中国工业市场势力研究
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摘要
20世纪80年代以后,中国工业获得了快速发展,在规模和总量上都取得了巨大成效,但依然面临着许多问题。从产业发展角度看,中国工业依然处在全球产业价值链的低端,技术创新能力薄弱,整体竞争力不强。从产业组织角度看,中国工业市场结构分散,部分行业行政垄断、经济垄断与自然垄断并存,不正当竞争大量存在,公平竞争的市场环境受到威胁。中国经济发展既面临着促进工业转型升级,提高产业竞争力的任务,也面临着禁止垄断,维护公平竞争市场环境的任务。
市场势力是产业组织研究的中心议题,它既反映市场竞争程度,也反映市场绩效。因此,本文立足中国经济转型大背景,以市场势力研究为切入点,重点关注所有制结构变化、对外开放和中国工业发展实际特点,深入分析中国工业市场竞争状况和市场绩效。本文对中国工业市场势力研究遵循市场势力研究发展的历史脉络,从传统产业组织的结构性市场势力,到新经验产业组织的行为性市场势力,再到产业组织与国际贸易理论融合的国际市场势力。本文首先对中国工业市场集中度进行了详细分析,进而运用新经验产业组织模型对工业细分行业的市场势力做进一步考察,并以电池产品出口为例,将中国工业市场势力研究从国内市场拓展到国际市场。
综合以上研究内容,本文得出以下主要结论：1998-2001年,中国制造业市场集中度处于短暂上升阶段,2004年以后在波动中明显下降。2004年以后短暂下降并不能改变20世纪90年代以来集中度的整体上升态势,2007年制造业市场集中度比1995年仍然要高。中国制造业市场结构依然呈高度分散化特征,特别是以玩具制造业为代表的传统劳动密集型行业尤为突出。然而,在以交通运输设备制造业为代表的少数资本技术密集、国有经济比重较高行业已形成寡占市场结构。规模经济对市场集中度不存在显著的正向作用,资本密集度、广告销售比率显著提高了市场集中度,市场规模扩大降低了市场集中度,私营经济、外资经济与市场集中度之间存在一种非线性的U型关系。
中国工业市场势力主要集中在以石油、煤炭为代表的上游资源性行业,以及国有经济占主导的烟草等行业,酒的制造业等少数下游竞争性行业也形成了较高市场势力。上游行政垄断是中国工业垄断的典型特征。下游制造业市场势力依然偏低,特别是劳动密集型行业更加突出。私有经济、外资经济和出口显著降低了市场势力。进口渗透提高了市场势力,但是在高集中度行业这种效应发生了逆转,并且进口渗透和集中度交互项对市场势力存在显著的负向影响。集中度显著提高了市场势力,并且在高集中度行业市场势力的均值更大。
中国电池产品的国际市场势力整体水平偏低,仅在少数国家具有较高市场势力,潜在市场势力和现实市场势力背离,究其原因在于中国电池企业低价竞销,电池品牌国际化程度低,近年来生产成本的普遍上涨等。
中国产业政策和竞争政策肩负着促进产业发展和维护公平竞争环境的双重任务。产业政策留有严重的计划经济色彩,过度干预市场运行,竞争政策体系尚不完善,执行也相对困难,产业政策与竞争政策之间也存在一定冲突。因此,必须完善产业政策、竞争政策,以及协调二者之间关系,以产业政策引导企业通过技术创新、营销等市场化行为提高市场势力,以竞争政策维护公平的竞争市场环境,是促进中国工业发展的必由之路,也是提升中国工业竞争力的关键所在。
Chinese industry has obtained rapid development since the1980s, the scale and total of industries have made great achievements, but it is still faced with many problems. From the perspective of industrial development, Chinese industry is still at the low end of global industrial value chain, and has the weak technology innovation ability and competitiveness. From the perspective of industrial organization, there are some serious problems, for example the decentralized market structure, the coexistence of administrative monopoly, economic monopoly and natural monopoly in some industries, a large number of unfair competition cases. The fair competitive environment is threatened. China's economic development not only faces with the task of promoting industrial transformation and upgrading and improving industry competitiveness, but also prohibiting monopoly and maintaining fair competitive market environment.
The market power is the central topic in the field of industrial organization. It can reflect the degree of market competition, but also market performance. So based on the background of Chinese economic transformation, this dissertation uses the study of the market power as the breakthrough point, and focuses on the ownership structure changes, opening to the outside world and actual characteristics of the development of Chinese industry, and analyzes China's industrial market competition status and market performance. This dissertation follows the historical process of the research on market power, from structural market power of the traditional industrial organization, to behavioral market power of the new empirical industrial organization, then to the international market power of integration of theory of industrial organization and international trade. Firstly, this dissertation analyzes the Chinese industry market structure, and then uses empirical models of new empirical industrial organization to do further investigation on Chinese industry market power, and takes Chinese battery products for example to expand the research on Chinese industry market power from the domestic market to international market.
To sum up, there are the following conclusions according to above research. The manufacturing market concentration ration has a transient rise trend during1998-2001, and significantly has a downward trend in the fluctuations after2004in China. The temporary decline of market concentration ration after2004does not change the overall rising trend since the1990s. The market concentration ration of manufacturing in2007is still higher than in1995. The manufacturing market structure shows the characteristics of high decentralization, especially in toy manufacturing industry as a representative of the traditional labor-intensive industries in China. However, the monopoly market structure has formed in the transportation equipment manufacturing industry as a representative of the capital and technology intensive and high proportion of state-owned economy industry. Scale economy doesn't have a significant positive effect on market concentration. Capital intensity and advertising significantly increases market concentration ration. The expanded market scale reduces the market concentration ration. There is a nonlinear U-shape relationship between private economy and market concentration ration, and is the similar relationship between foreign investment and market concentration ration as well.
Chinese industry market power is mainly concentrated in the upstream resource industries including the oil, coal, tobacco dominated by the state-owned economy and so on, and a few downstream competitive industries including the wine manufacturing and so on also have formed higher market power. The upstream administrative monopoly is the typical characteristics of China's industrial monopoly. The market power of the downstream manufacturing is still low, especially the labor-intensive industries. Private economy, foreign investment and export significantly reduce market power. Import penetration improves market power, but this effect is reversed in the industry of high concentration ration, and the interaction term of import penetration and concentration ration has a significant negative impact on market power. Concentration ration significantly improvs market power, and market power average is greater in the industry of high concentration ration.
Chinese battery product has a low international market power on the whole, and only has a high market power in a few countries, the potential market power deviates from the reality market power, because of the competitive behavior of low-pricing between China Battery firms, low international degree of battery brand, and the production costs rise in recent years.
Chinese industry policy and competition policy shoulder the dual tasks of promoting the industrial development and keeping a fair competitive environment. The industry policy unduly interferes in the operation of the market with the serious planned economy, and the competition policy system is not perfect, it's relatively difficult to perform the competition policy, and there are some conflicts between the industrial policy and competition policy. Therefore, we must improve the industry policy and competition policy, and coordinate the relationship between them. We need to guide enterprises with the industry policy to enhance market power through technological innovation, marketing and other market-oriented behavior, and maintain the fair competition market environment by the competition policy. It's the only way to promote industrial development in China, and it's also a key to enhance the industrial competitiveness.
市场势力是产业组织研究的中心议题,它既反映市场竞争程度,也反映市场绩效。因此,本文立足中国经济转型大背景,以市场势力研究为切入点,重点关注所有制结构变化、对外开放和中国工业发展实际特点,深入分析中国工业市场竞争状况和市场绩效。本文对中国工业市场势力研究遵循市场势力研究发展的历史脉络,从传统产业组织的结构性市场势力,到新经验产业组织的行为性市场势力,再到产业组织与国际贸易理论融合的国际市场势力。本文首先对中国工业市场集中度进行了详细分析,进而运用新经验产业组织模型对工业细分行业的市场势力做进一步考察,并以电池产品出口为例,将中国工业市场势力研究从国内市场拓展到国际市场。
综合以上研究内容,本文得出以下主要结论：1998-2001年,中国制造业市场集中度处于短暂上升阶段,2004年以后在波动中明显下降。2004年以后短暂下降并不能改变20世纪90年代以来集中度的整体上升态势,2007年制造业市场集中度比1995年仍然要高。中国制造业市场结构依然呈高度分散化特征,特别是以玩具制造业为代表的传统劳动密集型行业尤为突出。然而,在以交通运输设备制造业为代表的少数资本技术密集、国有经济比重较高行业已形成寡占市场结构。规模经济对市场集中度不存在显著的正向作用,资本密集度、广告销售比率显著提高了市场集中度,市场规模扩大降低了市场集中度,私营经济、外资经济与市场集中度之间存在一种非线性的U型关系。
中国工业市场势力主要集中在以石油、煤炭为代表的上游资源性行业,以及国有经济占主导的烟草等行业,酒的制造业等少数下游竞争性行业也形成了较高市场势力。上游行政垄断是中国工业垄断的典型特征。下游制造业市场势力依然偏低,特别是劳动密集型行业更加突出。私有经济、外资经济和出口显著降低了市场势力。进口渗透提高了市场势力,但是在高集中度行业这种效应发生了逆转,并且进口渗透和集中度交互项对市场势力存在显著的负向影响。集中度显著提高了市场势力,并且在高集中度行业市场势力的均值更大。
中国电池产品的国际市场势力整体水平偏低,仅在少数国家具有较高市场势力,潜在市场势力和现实市场势力背离,究其原因在于中国电池企业低价竞销,电池品牌国际化程度低,近年来生产成本的普遍上涨等。
中国产业政策和竞争政策肩负着促进产业发展和维护公平竞争环境的双重任务。产业政策留有严重的计划经济色彩,过度干预市场运行,竞争政策体系尚不完善,执行也相对困难,产业政策与竞争政策之间也存在一定冲突。因此,必须完善产业政策、竞争政策,以及协调二者之间关系,以产业政策引导企业通过技术创新、营销等市场化行为提高市场势力,以竞争政策维护公平的竞争市场环境,是促进中国工业发展的必由之路,也是提升中国工业竞争力的关键所在。
Chinese industry has obtained rapid development since the1980s, the scale and total of industries have made great achievements, but it is still faced with many problems. From the perspective of industrial development, Chinese industry is still at the low end of global industrial value chain, and has the weak technology innovation ability and competitiveness. From the perspective of industrial organization, there are some serious problems, for example the decentralized market structure, the coexistence of administrative monopoly, economic monopoly and natural monopoly in some industries, a large number of unfair competition cases. The fair competitive environment is threatened. China's economic development not only faces with the task of promoting industrial transformation and upgrading and improving industry competitiveness, but also prohibiting monopoly and maintaining fair competitive market environment.
The market power is the central topic in the field of industrial organization. It can reflect the degree of market competition, but also market performance. So based on the background of Chinese economic transformation, this dissertation uses the study of the market power as the breakthrough point, and focuses on the ownership structure changes, opening to the outside world and actual characteristics of the development of Chinese industry, and analyzes China's industrial market competition status and market performance. This dissertation follows the historical process of the research on market power, from structural market power of the traditional industrial organization, to behavioral market power of the new empirical industrial organization, then to the international market power of integration of theory of industrial organization and international trade. Firstly, this dissertation analyzes the Chinese industry market structure, and then uses empirical models of new empirical industrial organization to do further investigation on Chinese industry market power, and takes Chinese battery products for example to expand the research on Chinese industry market power from the domestic market to international market.
To sum up, there are the following conclusions according to above research. The manufacturing market concentration ration has a transient rise trend during1998-2001, and significantly has a downward trend in the fluctuations after2004in China. The temporary decline of market concentration ration after2004does not change the overall rising trend since the1990s. The market concentration ration of manufacturing in2007is still higher than in1995. The manufacturing market structure shows the characteristics of high decentralization, especially in toy manufacturing industry as a representative of the traditional labor-intensive industries in China. However, the monopoly market structure has formed in the transportation equipment manufacturing industry as a representative of the capital and technology intensive and high proportion of state-owned economy industry. Scale economy doesn't have a significant positive effect on market concentration. Capital intensity and advertising significantly increases market concentration ration. The expanded market scale reduces the market concentration ration. There is a nonlinear U-shape relationship between private economy and market concentration ration, and is the similar relationship between foreign investment and market concentration ration as well.
Chinese industry market power is mainly concentrated in the upstream resource industries including the oil, coal, tobacco dominated by the state-owned economy and so on, and a few downstream competitive industries including the wine manufacturing and so on also have formed higher market power. The upstream administrative monopoly is the typical characteristics of China's industrial monopoly. The market power of the downstream manufacturing is still low, especially the labor-intensive industries. Private economy, foreign investment and export significantly reduce market power. Import penetration improves market power, but this effect is reversed in the industry of high concentration ration, and the interaction term of import penetration and concentration ration has a significant negative impact on market power. Concentration ration significantly improvs market power, and market power average is greater in the industry of high concentration ration.
Chinese battery product has a low international market power on the whole, and only has a high market power in a few countries, the potential market power deviates from the reality market power, because of the competitive behavior of low-pricing between China Battery firms, low international degree of battery brand, and the production costs rise in recent years.
Chinese industry policy and competition policy shoulder the dual tasks of promoting the industrial development and keeping a fair competitive environment. The industry policy unduly interferes in the operation of the market with the serious planned economy, and the competition policy system is not perfect, it's relatively difficult to perform the competition policy, and there are some conflicts between the industrial policy and competition policy. Therefore, we must improve the industry policy and competition policy, and coordinate the relationship between them. We need to guide enterprises with the industry policy to enhance market power through technological innovation, marketing and other market-oriented behavior, and maintain the fair competition market environment by the competition policy. It's the only way to promote industrial development in China, and it's also a key to enhance the industrial competitiveness.
引文
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