论信任
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摘要
本文力图在哲学的视角下探讨信任问题。我们有以下几个问题要解决：信任到底是什么,是否有几个词汇能高度抽象地概括出信任的内涵?信任与我们的生活实践有着怎样的密切关联?信任对于人类社会又有着怎样的不可取代的重要意义?信任本身与现代社会有着怎样的密切联系?现代化进程与我们所谈的“信任危机”到底是什么关系?我们能做些什么来重建社会信任?
文章对信任问题的讨论是以现代性进程中出现的信任问题作为背景,采用了哲学思辨、多学科、多角度综合研究、对比分析和理论与历史、实践相结合等方法。通过概念辨析,我们得出了理解信任内涵的三大要点：行动、托付和不确定性。这三个词高度概括了信任的内涵,其中“行动”强调了信任的实践本质,“托付”体现了信任问题的现代性特质,而“不确定性”则为信任的本体论研究提供了重要铺垫。
围绕人类生活和实践的“不确定性”本质,本文展开了信任对人的生活和实践的本体论地位研究,我们认为信任通过其特有的“悬置”或“跨越”应付了人类生活中的“不确定性”,而“悬置”和“跨越”不仅包含了很多学者提到的“心理过程”,也包含“实践”这一关键性要素。本文不停留在功能主义的角度探讨信任的社会功用,我们认为,信任对社会的良性运行具有基础性的支撑意义,信任是社会的一种基本价值(如同罗尔斯将正义看作是社会的首要价值一样)。笔者从信任存在的形态出发,以历史发展为线索,探讨了从前现代社会自然态度式的信任到现代社会制度信任的转变过程,我们发现契约关系的普遍化在这一转变过程中起着重要的作用。随着现代化进程的深入,信任越来越成为我们生活的环境和氛围。但是,现代社会的制度信任本身也面临着严重的问题：工具理性的弊端、制度控制的缺陷以及抽象系统的信任风险等,由此,才出现了世界性的信任危机,它是人类在现代化进程中面临的制度性信任危机(制度的自反性)。同时,本文也探讨了中国社会信任危机的复杂状况：既包含了现代化进程的不彻底性,比如,人情社会与法制社会并存的现象,也包括了现代社会制度信任本身所面临的新危机。我们也针对中国社会的信任问题提出了重建信任的基本条件和举措,其中,尤其强调了“真实”这一基本条件。
This dissertation tries to explore the issue of trust in the philosophical perspective. We have several problems to solve:what is trust,if there are some highly abstractive words that can envelope the connotation of trust? How trust is closely linked with our life and practice? What irreplaceable significance trust has for human society? Whether Trust itself has some kind of close contact with modern society? What's the relationship between the modernization process and the "crisis of trust"? What can we do to rebuild social trust?
The dissertation keeps a keen sense of the reality, with the process of modernity as a background of the research. Philosophical speculation, multi-discipline, multi-angle research, comparative analysis and integration of theory and practice are involved in the dissertation as methods. After a series of conceptual analysis, we get three abstractive connotation of trust:action, entrust and uncertainty. The three words share a high-level overview of the connotation of trust:"action" emphasizes practical nature of trust,"entrust" demonstrates the modern nature of trust issues, and "uncertainty" provides an important groundwork for the ontological discussion of trust.
In the theme of "uncertainty" essence of human life and practice, we launched a philosophical discussion of the ontological status of trust in human life and practice. We account that trust deal with the "uncertainty "in human life and practice with its unique "suspension" or "leap". We claim that the "suspension"and "leap" not only contains a "mental process" mentioned by many scholars, also contains a key element-"practice". The dissertation does not explore the social function of trust in the perspective of functionalism,while we claim that trust plays fundamental role of benign operation of society.So,"trust" is the primary value of society,as Rawls claims justice as a primary value of society. In the historical sense,We distinguish natural attitude trust in pre-modern society and institutional trust in modern society. We clarify the the process from the pre-modern style of trust to modern style, and find that trust is increasingly common in the modernization process, increasingly become atmosphere we live in. However, institutional trust is facing serious problems:the disadvantages of instrumental rationality, institutional control defects as well as an abstract system trust risk, which appeared a worldwide crisis Of trust. It is the crisis of institutional trust or the reflective of institution in the process of modernization. The dissertation also explore the complexities of the crisis of trust in China. We find the uncompleted modernization process, For example, the phenomenon of coexistence of "GUAN XI" society and law society,and new crisis of institutional trust both involved in the trust crisis of China. We also raise the basic conditions and measures of rebuilding social trust in China,among which we emphasize the importance of "truth" in social life.
文章对信任问题的讨论是以现代性进程中出现的信任问题作为背景,采用了哲学思辨、多学科、多角度综合研究、对比分析和理论与历史、实践相结合等方法。通过概念辨析,我们得出了理解信任内涵的三大要点：行动、托付和不确定性。这三个词高度概括了信任的内涵,其中“行动”强调了信任的实践本质,“托付”体现了信任问题的现代性特质,而“不确定性”则为信任的本体论研究提供了重要铺垫。
围绕人类生活和实践的“不确定性”本质,本文展开了信任对人的生活和实践的本体论地位研究,我们认为信任通过其特有的“悬置”或“跨越”应付了人类生活中的“不确定性”,而“悬置”和“跨越”不仅包含了很多学者提到的“心理过程”,也包含“实践”这一关键性要素。本文不停留在功能主义的角度探讨信任的社会功用,我们认为,信任对社会的良性运行具有基础性的支撑意义,信任是社会的一种基本价值(如同罗尔斯将正义看作是社会的首要价值一样)。笔者从信任存在的形态出发,以历史发展为线索,探讨了从前现代社会自然态度式的信任到现代社会制度信任的转变过程,我们发现契约关系的普遍化在这一转变过程中起着重要的作用。随着现代化进程的深入,信任越来越成为我们生活的环境和氛围。但是,现代社会的制度信任本身也面临着严重的问题：工具理性的弊端、制度控制的缺陷以及抽象系统的信任风险等,由此,才出现了世界性的信任危机,它是人类在现代化进程中面临的制度性信任危机(制度的自反性)。同时,本文也探讨了中国社会信任危机的复杂状况：既包含了现代化进程的不彻底性,比如,人情社会与法制社会并存的现象,也包括了现代社会制度信任本身所面临的新危机。我们也针对中国社会的信任问题提出了重建信任的基本条件和举措,其中,尤其强调了“真实”这一基本条件。
This dissertation tries to explore the issue of trust in the philosophical perspective. We have several problems to solve:what is trust,if there are some highly abstractive words that can envelope the connotation of trust? How trust is closely linked with our life and practice? What irreplaceable significance trust has for human society? Whether Trust itself has some kind of close contact with modern society? What's the relationship between the modernization process and the "crisis of trust"? What can we do to rebuild social trust?
The dissertation keeps a keen sense of the reality, with the process of modernity as a background of the research. Philosophical speculation, multi-discipline, multi-angle research, comparative analysis and integration of theory and practice are involved in the dissertation as methods. After a series of conceptual analysis, we get three abstractive connotation of trust:action, entrust and uncertainty. The three words share a high-level overview of the connotation of trust:"action" emphasizes practical nature of trust,"entrust" demonstrates the modern nature of trust issues, and "uncertainty" provides an important groundwork for the ontological discussion of trust.
In the theme of "uncertainty" essence of human life and practice, we launched a philosophical discussion of the ontological status of trust in human life and practice. We account that trust deal with the "uncertainty "in human life and practice with its unique "suspension" or "leap". We claim that the "suspension"and "leap" not only contains a "mental process" mentioned by many scholars, also contains a key element-"practice". The dissertation does not explore the social function of trust in the perspective of functionalism,while we claim that trust plays fundamental role of benign operation of society.So,"trust" is the primary value of society,as Rawls claims justice as a primary value of society. In the historical sense,We distinguish natural attitude trust in pre-modern society and institutional trust in modern society. We clarify the the process from the pre-modern style of trust to modern style, and find that trust is increasingly common in the modernization process, increasingly become atmosphere we live in. However, institutional trust is facing serious problems:the disadvantages of instrumental rationality, institutional control defects as well as an abstract system trust risk, which appeared a worldwide crisis Of trust. It is the crisis of institutional trust or the reflective of institution in the process of modernization. The dissertation also explore the complexities of the crisis of trust in China. We find the uncompleted modernization process, For example, the phenomenon of coexistence of "GUAN XI" society and law society,and new crisis of institutional trust both involved in the trust crisis of China. We also raise the basic conditions and measures of rebuilding social trust in China,among which we emphasize the importance of "truth" in social life.
引文
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39. Lagerspetz, O. Trust:The Tacit Demand[M]. Boston:Kluwer Academic Publishers,1998.
40. Becker, L. C. Trust as Noncognitive Security about Motives[J]. Ethics,1996, (1):43-61.
41. Lewis, J. D. and Weigert, A. Trust as a Social Reality[J]. Social Forces,1985, (4):967-985.
42. Locke, J. The Essays on Law of Nature[M]. Oxford:Clarendon Press,1954.
43. L(?)gstrup, K.E. The Ethical Demand[M]. Philadelphia:Fortress Press,1971.
44. Luhmann, N. Trust and Power[M]. New York:John Wiley & Sons Vhichester,1979.
45. Luhmann, N. Familiarity, Confidence, Trust:Problems and Alternatives[C]. Diego Gambetta (ed.). Trust:Making and breaking Cooperative Relations. Oxford:Basic Blackwell, 1988:94-108.
46. Luhmann, N. Social Systems[M]. Stanford:Stanford University Press,1995.
47. Merton, Robert K. The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action[J]. American Sociological Review,1936,(Dec.):894-904.
48. Misztal,B.A. Trust in Modern Society[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press,1996.
49. Mollering, G. The nature of trust:from Georg Simmel to a theory of expectation, interpretation and suspension[J]. Sociology,2001,35(2):403-420.
50. Mollering, G. The Trust/Control Duality[J]. International Sociology,2005,(3):283-305.
51. Mollering, G. Trust:reason, routine, reflexivity[M]. Oxford:Elsevier,2006.
52. Niebuhr, R. The Nature and Destiny of Man[M]. New York:Charles Scribner's Sons,1941.
53. Nuyen, A.T. Balancing Right and Trust:Towards a Fiduciary Future[J]. Asian Philosophy, 2011,21,(1):83-95.
54. Offe, C. Social capital:Concepts and hypotheses[G]. Unpublished manuscript. Humboldt: Humboldt University (Germany),1996:10.
55. O'Neill, O. a Question of Trust[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002.
56. Pagden, A. The destruction of trust and its economic consequences in the case of eighteenth century Naples[C]. D. Gambetta (ed.). Trust:Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations. Oxford:University of Oxford Press,1988.
57. Parsons,T. Politics and Social Structure[M]. New York:New York Press,1969.
58. Parsons,T. The Social System[M]. New York:The free press,1951.
59. Polanyi,M. Knowing and Being[J]. Mind,1961, (Oct.):458-470.
60. Putnam, R. D. Tuning in Tuning out:the Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America[J]. Political science & politics,1995(Dec.):662-683.
61. Reid, T. Essays of the Active Power of Man[M]. Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press, 2010.
62. Rose-Ackerman, S. Trust, honesty and corruption:reflection on the state-building process[J]. European Journal of Sociology,2001,(3):526-570.
63. Rotter,J.B. A New Scale for The Measurement of Interpersonal Trust[J]. Journal of Personality,1967 (35):651-665.
64. Rousseau, D M., Sitkin, Sim B., Burt, Ronald S., Camerer, Colin F. Not So Different After all:A Cross-Discipline View of Trust[J]. Academy of Management Review, 1998,(3):393-404.
65. Seligman,A. the Problem of Trust[M]. Princeton:Princeton University Press,1997.
66. Thomas, D. O. The Duty to Trust[J]. The Aristotelian Society,1978,(79):89-101.
67. Sennett, R. the Fall of Public Man:On the Social Psychology of Capitalism[M]. New York: Vintage Books,1978.
68. Scanlon. T.M. What We Owe to Each Other[M]. Cambridge MA/London:Belknap,1998.
69. Silver, A. Trust in Social and Political Theory[C].G.D.Suttles and M.N.Zald(ed.). The Challenge of Social Control. Norwood,NY:Ablex Publishers,1985:52-65.
70. Simmel, G. The Sociology of Georg Simmel[G]. Kurt H. Wolffedit(ed.). New York:Free, 1964.
71. Simmel, G. The Philosophy of Money[M]. London:Routledge.1990.
72. Uslaner, E. M. The Moral Foundations of Trust[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2002.
73. Watson, S., Moran A. Trust, Risk and Uncertainty[C]. New York:Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
74. Wittgenstein, L. The Collected Works of Ludwig Wittgenstein[G]. Oxford:Blackwell Publishers,1998.
75. Williamson, O. Transaction-cost economics:the governance of contractual relations[J]. Journal of Law and economcis,1979,(2):233-261.
76. Yamagishi,T. Trust:An Evolutionary Game of Mind and Society[M]. Tokyo:Tokyo University Press,1998.
77. Yamagishi, T.Trust as a Form of Social Intelligence[C]. K. S. Cook (Ed.). Trust in society. New York:Russell Sage,2001:121-147.
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63. Rotter,J.B. A New Scale for The Measurement of Interpersonal Trust[J]. Journal of Personality,1967 (35):651-665.
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