高温伏旱区旱地农作系统水分供需平衡特征与生态适应性研究
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摘要
降水是高温伏旱区旱地农作系统的主要水资源。为了合理利用农业水资源、改善水分供需矛盾、提出调整农业水资源利用优化方案,达到降水资源高效利用的最终目标,研究旱作农田作物降水供需状况,开展旱地农作系统水分生态适应性评价,十分必要。
本研究以农田作物种群优化和降水资源化为基本目标,根据调查资料和田间实验结果,以高温伏旱代表区域奉节、万州、沙坪坝为研究区,计算出重庆几种主要作物(小麦、玉米、红薯、马铃薯、胡豆、大豆、油菜)和主要种植模式(麦-玉-苕、胡-玉-苕、麦-玉-豆、薯-玉-苕、胡-玉-豆、油-玉-苕)的需水量,系统地分析在坡度0°、5°、10°、15°、20°、25°耕地上,三种降雨年型中,作物生长发育与降水分布的时序关系、主要作物和种植模式水分供需平衡与错位特征,并利用水分生态适应性数学模型进行评价,以期对西南旱作地区种植制度优化和生产技术改进提供科学指导。主要结论如下：
(1)重庆高温伏旱区降水时空分布特征与有效降水量：重庆各年降雨量变化较大,且从1994年开始,这个波动有增大的趋势。平均年内降雨主要集中在5-9月四个月期间,占全年总降雨量的68.62%,其中7月降雨量最大。奉节地区三种降雨年型主要是由各年5-9月份的实际降雨量决定。丰水年5-9月的降水总量占全年降雨量的76.48%，平水年5-9月的降水总量占全年总和的67.34%,欠水年同期占全年总降雨量的64.39%；万州三种降雨年型各月降雨量的差异主要体现在7-9月,丰水年7-9月的降雨量占全年的54.16%，平水年7-9月的降雨量占全年的54.16%，欠水年这个时期的降雨量占全年的40.59%。沙坪坝三种降雨年型的年降雨量差异的最明显月份为7月,丰水年7月的降雨量占全年的38.45%，而平水年同期的降雨量仅占9.97%，欠水年更少为3.25%。同一地区、同一降雨年型的有效降雨量随着耕地坡度的增加而减少。5°、10°、15°、20°、25°坡耕地上的有效降雨量分别比0°耕地上减少4%、12%、20%、27和35%。
(2)高温伏旱区旱地作物需水量与作物系数：三个研究区和北碚实验区的平均年参考作物蒸散量的大小顺序是奉节>北碚>万州>沙坪坝；平均各月的日均参考作物蒸散量呈抛物线分布,和年内各月气温分布相近,较大值出现在5-8月份。儿种主要单作作物整个生育期的作物系数大小排序为：红薯-马铃薯>大豆>胡豆>油菜>玉米>小麦；就同种单作作物而言不同研究区作物需水量的大小顺序为：奉节>万州>沙坪坝；就相同的复作模式而言,不同研究区作物需水量的大小顺序为：奉节>万州>沙坪坝；同一研究区不同复作模式需水量大小顺序为：油-玉-苕>胡-玉-豆>薯-玉-苕>麦-玉-豆>胡-玉-苕>麦-玉-苕。
(3)高温伏旱区旱地主要作物和种植模式水分供需平衡特征：在同一个降雨年型里,不同研究区单作作物和复作模式的水分满足率都随着耕地坡度增加而减小。复作模式的生育期为整个生产年度,同一研究区里,几种复作模式的水分满足率大小和降水年型有关,其大小顺序是丰水年>平水年>欠水年。在平整的耕地上,奉节丰水年和平水年适宜的单作作物为红薯、玉米和大豆,欠水年没有最适宜的单作作物,可以选择较适宜的小麦和油菜。万州各降雨年型都适宜的单作作物较多,如玉米、马铃薯、胡豆和油菜。沙坪坝的主要单作作物在不同降雨年型的水分满足率都大于或等于1，所以可以根据实际需要配置作物品种。奉节只有丰水年适宜在坡度较小的耕地上种植麦-玉-苕、胡-玉-苕和麦-玉-豆。万州丰水年里可以在平整的土地上种植各种复作模式,平水年里适宜种植麦-玉-苕。沙坪坝平水年里适宜种植麦-玉-苕、胡-玉-苕和麦-玉-豆。
(4)高温伏旱区旱地农作系统水分生态适应性规律：由单作作物生育期在三个研究区的水分生态适应性指数的大小和相对稳定性来看：沙坪坝>万州>奉节。将各种作物全生育期分为前期(Ⅰ)、发育期(Ⅱ)、中期(Ⅲ)、后期(Ⅳ)四个时期,分别分析了各生育期水分生态适应性指数。水分生态适应性指数偏小(小于0.9)的单作作物有：奉节地区的小麦在第Ⅱ生育期和全生育期水分生态适应性指数分别为0.85和0.84；玉米在第Ⅲ生育期为0.89；马铃薯生育期为0.85；胡豆在第Ⅱ、Ⅲ和全生育期分别为0.79、0.8和0.73；油菜在第Ⅱ和全生育期分别为0.77和0.75。万州地区的小麦在第Ⅱ生育期水分生态适应性指数为0.85；胡豆在第Ⅱ、Ⅲ和全生育期分别为0.81、0.8和0.89；油菜在第Ⅱ生育期为0.77。沙坪坝地区的胡豆在第Ⅱ生育期为0.89。复作模式在三个研究区水分生态适应性指数的大小顺序为：沙坪坝>万州>奉节。其中水分生态适应性指数偏小(小于0.8)的有：奉节地区的薯-玉-苕水分生态适应性指数为0.78；油-玉-苕为0.73；胡-玉-豆为0.75。
(5)重庆高温伏旱区旱地节水抗旱的农业对策：针对高温伏旱区的伏旱发生频率高,持续时间长,降雨时空分布不均的特点,通过积极调整种植结构,调节播种时间,采用保护性耕作,抗旱品种培育与生物抗旱技术,大力修建蓄水工程,发展设施农业等措施改善水资源利用状况,提高旱作农业的可持续发展能力。
Precipitation is the major water resource in dryland farming systems of hot and summer drought areas. To use agricultural water resources rationally, meliorate contradiction of water supply and demand, propose optimization scheme of adjusting agricultural water use, get the ultimate goal to efficiently use of precipitation, the study of precipitation supply-demand state, evaluation of water ecological adaptability in dryland farming systems are terribly necessary.
In this study, with the basic objective to optimize species of crops and reuse precipitation, according to survey data and field test results, taking representatives of hot and summer drought areas, Fengjie, Wanzhou, Shapingba as study areas, water demand was calculated for several major crops as wheat, corn, sweet potato, potato, horsebean, soybean, rape and the main planting patterns as wheat-corn-sweet potato, horsebean-corn-sweet potato, wheat-corn-soybean, potato-corn-sweet potato, horsebean-corn-soybean, rape-corn-sweet potato, analysed systematically the temporal relationship between crop growth and rainfall distribution, water supply-demand equilibrium and dislocation characteristics of the main crops and planting patterns in farmland with the slope 0°,5°, 10°,15°,20°,25°, on different years of rainfall types, and evaluated by mathematical model of water ecological adaptability, in order to provide scientific guidance for optimizing planting system and improving production techniques. The main results were as follows:
(1) Distribution characteristic of precipitation in time and space and effective rainfall:There was large change in Chongqing annual rainfall, and since 1994, this wave was being great. The average rainfall centralized mainly in four months period from May to September, accounting 68.62% of total annual rainfall, of which the maximum rainfall appeared in July. Three rainfall types year of Fengjie were mainly decided by actual rainfall in the months from May to September. Precipitation from May to September accounted 76.48% of the total rainfall in wet year, the percent in average year was 67.34%, and dry year was 64.39%. The month rainfall differences of three rainfall types year in Wanzhou was mainly centralized in the months from July to September, precipitation from July to September accounted 51.46% of the total rainfall in wet year, the percent in average year was 51.46%, and dry year was 50.49%. The most obvious rainfall difference of three rainfall type year in Shapingba appeared in July, in the wet year, the rainfall of July accounted 38.45% of the total rainfall, and just 9.97% in average year,3.25% in the dry year. In the same region and the same rainfall type, the effective rainfall was less and less as the slope increasing. Compared with 0°farmland, the effective rainfall in the farmland with slope of 5°,10°,15°,20°, 25°was decreased by 4%,12%,20%,27 and 35% respectively.
(2) Crop water demand and crop coefficient in dry land: the order of average annual reference evapotranspiration of three study regions and Beibei was Fengjie>Beibei>Wanzhou>Shapingba. The monthly distribution of daily average reference evapotranspiration was similar with temperature distribution, of which higher values appeared in the months from May to August. The order of major single crops coefficient with whole growth period was sweet potato potato>soybean>horsebean >rape>maize>wheat. As the same crop or the same planting pattern, the order of water demand in different regions was Fengjie>Beibei>Wanzhou>Shapingba. As the same region, the order of different complex planting pattern water demand was: rape-corn-sweet potato >horsebean-corn-soybean>potato-corn-sweet potato>wheat-corn-soybean>horsebean-corn-sweet potato>wheat-corn-sweet potato.
(3) Water supply-demand equilibrium characteristic of the main dryland crops and cropping patterns in hot and summer drought areas: In the same rainfall type year, water satisfaction rate of monoculture crops and complex cropping patterns in different study regions was less and less as the as the slope increasing. The growth period of complex planting pattern was the whole production year, in the same study region, the water satisfaction rate of complex planting patterns was related to rainfall type, and the order was wet year>average year>dry year. In the flat farmland, sweet potatoes, corn and soybeans were appropriate to plant in wet and average year, wheat and rape could be chosen in dry year as a few suitable crops in Fengjie. The monoculture crops suitable for Wanzhou in three rainfall types were more, such as corn, potatoes, horsebean and rape. The water satisfaction rate of monoculture crops in Shapingba were greater than or equal to 1, on which could choose the crop varieties according to actual needs. As Fengjie there was just wheat-corn-sweet potato, horsebean-corn-sweet potato and wheat-corn-soybean could be planted on smaller slope land in wet year. But for Wanzhou, all of the complex planting patterns were suitable in wet year, and wheat-corn-sweet potato could be chosen in average year. As Shapingba, wheat-corn-sweet potato, horsebean-corn-sweet potato and wheat-corn-soybean were suitable in average year.
(4) The rule of water ecological adaptability of dryland farming systems in hot and summer drought areas: According to water ecological adaptability index size and stability of growth period in three study regions, the order was Shapingba>Wanzhou>Fengjie. The whole growth period was disparted into four parts asⅠ,Ⅱ,ⅢandⅣ. Then analysed the water ecological adaptability index of four growth periods separately. Monoculture crops with low water ecological adaptability index (less than 0.9) in Fengjie were wheat which ecological adaptability index in whole and II growth period was 0.85 and 0.84, potato which ecological adaptability index in whole growth period was 0.85, maize which ecological adaptability index in whole and III growth period was 0.89, horsebean which ecological adaptability index in whole,ⅡandⅢgrowth period was 0.79,0.8 and 0.73 respectively, rape which ecological adaptability index in whole andⅡgrowth period was 0.77 and 0.75. As the Wanzhou, wheat in II was 0.85, horsebean in the whole,ⅡandⅢwas 0.81,0.8 and 0.89 respectively, rape in II was 0.77. As Shapingba, horsebean in II was 0.89. The water ecological adaptability index order of complex planting patterns in three study regions was Shapingba>Wanzhou>Fengjie. Patterns with low water ecological adaptability index (less than 0.8) in Fengjie were potato-corn-sweet potato which was 0.78, rape-corn-sweet potato which was 0.73, and horsebean-corn-soybean which was 0.75.
(5) Agricultural water-saving and drought-resistance countermeasures of dryland:As the characteristics of high frequency and long duration of summer hot and drought, uneven spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall in hot and summer drought areas, some measures should be taken to meliorate water resources utilization and improve dryland agricultural sustainable development ability, such as planting structure and planting time adjustment, using conservation tillage, cultivating drought-resistant varieties, taking biological drought-resistance technology, building water-storage project and developing building agriculture.
本研究以农田作物种群优化和降水资源化为基本目标,根据调查资料和田间实验结果,以高温伏旱代表区域奉节、万州、沙坪坝为研究区,计算出重庆几种主要作物(小麦、玉米、红薯、马铃薯、胡豆、大豆、油菜)和主要种植模式(麦-玉-苕、胡-玉-苕、麦-玉-豆、薯-玉-苕、胡-玉-豆、油-玉-苕)的需水量,系统地分析在坡度0°、5°、10°、15°、20°、25°耕地上,三种降雨年型中,作物生长发育与降水分布的时序关系、主要作物和种植模式水分供需平衡与错位特征,并利用水分生态适应性数学模型进行评价,以期对西南旱作地区种植制度优化和生产技术改进提供科学指导。主要结论如下：
(1)重庆高温伏旱区降水时空分布特征与有效降水量：重庆各年降雨量变化较大,且从1994年开始,这个波动有增大的趋势。平均年内降雨主要集中在5-9月四个月期间,占全年总降雨量的68.62%,其中7月降雨量最大。奉节地区三种降雨年型主要是由各年5-9月份的实际降雨量决定。丰水年5-9月的降水总量占全年降雨量的76.48%，平水年5-9月的降水总量占全年总和的67.34%,欠水年同期占全年总降雨量的64.39%；万州三种降雨年型各月降雨量的差异主要体现在7-9月,丰水年7-9月的降雨量占全年的54.16%，平水年7-9月的降雨量占全年的54.16%，欠水年这个时期的降雨量占全年的40.59%。沙坪坝三种降雨年型的年降雨量差异的最明显月份为7月,丰水年7月的降雨量占全年的38.45%，而平水年同期的降雨量仅占9.97%，欠水年更少为3.25%。同一地区、同一降雨年型的有效降雨量随着耕地坡度的增加而减少。5°、10°、15°、20°、25°坡耕地上的有效降雨量分别比0°耕地上减少4%、12%、20%、27和35%。
(2)高温伏旱区旱地作物需水量与作物系数：三个研究区和北碚实验区的平均年参考作物蒸散量的大小顺序是奉节>北碚>万州>沙坪坝；平均各月的日均参考作物蒸散量呈抛物线分布,和年内各月气温分布相近,较大值出现在5-8月份。儿种主要单作作物整个生育期的作物系数大小排序为：红薯-马铃薯>大豆>胡豆>油菜>玉米>小麦；就同种单作作物而言不同研究区作物需水量的大小顺序为：奉节>万州>沙坪坝；就相同的复作模式而言,不同研究区作物需水量的大小顺序为：奉节>万州>沙坪坝；同一研究区不同复作模式需水量大小顺序为：油-玉-苕>胡-玉-豆>薯-玉-苕>麦-玉-豆>胡-玉-苕>麦-玉-苕。
(3)高温伏旱区旱地主要作物和种植模式水分供需平衡特征：在同一个降雨年型里,不同研究区单作作物和复作模式的水分满足率都随着耕地坡度增加而减小。复作模式的生育期为整个生产年度,同一研究区里,几种复作模式的水分满足率大小和降水年型有关,其大小顺序是丰水年>平水年>欠水年。在平整的耕地上,奉节丰水年和平水年适宜的单作作物为红薯、玉米和大豆,欠水年没有最适宜的单作作物,可以选择较适宜的小麦和油菜。万州各降雨年型都适宜的单作作物较多,如玉米、马铃薯、胡豆和油菜。沙坪坝的主要单作作物在不同降雨年型的水分满足率都大于或等于1，所以可以根据实际需要配置作物品种。奉节只有丰水年适宜在坡度较小的耕地上种植麦-玉-苕、胡-玉-苕和麦-玉-豆。万州丰水年里可以在平整的土地上种植各种复作模式,平水年里适宜种植麦-玉-苕。沙坪坝平水年里适宜种植麦-玉-苕、胡-玉-苕和麦-玉-豆。
(4)高温伏旱区旱地农作系统水分生态适应性规律：由单作作物生育期在三个研究区的水分生态适应性指数的大小和相对稳定性来看：沙坪坝>万州>奉节。将各种作物全生育期分为前期(Ⅰ)、发育期(Ⅱ)、中期(Ⅲ)、后期(Ⅳ)四个时期,分别分析了各生育期水分生态适应性指数。水分生态适应性指数偏小(小于0.9)的单作作物有：奉节地区的小麦在第Ⅱ生育期和全生育期水分生态适应性指数分别为0.85和0.84；玉米在第Ⅲ生育期为0.89；马铃薯生育期为0.85；胡豆在第Ⅱ、Ⅲ和全生育期分别为0.79、0.8和0.73；油菜在第Ⅱ和全生育期分别为0.77和0.75。万州地区的小麦在第Ⅱ生育期水分生态适应性指数为0.85；胡豆在第Ⅱ、Ⅲ和全生育期分别为0.81、0.8和0.89；油菜在第Ⅱ生育期为0.77。沙坪坝地区的胡豆在第Ⅱ生育期为0.89。复作模式在三个研究区水分生态适应性指数的大小顺序为：沙坪坝>万州>奉节。其中水分生态适应性指数偏小(小于0.8)的有：奉节地区的薯-玉-苕水分生态适应性指数为0.78；油-玉-苕为0.73；胡-玉-豆为0.75。
(5)重庆高温伏旱区旱地节水抗旱的农业对策：针对高温伏旱区的伏旱发生频率高,持续时间长,降雨时空分布不均的特点,通过积极调整种植结构,调节播种时间,采用保护性耕作,抗旱品种培育与生物抗旱技术,大力修建蓄水工程,发展设施农业等措施改善水资源利用状况,提高旱作农业的可持续发展能力。
Precipitation is the major water resource in dryland farming systems of hot and summer drought areas. To use agricultural water resources rationally, meliorate contradiction of water supply and demand, propose optimization scheme of adjusting agricultural water use, get the ultimate goal to efficiently use of precipitation, the study of precipitation supply-demand state, evaluation of water ecological adaptability in dryland farming systems are terribly necessary.
In this study, with the basic objective to optimize species of crops and reuse precipitation, according to survey data and field test results, taking representatives of hot and summer drought areas, Fengjie, Wanzhou, Shapingba as study areas, water demand was calculated for several major crops as wheat, corn, sweet potato, potato, horsebean, soybean, rape and the main planting patterns as wheat-corn-sweet potato, horsebean-corn-sweet potato, wheat-corn-soybean, potato-corn-sweet potato, horsebean-corn-soybean, rape-corn-sweet potato, analysed systematically the temporal relationship between crop growth and rainfall distribution, water supply-demand equilibrium and dislocation characteristics of the main crops and planting patterns in farmland with the slope 0°,5°, 10°,15°,20°,25°, on different years of rainfall types, and evaluated by mathematical model of water ecological adaptability, in order to provide scientific guidance for optimizing planting system and improving production techniques. The main results were as follows:
(1) Distribution characteristic of precipitation in time and space and effective rainfall:There was large change in Chongqing annual rainfall, and since 1994, this wave was being great. The average rainfall centralized mainly in four months period from May to September, accounting 68.62% of total annual rainfall, of which the maximum rainfall appeared in July. Three rainfall types year of Fengjie were mainly decided by actual rainfall in the months from May to September. Precipitation from May to September accounted 76.48% of the total rainfall in wet year, the percent in average year was 67.34%, and dry year was 64.39%. The month rainfall differences of three rainfall types year in Wanzhou was mainly centralized in the months from July to September, precipitation from July to September accounted 51.46% of the total rainfall in wet year, the percent in average year was 51.46%, and dry year was 50.49%. The most obvious rainfall difference of three rainfall type year in Shapingba appeared in July, in the wet year, the rainfall of July accounted 38.45% of the total rainfall, and just 9.97% in average year,3.25% in the dry year. In the same region and the same rainfall type, the effective rainfall was less and less as the slope increasing. Compared with 0°farmland, the effective rainfall in the farmland with slope of 5°,10°,15°,20°, 25°was decreased by 4%,12%,20%,27 and 35% respectively.
(2) Crop water demand and crop coefficient in dry land: the order of average annual reference evapotranspiration of three study regions and Beibei was Fengjie>Beibei>Wanzhou>Shapingba. The monthly distribution of daily average reference evapotranspiration was similar with temperature distribution, of which higher values appeared in the months from May to August. The order of major single crops coefficient with whole growth period was sweet potato potato>soybean>horsebean >rape>maize>wheat. As the same crop or the same planting pattern, the order of water demand in different regions was Fengjie>Beibei>Wanzhou>Shapingba. As the same region, the order of different complex planting pattern water demand was: rape-corn-sweet potato >horsebean-corn-soybean>potato-corn-sweet potato>wheat-corn-soybean>horsebean-corn-sweet potato>wheat-corn-sweet potato.
(3) Water supply-demand equilibrium characteristic of the main dryland crops and cropping patterns in hot and summer drought areas: In the same rainfall type year, water satisfaction rate of monoculture crops and complex cropping patterns in different study regions was less and less as the as the slope increasing. The growth period of complex planting pattern was the whole production year, in the same study region, the water satisfaction rate of complex planting patterns was related to rainfall type, and the order was wet year>average year>dry year. In the flat farmland, sweet potatoes, corn and soybeans were appropriate to plant in wet and average year, wheat and rape could be chosen in dry year as a few suitable crops in Fengjie. The monoculture crops suitable for Wanzhou in three rainfall types were more, such as corn, potatoes, horsebean and rape. The water satisfaction rate of monoculture crops in Shapingba were greater than or equal to 1, on which could choose the crop varieties according to actual needs. As Fengjie there was just wheat-corn-sweet potato, horsebean-corn-sweet potato and wheat-corn-soybean could be planted on smaller slope land in wet year. But for Wanzhou, all of the complex planting patterns were suitable in wet year, and wheat-corn-sweet potato could be chosen in average year. As Shapingba, wheat-corn-sweet potato, horsebean-corn-sweet potato and wheat-corn-soybean were suitable in average year.
(4) The rule of water ecological adaptability of dryland farming systems in hot and summer drought areas: According to water ecological adaptability index size and stability of growth period in three study regions, the order was Shapingba>Wanzhou>Fengjie. The whole growth period was disparted into four parts asⅠ,Ⅱ,ⅢandⅣ. Then analysed the water ecological adaptability index of four growth periods separately. Monoculture crops with low water ecological adaptability index (less than 0.9) in Fengjie were wheat which ecological adaptability index in whole and II growth period was 0.85 and 0.84, potato which ecological adaptability index in whole growth period was 0.85, maize which ecological adaptability index in whole and III growth period was 0.89, horsebean which ecological adaptability index in whole,ⅡandⅢgrowth period was 0.79,0.8 and 0.73 respectively, rape which ecological adaptability index in whole andⅡgrowth period was 0.77 and 0.75. As the Wanzhou, wheat in II was 0.85, horsebean in the whole,ⅡandⅢwas 0.81,0.8 and 0.89 respectively, rape in II was 0.77. As Shapingba, horsebean in II was 0.89. The water ecological adaptability index order of complex planting patterns in three study regions was Shapingba>Wanzhou>Fengjie. Patterns with low water ecological adaptability index (less than 0.8) in Fengjie were potato-corn-sweet potato which was 0.78, rape-corn-sweet potato which was 0.73, and horsebean-corn-soybean which was 0.75.
(5) Agricultural water-saving and drought-resistance countermeasures of dryland:As the characteristics of high frequency and long duration of summer hot and drought, uneven spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall in hot and summer drought areas, some measures should be taken to meliorate water resources utilization and improve dryland agricultural sustainable development ability, such as planting structure and planting time adjustment, using conservation tillage, cultivating drought-resistant varieties, taking biological drought-resistance technology, building water-storage project and developing building agriculture.
引文
[1]侯光良等.中国农业气候资源[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社.1993,45-86.
[2]高阳华,唐云辉,冉荣生.重庆市伏旱发生分布规律研究[J].贵州气象,2002,26(3)：6-11.
[3]江玉华,程炳岩,邓承之等.重庆市严重伏旱气候特征分析[J].高原山地气象研究.2005,10(2)：25-29.
[4]陶毓汾,王立祥,韩仕峰,等.中国北方旱农地区水分生产潜力及开发[M].北京：气象出版社,1993.62-72.
[5]康绍忠,刘晓明,熊运章.土壤-植物-大气连续体水分传输理论及其应用[M].北京：水利水电出版社,1994.
[6]Cellier, P., A. Olioso.A simple system for automated long-term Bowen ration measurement[J].Agric.For.Meteor.,1993,66:81-92..
[7]Abraham ZangviI,Diane H Portis,Peter J Lamb.Investigation of the large-scale atmospheric moisture field over the midwestern United States in relation to summer precipitation.part II:recycling of local evapotranspiration and association With soil moisture and crop yields[J].Journal of Climate,2004,17(17):328-329.
[8]Rawson H M, Turner N C.Irrigation timing and relationship between leaf area and yield in Sun flowers [J].Irri Sci,1983,4:167-66.
[9]Manuel, Francesc I.C.Simplifying daily evapotranspiration estimates over short full canopy crops [J].Agron J,2000,92:628-632.
[10]Peacock C E,Hess T M.Estimating evapotranspiration from a reed bed using the Bowen ratio energy balance method[J].Hydrological Processes,1989,18:247-260.
[11]Mathews R C, Bao Yixing.The texas method of preliminary instream flow assessment [J].Rivers, 1991,2(4):295-310.
[12]Doorenbos J, Kassam AH.Yield response to water.FAO Irriga tionand Drainage Paper 33.FAO, Rome,1979
[13]Steward BA. Dry-land farming: the North American experience [A]. Proceedings of International Conference on Dryland Farming [C]. Bush land, Texas, USA,1988.54-59.
[14]Rao NH.A simple dated water production function for use in irrigated agriculture.Agric.Water Management,1986, (13):25-32
[15]Stewart, BA.A management system for the conjunctive use of rainfall and limited irrigation of graded furrows.SoilSci. Am.J.1981,45 (2):413-419
[16]Cohen Y, Fuchs M, Mcleod D J.Calibrated heat pulse method for determining water uptake in Cotton [J].Agronomy.Journal,1988,80(3):398-402.
[17]Manuel, Francesc I.C.Simplifying daily evapotranspiration estimates over short full canopy crops [J].Agron J,2000,92:628-632.
[18]Stefano C D, Ferro V.Estimation of evapotranspiration by hargreaves formula and remotely sensed data in semi-arid mediterranean areas[J].J.agric.Engng Rrs,1997,68:189-199.
[19]Ken Rain Water,Andre Jackson,Wesley Ingram,etc.Field demonstration of the combined effects of absorption and evapotranspiration on septic system drainfield capacity[J].Water Environment Research,2005,77(2):150-162.
[20]信乃诠.计算农田蒸发的水量平衡法[J].干旱地区农业研究,1986,(2)：33-403.
[21]谢春燕,倪九派,魏朝富.节水灌溉方式下作物需水量和灌溉需水量研究综述[J].中国农学通报.2004.20(5)：143-147.
[22]峁智,李远华,李会昌.逐日作物需水量预测数学模型研究[J].武汉水利电力大学学报,1995,28(3)：253-259.
[23]吕学都,陶毓汾,赵聚宝,梅旭荣.冬小麦蒸发和蒸腾的计算方法[J].中国农业气象,1992，13(1)：22-23.
[24]谢贤群,吴凯.麦田蒸腾需水量的计算模式[J].地理学报,1997,52(6)：528-535.
[25]李玉义,周宪龙,张海林,等.京郊山地旱作区作物水分生态适应性系统评价[J].华北农学报,2005,20(2)：59-62.
[26]陈玉民,郭国双等。中国主要农作物需水量等值线图研究[M].北京：中国农业科技出版社,1993.
[27]王龙昌,谢小玉,王立祥,等.黄土丘陵区旱地作物水分生态适应性系统评价[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(5)：758-762.
[28]孙景生,刘玉民,康绍忠等.夏玉米田作物蒸腾与棵间土壤蒸发模拟计算方法研究[J].玉米科学，1996,(1)：76-80.
[29]茆智,李远华,李会昌.逐日作物蒸发蒸腾量预测数学模型研究[J].武汉水利电力大学学报,1995,28(3)：253-259.
[30]王健,蔡焕杰,刘红英.利用Penman-Monteith法和蒸发皿法计算农田蒸散量的研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2002,20(4)：67-71.
[31]刘钰,Pereira L S.对FAO推荐的作物系数计算方法的验证[J].农业工程学报,2000,16(5)：26-30.
[32]赵松岭.集水农业引论.西安：陕西科学技术出版社,1996.174-218
[33]朱钟麟,赵燮京,王昌桃,等.西南地区干旱规律与节水农业发展问题[J].生态环境,2006,15(4)：876-880.
[34]贾志宽,王龙昌,李军,等.西部农业发展面临的问题及开发对策[J].中国农业科技导 报,2000,2(4)：17-22.
[35]宋明友,刘成玉.西南地区发展集约持续农业的战略与对策[J].农业现代化研究,1994,15(3)：94-96.
[36]王毅勇,杨青,张光.三江平原大豆田蒸散特征及能量平衡研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2003,11(4)：82-86.
[37]康绍忠.梁银丽,蔡焕杰等.旱区水-土-作物关系及其最优调控原理[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1998,26.
[38]刘钰,蔡林根等.参照腾发量的新定义及计算方法对比[J].水利学报,1997(6)：27-33.
[39]樊引琴,蔡焕杰.单作物系数法和双作物系数法计算作物需水量的比较研究[J].水利学报,2002(3)：50-54.
[40]李彦,王勤学,马健等.盐生荒漠地表水、热与C02输送的实验研究[J].地理学报,2004,59(1)：33-39.
[41]张仁华,孙晓敏等.以微分惯量为基础的地表蒸发全遥感信息模型及在甘肃沙头坡地区的验证[J].中国科学,2002,32(12)：141-150.
[42]王龙昌,王立祥,贾志宽,等.旱作农区应变型种植制度决策系统的建立及效益.作物学报,2003,29(4)：557-561.
[43]杨柳青.我国干旱区耕作制度可持续发展[A].中国耕作制度研究会.面向21世纪的中国农作制[C].石家庄：河北科学技术出版社,1998.330-334.
[44]王龙昌,王立祥,谢晓玉.论黄土高原种植制度优化与农业可持续发展[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,1998,14(2)：81-85.
[45]山仑,苏佩.我国北方主要秋粮作物的抗旱特性[A].山仑,陈培元.旱地农业生理生态基础[C].北京：科学出版社,1998.280-298.
[2]高阳华,唐云辉,冉荣生.重庆市伏旱发生分布规律研究[J].贵州气象,2002,26(3)：6-11.
[3]江玉华,程炳岩,邓承之等.重庆市严重伏旱气候特征分析[J].高原山地气象研究.2005,10(2)：25-29.
[4]陶毓汾,王立祥,韩仕峰,等.中国北方旱农地区水分生产潜力及开发[M].北京：气象出版社,1993.62-72.
[5]康绍忠,刘晓明,熊运章.土壤-植物-大气连续体水分传输理论及其应用[M].北京：水利水电出版社,1994.
[6]Cellier, P., A. Olioso.A simple system for automated long-term Bowen ration measurement[J].Agric.For.Meteor.,1993,66:81-92..
[7]Abraham ZangviI,Diane H Portis,Peter J Lamb.Investigation of the large-scale atmospheric moisture field over the midwestern United States in relation to summer precipitation.part II:recycling of local evapotranspiration and association With soil moisture and crop yields[J].Journal of Climate,2004,17(17):328-329.
[8]Rawson H M, Turner N C.Irrigation timing and relationship between leaf area and yield in Sun flowers [J].Irri Sci,1983,4:167-66.
[9]Manuel, Francesc I.C.Simplifying daily evapotranspiration estimates over short full canopy crops [J].Agron J,2000,92:628-632.
[10]Peacock C E,Hess T M.Estimating evapotranspiration from a reed bed using the Bowen ratio energy balance method[J].Hydrological Processes,1989,18:247-260.
[11]Mathews R C, Bao Yixing.The texas method of preliminary instream flow assessment [J].Rivers, 1991,2(4):295-310.
[12]Doorenbos J, Kassam AH.Yield response to water.FAO Irriga tionand Drainage Paper 33.FAO, Rome,1979
[13]Steward BA. Dry-land farming: the North American experience [A]. Proceedings of International Conference on Dryland Farming [C]. Bush land, Texas, USA,1988.54-59.
[14]Rao NH.A simple dated water production function for use in irrigated agriculture.Agric.Water Management,1986, (13):25-32
[15]Stewart, BA.A management system for the conjunctive use of rainfall and limited irrigation of graded furrows.SoilSci. Am.J.1981,45 (2):413-419
[16]Cohen Y, Fuchs M, Mcleod D J.Calibrated heat pulse method for determining water uptake in Cotton [J].Agronomy.Journal,1988,80(3):398-402.
[17]Manuel, Francesc I.C.Simplifying daily evapotranspiration estimates over short full canopy crops [J].Agron J,2000,92:628-632.
[18]Stefano C D, Ferro V.Estimation of evapotranspiration by hargreaves formula and remotely sensed data in semi-arid mediterranean areas[J].J.agric.Engng Rrs,1997,68:189-199.
[19]Ken Rain Water,Andre Jackson,Wesley Ingram,etc.Field demonstration of the combined effects of absorption and evapotranspiration on septic system drainfield capacity[J].Water Environment Research,2005,77(2):150-162.
[20]信乃诠.计算农田蒸发的水量平衡法[J].干旱地区农业研究,1986,(2)：33-403.
[21]谢春燕,倪九派,魏朝富.节水灌溉方式下作物需水量和灌溉需水量研究综述[J].中国农学通报.2004.20(5)：143-147.
[22]峁智,李远华,李会昌.逐日作物需水量预测数学模型研究[J].武汉水利电力大学学报,1995,28(3)：253-259.
[23]吕学都,陶毓汾,赵聚宝,梅旭荣.冬小麦蒸发和蒸腾的计算方法[J].中国农业气象,1992，13(1)：22-23.
[24]谢贤群,吴凯.麦田蒸腾需水量的计算模式[J].地理学报,1997,52(6)：528-535.
[25]李玉义,周宪龙,张海林,等.京郊山地旱作区作物水分生态适应性系统评价[J].华北农学报,2005,20(2)：59-62.
[26]陈玉民,郭国双等。中国主要农作物需水量等值线图研究[M].北京：中国农业科技出版社,1993.
[27]王龙昌,谢小玉,王立祥,等.黄土丘陵区旱地作物水分生态适应性系统评价[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(5)：758-762.
[28]孙景生,刘玉民,康绍忠等.夏玉米田作物蒸腾与棵间土壤蒸发模拟计算方法研究[J].玉米科学，1996,(1)：76-80.
[29]茆智,李远华,李会昌.逐日作物蒸发蒸腾量预测数学模型研究[J].武汉水利电力大学学报,1995,28(3)：253-259.
[30]王健,蔡焕杰,刘红英.利用Penman-Monteith法和蒸发皿法计算农田蒸散量的研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2002,20(4)：67-71.
[31]刘钰,Pereira L S.对FAO推荐的作物系数计算方法的验证[J].农业工程学报,2000,16(5)：26-30.
[32]赵松岭.集水农业引论.西安：陕西科学技术出版社,1996.174-218
[33]朱钟麟,赵燮京,王昌桃,等.西南地区干旱规律与节水农业发展问题[J].生态环境,2006,15(4)：876-880.
[34]贾志宽,王龙昌,李军,等.西部农业发展面临的问题及开发对策[J].中国农业科技导 报,2000,2(4)：17-22.
[35]宋明友,刘成玉.西南地区发展集约持续农业的战略与对策[J].农业现代化研究,1994,15(3)：94-96.
[36]王毅勇,杨青,张光.三江平原大豆田蒸散特征及能量平衡研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2003,11(4)：82-86.
[37]康绍忠.梁银丽,蔡焕杰等.旱区水-土-作物关系及其最优调控原理[M].北京：中国农业出版社,1998,26.
[38]刘钰,蔡林根等.参照腾发量的新定义及计算方法对比[J].水利学报,1997(6)：27-33.
[39]樊引琴,蔡焕杰.单作物系数法和双作物系数法计算作物需水量的比较研究[J].水利学报,2002(3)：50-54.
[40]李彦,王勤学,马健等.盐生荒漠地表水、热与C02输送的实验研究[J].地理学报,2004,59(1)：33-39.
[41]张仁华,孙晓敏等.以微分惯量为基础的地表蒸发全遥感信息模型及在甘肃沙头坡地区的验证[J].中国科学,2002,32(12)：141-150.
[42]王龙昌,王立祥,贾志宽,等.旱作农区应变型种植制度决策系统的建立及效益.作物学报,2003,29(4)：557-561.
[43]杨柳青.我国干旱区耕作制度可持续发展[A].中国耕作制度研究会.面向21世纪的中国农作制[C].石家庄：河北科学技术出版社,1998.330-334.
[44]王龙昌,王立祥,谢晓玉.论黄土高原种植制度优化与农业可持续发展[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,1998,14(2)：81-85.
[45]山仑,苏佩.我国北方主要秋粮作物的抗旱特性[A].山仑,陈培元.旱地农业生理生态基础[C].北京：科学出版社,1998.280-298.