm population, soil organic matter in different sampling depths and plant biomass were all measured. We also determined the content of soil organic carbon and amino sugars in soil particle size fractions (0-2cm,2-5cm,5-10cm,10-20cm). The results were as follows:
1. The soil water content increased in the treatment of NTS(NT-33/67/100) compared with in the treatment of RT. However, the soil temperature, at5cm depth of soil, the NT-100was lower in the treatment of NTS than that in the treatment of RT.
2. The soil bulk density increased in the treatment of NT, ranged from1.24to1.40g cm-3. There was no significant change for the number of earthworms in treatment of RT and NT-0. However, the treatment of NT-100increased the number and quality of earthworms (p<0.05).
3. The results showed that NTSinhibitedthe corn growth. Before the flowering period, NTS significantly reduced maize plant height, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation, this kind of influence increased with the amount of straw mulching. It is no affect of NT-0for maize plant height, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation. In different growth period, the leaf area index in NT-0is significantly slower than RT. NTSyeild is mainly caused by the decrease in the number of effective ears at harvest time. No-till had smalleffect on the theoryyield,The100-weight of the corn is more than that of RT. So, the field management should be strengthened, the quality of agricultural machinery should be improved. It is helpful for the popularize no-till in the Northeast.
4. The results showed that NTS improved the soil organic carbon content. The accumulation of organic carbon has obvious enrichment. The amount changed with the increased amount of straw mulching. In the surface layer0-2cm, NTS(NT-100/67/33)increased soil organic carbon content:29.7%,17.9%and11.5%,4.0%,5.1%and2.8%at2-5cm in the past five years. The NT-0has little change in soil organic carbon content compared with RT. It has little effect that only changecultivation method without straw mulching in the short term.
5. NTS promoted the accumulation of soil amino sugars in the top soil (0-2cm) compared with NT-0. The amounts of amino sugars derived from different fungi and bacteria changes significantly under the stover mulching, the amounts of glucosamine and galactosamine increased with stover mulching quantity increased, while muramic acid was significantly increased only under100%stover mulching. Furthermore, the ratios of glucosamine to muramic acid in stover mulching treatments were higher than that of in no stover mulching treatment. It suggests that the fungi play a dominant role in stover mulching agroecosystems as the enrichment of fungal-derived glucosamine, thus leading to higher soil organic C storage in the soils.
6. Although the implementation of the no-till has no obvious impacts on fraction of soil, impacts the organic carbon content. In the surface layer (0-5cm), NTS enhances the clay adsorption ability of organic carbon. The adsorption capacity showed increased with stover mulching quantity increased. NTS also increases the storage capacity of clay. In addition, the Enrichment of clay were>1, in the layer of0-2cm the Enrichment showed that NTS
To sum up, the implementation of NTS helpful for the improvement of the soil physical and chemical properties and add the content of soil organic matter. But the accumulated temperature of soil is low in the northeast, a large number of stover mulching is bad to improve the soil temperature before sowing. It is suggested that different regions to choose the appropriate amount of stover mulching according to the actual situation. This study showed that the results of the whole mechanization of the actual effect on corn growth and yield, is not the same as the agronomic conditions. Therefore, no-tillage effects on agricultural production, with agricultural machinery and implement quality improvement, it is need to be further research. In addition, the short-term stover mulching increases the soil organic matter content. However, the increased only exist in the surface layer within2cm. In the premise of keeping the existing soil environment, how to improve the content of soil organic matter will be an important research direction of black soil in Northeast china.
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