广西黑叶猴分布数量和行为生态学初步研究
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摘要
黑叶猴(Trachypithecus fran(?)oisi)是喀斯特石山生态系统特有的珍稀灵长类,数量极为稀少。黑叶猴是研究得较少的灵长类之一,黑叶猴的种群数量下降相当快。为了有效地保护这种珍稀灵长类,我们需要更多地了解它的生物学特征。本文研究了它的分布数量、觅食生态学、活动时间分配和栖息利用,取得了如下一些研究结果:
1、广西区内现有野生黑叶猴种群数量大约为300只,它们被限制在10个县14个相互隔离的分布点,栖息地片断化很严重。引起黑叶猴种群数量下降主要因素是捕猎。
2、黑叶猴取食61种植物。其中乔木11种、灌木32种、草本植物3种和藤本植物16种。各月份间取食四种生活型的时间比例有明显的变化。
3、黑叶猴以叶为主要食物来源;黑叶猴食物来源中,2种是常用食物、30种稀有食物、季节性食物25种、支持性食物仅为4种。黑叶猴取食这些食物的时间不同。
4、黑叶猴全年的食物多样性指数为3.03。各月平均多样性指数为2.26。
5、黑叶猴食物最丰富是5月、6月和7月;最缺乏的是10月、11月和12月。总的趋势是4-9季节食物较丰富,其余的月食物较缺乏。
6、黑叶猴食物的平均含水量在各个月份间差异极为显著。不同的食物部位的平均含水量有差异。不同生活型的食物平均含水量没有显著差异。食物含水量对黑叶猴的食物选择没有显著的影响。
7、黑叶猴食物不同食物部位间能量有差异。各个月份不同的食物部位之间含能量没有显著的差异(p＞0.05)。不同生活型之间其含能量有显著差异(p＜0.01)。
8、黑叶猴食物中单宁含量平均为60.96mg/g,单宁的含量存在季节性的变化。不同生活型食物的平均单宁含量不同。食物部位、食物生活型的单宁含量对黑叶猴取食不产生显著的影响。
9、不同食物部位的平均粗蛋白含量不同。各种生活型的粗蛋白含量不同。各食物粗蛋白的含量对黑叶猴的取食时间没有显著的影响(p＞0.05)。
10、黑叶猴的活动节律由早晨出洞、移动、觅食、休息、晒太阳、白天入洞、社会活动、傍晚入洞、石洞过夜等环节组成。各种活动时间分配有季节性变化。温度影响黑叶猴的活动时间分配。食物部位、食物的可获得性对黑叶猴的活动时间分配影响不同。
11、黑叶猴对栖息地不同的山体部位有选择地使用,山顶的利用率最高,其次是山腰部分。对山体不同部位的利用率与植物的丰富度无关。
12、黑叶猴平均日漫游距离为609.7m(±1 05.7m)。在各个月份间平均日漫游距离存在极为显著的差异(p＜0.01),而在雨季和旱季间、日与日之间没有显著的差别(p＞0.05)。黑叶猴的漫游距离不受平均温度、降雨量、各行为活动时间分配和栖息地内食物可获得性的影响(p＞0.05)。黑叶猴的漫游距离受栖息地片段化的影响较明显,而与食物因素无关。
13、黑叶猴的家域面积为16.0ha,占栖息地面积的62.3%。各个月平均日漫游面积不同。黑叶猴各个月的平均日漫游面积在雨季和旱季之间没有显著的差异(p＞0.05)。黑叶猴的漫游面积受栖息地片段化的影响较明显,而与食物因素无关。
Fran(?)ois' langur ( Trachypithecus francoisi )is a rare primate endemic to limestone forest eco-system. Fran(?)ois' langur is a little known primate, Its population declined rapidly. We studied its distribution, population, feeding ecology, activity budget and habitat selection aiming to effectively conserve this primate. Results are as followings:
1. The population size of Fran(?)ois' langur in Guangxi was estimated to be about 300, existing in severely fragmented habitats in 10 counties. Hunting was the main factor causing the decline of the Fran(?)ois' langur population in Guangxi.
2. Totally Fran(?)ois' langur consumed 61 species. Of which arbor was 11 species,, shrub 32 species, grass 3 species. The feeding time on these life forms varied among the months.
3. Fran(?)ois' langur spent the majority of their feeding time on leaves; Among the food species, 2 were staple food, 30 rare food, 25 Seasonal food species, 4 fallback species. The feeding time on these food species varied.
4. The annual food diversity index was 3.03. The monthly mean diversity index was 2.26.
5. The 3 months with most abundant food resource were May, June and July, and the 3 months with lest availability were October, November and December. The food availability is higher in April to September, and the rest months have lower index.
6. There was significant variation in the average water content among the months. Water content varied among different plant parts. The average water content of food had no significant influence on food selection.
7. Variation in the energy content was found among food parts. There were no significant, variation among the monthly average energy content of the food parts (p>0.05 ) . Significant variation of energy content was found among the life forms (p<0.01 ) .
8. The average tannic content of food was 60.96mg/g, which varied among months. The tannic content of both food parts and life forms had no evident influence on the food selection.
9. Rough protein content varied among different plant parts and life forms. The rough protein content of food had no significant influence on food selection of Fran(?)ois' langur (p>0.05 ) .
10. The activities of Fran(?)ois' langur were as followings: cave-leaving in the morning, move, feeding, rest, sun-bathing, day time cave-entering, social association, nightfall cave-entering and night-staying in the cave. There was variation in the time budget in different months, and temperature was one of the factors influencing the time budget of Fran(?)ois' langur. The food parts and food availability had different influence on the behavior of Fran(?)ois' langur.
11. Fran(?)ois' langur selectively used their habitat which has no significant correlationship with vegetation abundant of the habitat. Their spent their major time on hilltop, followed by the time on cliffs.
12. The average range length of Fran(?)ois' langur was 609.7m (±105.7m) . There was severely significant variation among the months (p<0.01) , but such variation was not found between dry season and rainy season (p>0.05 ) and among the daily range length (p>0.05 ) . The range length of Fran(?)ois' langur was not influenced by average temperature, rainfall, time budget and the food availability( p>0.05 ).The range behavior was influenced by habitat fragmentation, not influenced by food.
13. The home range of Fran(?)ois' langur was 16.0ha, which covered 62.3 % of their habitat area. The average range area of Fran(?)ois' langur was different among months. No significant variation in average range area was found between dry season and rainy season (p>0.05 ) . The home range was influenced by habitat fragmentation, not influenced by food.
1、广西区内现有野生黑叶猴种群数量大约为300只,它们被限制在10个县14个相互隔离的分布点,栖息地片断化很严重。引起黑叶猴种群数量下降主要因素是捕猎。
2、黑叶猴取食61种植物。其中乔木11种、灌木32种、草本植物3种和藤本植物16种。各月份间取食四种生活型的时间比例有明显的变化。
3、黑叶猴以叶为主要食物来源;黑叶猴食物来源中,2种是常用食物、30种稀有食物、季节性食物25种、支持性食物仅为4种。黑叶猴取食这些食物的时间不同。
4、黑叶猴全年的食物多样性指数为3.03。各月平均多样性指数为2.26。
5、黑叶猴食物最丰富是5月、6月和7月;最缺乏的是10月、11月和12月。总的趋势是4-9季节食物较丰富,其余的月食物较缺乏。
6、黑叶猴食物的平均含水量在各个月份间差异极为显著。不同的食物部位的平均含水量有差异。不同生活型的食物平均含水量没有显著差异。食物含水量对黑叶猴的食物选择没有显著的影响。
7、黑叶猴食物不同食物部位间能量有差异。各个月份不同的食物部位之间含能量没有显著的差异(p＞0.05)。不同生活型之间其含能量有显著差异(p＜0.01)。
8、黑叶猴食物中单宁含量平均为60.96mg/g,单宁的含量存在季节性的变化。不同生活型食物的平均单宁含量不同。食物部位、食物生活型的单宁含量对黑叶猴取食不产生显著的影响。
9、不同食物部位的平均粗蛋白含量不同。各种生活型的粗蛋白含量不同。各食物粗蛋白的含量对黑叶猴的取食时间没有显著的影响(p＞0.05)。
10、黑叶猴的活动节律由早晨出洞、移动、觅食、休息、晒太阳、白天入洞、社会活动、傍晚入洞、石洞过夜等环节组成。各种活动时间分配有季节性变化。温度影响黑叶猴的活动时间分配。食物部位、食物的可获得性对黑叶猴的活动时间分配影响不同。
11、黑叶猴对栖息地不同的山体部位有选择地使用,山顶的利用率最高,其次是山腰部分。对山体不同部位的利用率与植物的丰富度无关。
12、黑叶猴平均日漫游距离为609.7m(±1 05.7m)。在各个月份间平均日漫游距离存在极为显著的差异(p＜0.01),而在雨季和旱季间、日与日之间没有显著的差别(p＞0.05)。黑叶猴的漫游距离不受平均温度、降雨量、各行为活动时间分配和栖息地内食物可获得性的影响(p＞0.05)。黑叶猴的漫游距离受栖息地片段化的影响较明显,而与食物因素无关。
13、黑叶猴的家域面积为16.0ha,占栖息地面积的62.3%。各个月平均日漫游面积不同。黑叶猴各个月的平均日漫游面积在雨季和旱季之间没有显著的差异(p＞0.05)。黑叶猴的漫游面积受栖息地片段化的影响较明显,而与食物因素无关。
Fran(?)ois' langur ( Trachypithecus francoisi )is a rare primate endemic to limestone forest eco-system. Fran(?)ois' langur is a little known primate, Its population declined rapidly. We studied its distribution, population, feeding ecology, activity budget and habitat selection aiming to effectively conserve this primate. Results are as followings:
1. The population size of Fran(?)ois' langur in Guangxi was estimated to be about 300, existing in severely fragmented habitats in 10 counties. Hunting was the main factor causing the decline of the Fran(?)ois' langur population in Guangxi.
2. Totally Fran(?)ois' langur consumed 61 species. Of which arbor was 11 species,, shrub 32 species, grass 3 species. The feeding time on these life forms varied among the months.
3. Fran(?)ois' langur spent the majority of their feeding time on leaves; Among the food species, 2 were staple food, 30 rare food, 25 Seasonal food species, 4 fallback species. The feeding time on these food species varied.
4. The annual food diversity index was 3.03. The monthly mean diversity index was 2.26.
5. The 3 months with most abundant food resource were May, June and July, and the 3 months with lest availability were October, November and December. The food availability is higher in April to September, and the rest months have lower index.
6. There was significant variation in the average water content among the months. Water content varied among different plant parts. The average water content of food had no significant influence on food selection.
7. Variation in the energy content was found among food parts. There were no significant, variation among the monthly average energy content of the food parts (p>0.05 ) . Significant variation of energy content was found among the life forms (p<0.01 ) .
8. The average tannic content of food was 60.96mg/g, which varied among months. The tannic content of both food parts and life forms had no evident influence on the food selection.
9. Rough protein content varied among different plant parts and life forms. The rough protein content of food had no significant influence on food selection of Fran(?)ois' langur (p>0.05 ) .
10. The activities of Fran(?)ois' langur were as followings: cave-leaving in the morning, move, feeding, rest, sun-bathing, day time cave-entering, social association, nightfall cave-entering and night-staying in the cave. There was variation in the time budget in different months, and temperature was one of the factors influencing the time budget of Fran(?)ois' langur. The food parts and food availability had different influence on the behavior of Fran(?)ois' langur.
11. Fran(?)ois' langur selectively used their habitat which has no significant correlationship with vegetation abundant of the habitat. Their spent their major time on hilltop, followed by the time on cliffs.
12. The average range length of Fran(?)ois' langur was 609.7m (±105.7m) . There was severely significant variation among the months (p<0.01) , but such variation was not found between dry season and rainy season (p>0.05 ) and among the daily range length (p>0.05 ) . The range length of Fran(?)ois' langur was not influenced by average temperature, rainfall, time budget and the food availability( p>0.05 ).The range behavior was influenced by habitat fragmentation, not influenced by food.
13. The home range of Fran(?)ois' langur was 16.0ha, which covered 62.3 % of their habitat area. The average range area of Fran(?)ois' langur was different among months. No significant variation in average range area was found between dry season and rainy season (p>0.05 ) . The home range was influenced by habitat fragmentation, not influenced by food.
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