龙门山南段活动断层相关褶皱与四川盆地地震灾害风险分析
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摘要
龙门山褶皱冲断带位于高海拔的青藏高原与低海拔的四川盆地之间,自中生代以来经历了至少两次主要的地壳缩短阶段,形成了中国西部典型的褶皱冲断带。龙门山冲断带的形成和演化与青藏高原东缘的隆升以及现今的地震灾害密切相关。在本博士论文中,先后讨论了龙门山褶皱冲断带分段性对汶川地震破裂特征差异性的控制作用,龙门山南段的活动断层相关褶皱及其古地震证据,最后侧重介绍了四川地区的三维地震速度场模型及其在地震灾害评估中的应用。
在前人工作的基础之上从3个角度来阐述龙门山南北两段的差异性：1)地质调查和地震反射剖面解释表明,晚三叠世龙门山北段变形强烈而南段变形不明显,南北分段格局就此形成；2)汶川地震地表破裂的南北差异性,北段以右旋斜向逆冲为主,南段则主要以逆冲为主,兼有少量的走滑分量；3)基于地震反射剖面的构造建模揭示出同震断层的三维几何形态同样存在南北差异,北段同震断层只有一条且不能向下延伸至深部的主滑脱层,而南段同震断层有两条分支,二者在大约10km的深度合并成一条,并向下延伸至约17km深度与主滑脱层相连。研究认为晚三叠世龙门山先存的南北构造差异性控制了汶川地震同震破裂行为和样式的南北差异。
汶川地震的地表破裂作用没有延伸至龙门山褶皱冲断带南段,这里的活动断层相关褶皱的一系列地质证据并没有被很好的确立。在本文中,研究分析了位于四川盆地西南部的邛西活动断层的构造几何学、断裂运动学及其地震灾害潜力。地质建模方法包括利用三维地震数据体、浅层地震剖面,石油钻井数据并结合构造地貌学等一系列技术,获得了邛西断层晚上新世至全新世活动盲冲断层与生长褶皱的证据。邛西断层,长约50km,表现出晚第四纪的活动构造地貌特征。地震反射剖面的构造解释表明邛西断层吸收东西向的挤压而缩短形成后翼突破的断层转折褶皱。三维构造模型揭示出邛西断层的构造地貌与地下构造的密切关系。后翼反冲断层可以从深部逆冲断层断坡基底处一直向上延伸至冲积扇表面。依据穿过构造后翼的地层的隆升量,我们确立了西倾逆冲断层晚上新世到早更新世的断层滑移率为0.2-0.3mm/yr,接着从中更新世到现今的断层滑移率为0.4-1.2mm/yr。对这一断裂体系的面积和断层滑移率估算,表明山前隐伏断层具有引发潜在震级大约为Mw7.8地震的能力。由于地震波的盆地放大效应,这种类型的地震将会对断层之上的人口密集的成都平原造成更加剧烈的地面运动灾害。此外,基于三维地震数据的相干切片分析证实南北向的邛西断层切割了早期形成的北东向平落坝断层。
地震反射剖面和野外调查证实龙门山南段的50公里长的邛西断层现今是活动的。邛西断层包含了三个向西倾的断坡单元,这些断坡覆盖在主要吸收从龙门山山前至四川盆地的区域滑脱层活动位移量的三个断层转折褶皱之下。探槽挖掘,结合使用地震剖面解释和放射性年龄测定,表明龙门山南段邛西断层在晚全新世发生两次地表破裂事件,第一次古地震事件发生在(3960±40BP)到(2860±40BP)之间,而最新的一次历史地震事件发生在过去的400年中,也即是晚明至清朝时期。此外,地震反射剖面和构造地貌分析还揭示了与深部5km的断层转折作用相关的的冲积扇表面褶皱坎的存在。
本文利用公共断层模型(Community Fault Model, CFM)和公共速度模型(Community Velocity Model, CVM)的概念建立了四川地区的三维断层模型和四川盆地的三维地震速度模型。该三维模型涵盖了青藏高原东缘四川盆地及其毗邻的主要褶皱冲断带(如龙门山,米仓山和大巴山冲断带等)和昆仑断层、鲜水河-安宁河等左旋大型走滑断层的空间模型。利用地震反射剖面,1166口石油钻井,地层等厚图,地表地质图和数字高程模型,我们确立了盆地的结构和主要地质单元的三维模型。通过利用地形坡度数据、声波测井曲线、垂直地震剖面和从地震反射数据得到的地震叠加速度,我们逐层建立了四川盆地从浅层到深层的地震速度结构模型。基于上述两种模型在四川盆地的地震衰减关系的计算应用中发现山前隐伏断层对人口密集的成都平原的地震灾害影响最大。
The Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt, located between the high Tibetan Plateau and the lowland of the Sichuan basin, which experienced at least two major periods of crustal shortening in the Late Triassic and Cenozoic, and forms the typical nappe structure system in China. The formation and maintenance of Longmen Shan have a closely related to the uplift of Tibetan Plateau and present earthquake hazard. In this PhD thesis, I present the study on the segmentation on Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt, active fault-related folding and paleoseismic evidences in the southern Longmen Shan range front, as well as3D seismic velocity models for Sichuan region.
Based on different surface ruptures characteristic and focal mechanisms, the Wenchuan surface ruptures can be divided into two segments:the southern segment (Beichuan-Yingxiu and Pengguan surface ruptures) and northern segment (Beichuan-Qinchuan surface rupture). Field observations indicate that the slip on south segment is mainly caused by thrusting, with lesser amounts of dextral oblique-slip, whereas the north segment is characterized largely by dextral strike-slip accompanied by a thrusting component.3-D models show that the co-seismic fault has a complex structural geometry, with slip in the south partitioned between the steeply-dipping Beichuan-Yingxiu fault and the shallower Pengguan fault, which appear to merge at17km depth. In contrast, slip in the north is limited to the Beichuan-Yingxiu fault. Thus we conduct that the segmentation of co-seismic surface ruptures of Wenchuan earthquake is resulted from the pre-existing segmentation of Longmen Shan belt in the Late Triassic time.
Geological evidences for active faulting and folding in the southern Longmen Shan remains poorly documented. We define the structural geometry, fault kinematics, and seismic hazard of the Qiongxi thrust fault system (QTF) along the southern Longmen Shan range front by integrating seismic reflection data and geomorphic observations. The QTF is a50-km-long, N-S-trending set of faults and associated folds that exhibit geomorphic evidence of Quaternary surface deformation. Geomorphic observations and seismic reflection data reveal that these faults dip steeply to the east and merge at depth with a blind, west-dipping thrust ramp. Based on uplift of stratigraphic horizons across the fault zone, we define a late Pliocene to early Pleistocene fault slip rate of0.2-0.3mm/yr, and a middle Pleistocene to present rate of0.4-1.2mm/yr on the west-dipping thrust ramp. This ramp soles to a basal detachment in the Triassic section at a depth of4.5-5.5km. To the west, this detachment steps down onto a blind, northwest-dipping thrust termed the Range Front Thrust. A rupture of the QTF in combination with the Range Front Thrust could generate a Mw7.8earthquake with average displacement of5.7m.
Seismic reflection profiles and field investigations reveal that the50-km-long Qiongxi thrust fault of the southern Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt is currently active. The QTF consists of three west-dipping ramp segments overlain by fault-bend folds rooted in a regional detachment that transfers shortening from the mountain belt into the Sichuan basin. Trench investigations, coupled with radiocarbon results, show that two surface-rupturing earthquakes occurred on the QTF between3960±40BP and2860±40BP, with the recent one in the past400years. In addition, seismic reflection profile and topographic analysis indicate the presence of a subtle topographic, produced by kink-band migration folding above a fault bend at about5km depth.
We present three-dimensional fault model and seismic velocity model of the crust and upper mantle for the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, developed using the concept of Community Fault Model and Community Velocity Model. The model describes the velocity structure of the Sichuan basin and surrounding fold-and-thrust belt systems, as well as the Kunlun and Xianshuihe-Anninghe strike-slip fault systems in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. This three-dimensional P and S wave velocity model is derived from direct velocity measurements, such as sonic logs, vertical seismic profiles, and stacking velocity from seismic reflection data that are used to describe basin structures. The model consists of3D surfaces representing major geologic units and faults, and is parameterized with velocity-depth curves calibrated using sonic logs from wells. The model incorporates data from1166oil wells, isopach maps, surface geological maps, and digital elevation models. By calculating the attenuation relationship, we reveal that the range front blind thrust fault poses important seismic hazard to the population density area of the Cheng Plain in Sichuan region.
在前人工作的基础之上从3个角度来阐述龙门山南北两段的差异性：1)地质调查和地震反射剖面解释表明,晚三叠世龙门山北段变形强烈而南段变形不明显,南北分段格局就此形成；2)汶川地震地表破裂的南北差异性,北段以右旋斜向逆冲为主,南段则主要以逆冲为主,兼有少量的走滑分量；3)基于地震反射剖面的构造建模揭示出同震断层的三维几何形态同样存在南北差异,北段同震断层只有一条且不能向下延伸至深部的主滑脱层,而南段同震断层有两条分支,二者在大约10km的深度合并成一条,并向下延伸至约17km深度与主滑脱层相连。研究认为晚三叠世龙门山先存的南北构造差异性控制了汶川地震同震破裂行为和样式的南北差异。
汶川地震的地表破裂作用没有延伸至龙门山褶皱冲断带南段,这里的活动断层相关褶皱的一系列地质证据并没有被很好的确立。在本文中,研究分析了位于四川盆地西南部的邛西活动断层的构造几何学、断裂运动学及其地震灾害潜力。地质建模方法包括利用三维地震数据体、浅层地震剖面,石油钻井数据并结合构造地貌学等一系列技术,获得了邛西断层晚上新世至全新世活动盲冲断层与生长褶皱的证据。邛西断层,长约50km,表现出晚第四纪的活动构造地貌特征。地震反射剖面的构造解释表明邛西断层吸收东西向的挤压而缩短形成后翼突破的断层转折褶皱。三维构造模型揭示出邛西断层的构造地貌与地下构造的密切关系。后翼反冲断层可以从深部逆冲断层断坡基底处一直向上延伸至冲积扇表面。依据穿过构造后翼的地层的隆升量,我们确立了西倾逆冲断层晚上新世到早更新世的断层滑移率为0.2-0.3mm/yr,接着从中更新世到现今的断层滑移率为0.4-1.2mm/yr。对这一断裂体系的面积和断层滑移率估算,表明山前隐伏断层具有引发潜在震级大约为Mw7.8地震的能力。由于地震波的盆地放大效应,这种类型的地震将会对断层之上的人口密集的成都平原造成更加剧烈的地面运动灾害。此外,基于三维地震数据的相干切片分析证实南北向的邛西断层切割了早期形成的北东向平落坝断层。
地震反射剖面和野外调查证实龙门山南段的50公里长的邛西断层现今是活动的。邛西断层包含了三个向西倾的断坡单元,这些断坡覆盖在主要吸收从龙门山山前至四川盆地的区域滑脱层活动位移量的三个断层转折褶皱之下。探槽挖掘,结合使用地震剖面解释和放射性年龄测定,表明龙门山南段邛西断层在晚全新世发生两次地表破裂事件,第一次古地震事件发生在(3960±40BP)到(2860±40BP)之间,而最新的一次历史地震事件发生在过去的400年中,也即是晚明至清朝时期。此外,地震反射剖面和构造地貌分析还揭示了与深部5km的断层转折作用相关的的冲积扇表面褶皱坎的存在。
本文利用公共断层模型(Community Fault Model, CFM)和公共速度模型(Community Velocity Model, CVM)的概念建立了四川地区的三维断层模型和四川盆地的三维地震速度模型。该三维模型涵盖了青藏高原东缘四川盆地及其毗邻的主要褶皱冲断带(如龙门山,米仓山和大巴山冲断带等)和昆仑断层、鲜水河-安宁河等左旋大型走滑断层的空间模型。利用地震反射剖面,1166口石油钻井,地层等厚图,地表地质图和数字高程模型,我们确立了盆地的结构和主要地质单元的三维模型。通过利用地形坡度数据、声波测井曲线、垂直地震剖面和从地震反射数据得到的地震叠加速度,我们逐层建立了四川盆地从浅层到深层的地震速度结构模型。基于上述两种模型在四川盆地的地震衰减关系的计算应用中发现山前隐伏断层对人口密集的成都平原的地震灾害影响最大。
The Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt, located between the high Tibetan Plateau and the lowland of the Sichuan basin, which experienced at least two major periods of crustal shortening in the Late Triassic and Cenozoic, and forms the typical nappe structure system in China. The formation and maintenance of Longmen Shan have a closely related to the uplift of Tibetan Plateau and present earthquake hazard. In this PhD thesis, I present the study on the segmentation on Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt, active fault-related folding and paleoseismic evidences in the southern Longmen Shan range front, as well as3D seismic velocity models for Sichuan region.
Based on different surface ruptures characteristic and focal mechanisms, the Wenchuan surface ruptures can be divided into two segments:the southern segment (Beichuan-Yingxiu and Pengguan surface ruptures) and northern segment (Beichuan-Qinchuan surface rupture). Field observations indicate that the slip on south segment is mainly caused by thrusting, with lesser amounts of dextral oblique-slip, whereas the north segment is characterized largely by dextral strike-slip accompanied by a thrusting component.3-D models show that the co-seismic fault has a complex structural geometry, with slip in the south partitioned between the steeply-dipping Beichuan-Yingxiu fault and the shallower Pengguan fault, which appear to merge at17km depth. In contrast, slip in the north is limited to the Beichuan-Yingxiu fault. Thus we conduct that the segmentation of co-seismic surface ruptures of Wenchuan earthquake is resulted from the pre-existing segmentation of Longmen Shan belt in the Late Triassic time.
Geological evidences for active faulting and folding in the southern Longmen Shan remains poorly documented. We define the structural geometry, fault kinematics, and seismic hazard of the Qiongxi thrust fault system (QTF) along the southern Longmen Shan range front by integrating seismic reflection data and geomorphic observations. The QTF is a50-km-long, N-S-trending set of faults and associated folds that exhibit geomorphic evidence of Quaternary surface deformation. Geomorphic observations and seismic reflection data reveal that these faults dip steeply to the east and merge at depth with a blind, west-dipping thrust ramp. Based on uplift of stratigraphic horizons across the fault zone, we define a late Pliocene to early Pleistocene fault slip rate of0.2-0.3mm/yr, and a middle Pleistocene to present rate of0.4-1.2mm/yr on the west-dipping thrust ramp. This ramp soles to a basal detachment in the Triassic section at a depth of4.5-5.5km. To the west, this detachment steps down onto a blind, northwest-dipping thrust termed the Range Front Thrust. A rupture of the QTF in combination with the Range Front Thrust could generate a Mw7.8earthquake with average displacement of5.7m.
Seismic reflection profiles and field investigations reveal that the50-km-long Qiongxi thrust fault of the southern Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt is currently active. The QTF consists of three west-dipping ramp segments overlain by fault-bend folds rooted in a regional detachment that transfers shortening from the mountain belt into the Sichuan basin. Trench investigations, coupled with radiocarbon results, show that two surface-rupturing earthquakes occurred on the QTF between3960±40BP and2860±40BP, with the recent one in the past400years. In addition, seismic reflection profile and topographic analysis indicate the presence of a subtle topographic, produced by kink-band migration folding above a fault bend at about5km depth.
We present three-dimensional fault model and seismic velocity model of the crust and upper mantle for the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, developed using the concept of Community Fault Model and Community Velocity Model. The model describes the velocity structure of the Sichuan basin and surrounding fold-and-thrust belt systems, as well as the Kunlun and Xianshuihe-Anninghe strike-slip fault systems in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. This three-dimensional P and S wave velocity model is derived from direct velocity measurements, such as sonic logs, vertical seismic profiles, and stacking velocity from seismic reflection data that are used to describe basin structures. The model consists of3D surfaces representing major geologic units and faults, and is parameterized with velocity-depth curves calibrated using sonic logs from wells. The model incorporates data from1166oil wells, isopach maps, surface geological maps, and digital elevation models. By calculating the attenuation relationship, we reveal that the range front blind thrust fault poses important seismic hazard to the population density area of the Cheng Plain in Sichuan region.
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