汶川震区典型崩塌、滑坡、泥石流分析及防治措施探讨
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摘要
2008年发生的“5.12”汶川大地震以鲜活的地质灾害实例让世人再次感受到了地震的威慑力,给震区造成了大量的崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等次生地质灾害。在震后四川42个受灾县(市)的地质灾害应急排查的过程中,新发现了地质灾害隐患点4970处,其中滑坡1701处、崩塌1844处、泥石流304处、不稳定斜坡1093处,严重威胁着灾区人民的生命财产安全。如何对这些地质灾害隐患点进行合理的分析和科学的防治措施,是摆在当前地质工作者面前一项急需解决的难题,本文在这一领域针对汶川震区典型的崩塌、滑坡、泥石流进行了初步探讨,得到了以下一些成果:
1、作者在总结前人的基础上,认为地震地质灾害的分布受河流、断层、地震烈度、地层岩性及微地貌等因素控制明显,山体破坏在地震力作用下大致可分为初始阶段、地震抛掷阶段、撞击崩裂阶段、高速滑流阶段4个阶段,其危害往往以崩滑灾害所引发的灾害链方式出现。
2、对都坝乡(场镇)崩塌(边坡)采用静力平衡法对不同破坏模式的崩塌边坡进行了稳定性的定量计算,结合过程机制分析法的定量研究,判定整个崩塌(边坡)在后期降雨等不利因素下处于欠稳定状态。由于地震后岩体节理裂隙极为发育,通过后缘裂隙的充水高度对倾倒式崩塌(边坡)和滑塌式崩塌(边坡)稳定性的分析得出,充水高度对倾倒式崩塌体的影响大于滑塌式崩塌体。
3、采用过程机制分析法、极限平衡法中的传递系数法(折线型滑面),定性与定量的方式分析了该滑坡的稳定性,综合分析结果认为分析结果,该滑坡稳定性差,在降水、地震等不利因素影响下,可能再次发生整体复活滑动或局部滑动。
4、在定量计算滑坡稳定性中,滑动面抗剪强度指标的选用是滑坡稳定性计算成败的关键,本文采用了剪切试验、反算法以及工程地质类比法并结合滑坡体实际的变形特征进行了综合取值,并选取了内聚力、内摩擦角、滑体土重度三个指标对东山滑坡稳定性因素进行了敏感性分析。
5、大沟流域内由“5.12”地震在直接引发的崩塌、滑坡及堆积体方量约7.246×10~4m~3,占整个松散固体物质储量的50.4%,可见由地震直接产生的松散物源增加了一倍。
6、运用刘希林—唐川泥石流堆积模型,定量计算了泥石流在不同频率下的堆积面积、冲出距离、淤积厚度,结合实际的微地貌特征,勾画了大沟泥石流在不同频率下的堆积范围及形态。
7、在防治措施方面,震后汶川震区的防治应以工程措施为主,同时结合生物工程措施,注重生态环境的恢复,从根本上治理由地震引发的次生地质灾害。
Occurred in 2008,"5.12" Wenchuan earthquake with fresh examples of the geological disasters in the earthquake to the world once again feel the deterrent to earthquake caused a large number of collapses, landslides, mudslides and other secondary geological disasters. Sichuan after the earthquake hit 42 counties (cities) of the geological investigation of the process of disaster response, the new found point of 4970 geological disaster, in which landslide 1701, collapsed 1844, 304 landslides, unstable slopes 1093, serious threat to life and property of people of disaster areas. How risks of geological disasters point to these reasonable analysis and scientific control measures are put in the current geological workers need to be resolved before a problem in this area this area for a typical collapse Wenchuan earthquake, landslide, debris flow for the discussed, some results are the following:
1. on the basis of summing up the previous, that the distribution of geological disasters in the earthquake affected rivers, faults, seismic intensity, rock formation and control of micro-topography and other factors clearly undermine the mountain under the action of seismic forces can be divided into the initial stage , throwing stage seismic, impact crack stage, stage 4 high-speed slip-flow stage, the damage often caused by slump-disaster disaster chain modalities.
2. are Town.Zigui (market town) collapse (slope) using the static equilibrium method for different failure modes of landslide slope of the stability of the quantitative terms, the process of system analysis combined with quantitative research, determine the collapse (edge slope) in the late rain and other unfavorable factors are less stable. As the earthquake jointed rock mass are well developed, filling of cracks through the posterior margin of dumping the water height on the type of failure (slope) and slump-type landslides (slope) stability analysis results on the dumping of highly water-filled body type collapse greater than the impact of the slump-type landslide body.
3. using the process mechanism analysis, limit equilibrium method of transfer coefficient (line slip surface), qualitative and quantitative analysis of the way the stability of the landslide, a comprehensive analysis concluded that the results, poor stability of the landslide, in the rain earthquakes and other unfavorable factors, it may happen again as a whole or partial slip sliding resurrection.
4. the quantitative calculation of slope stability, the sliding shear strength index of choice is the key to success or failure of landslide stability calculation, this paper, the shear test, anti-algorithms and engineering geological analogy method combined with the actual deformation of landslide features the integrated value, and select the cohesion, internal friction angle, severe landslide three indicators of soil slope stability factors of the Dongshan sensitivity analysis.
5. within a large watershed, "5.12" earthquake in the direct cause of the collapse, landslide and the accumulation of body side was about 7.246×10~4m~3, the total reserves of loose solids 50.4%, can be seen directly by the earthquake generated an increase of loose material in a times.
6. using Liu Xilin– Tangchuan debris flow model, quantitative calculation of the debris accumulation in the area of different frequencies, out of distance, deposition thickness, combined with the actual micro-topography features, outlined a large debris flow at different frequency range and the accumulation of form.
7. in the prevention and treatment measures, earthquake Hou Wenchuan earthquake prevention engineering measures should be based, combined with bio-engineering measures, focus on restoration of the ecological environment, governance fundamentally caused by the earthquake secondary geological disasters.
1、作者在总结前人的基础上,认为地震地质灾害的分布受河流、断层、地震烈度、地层岩性及微地貌等因素控制明显,山体破坏在地震力作用下大致可分为初始阶段、地震抛掷阶段、撞击崩裂阶段、高速滑流阶段4个阶段,其危害往往以崩滑灾害所引发的灾害链方式出现。
2、对都坝乡(场镇)崩塌(边坡)采用静力平衡法对不同破坏模式的崩塌边坡进行了稳定性的定量计算,结合过程机制分析法的定量研究,判定整个崩塌(边坡)在后期降雨等不利因素下处于欠稳定状态。由于地震后岩体节理裂隙极为发育,通过后缘裂隙的充水高度对倾倒式崩塌(边坡)和滑塌式崩塌(边坡)稳定性的分析得出,充水高度对倾倒式崩塌体的影响大于滑塌式崩塌体。
3、采用过程机制分析法、极限平衡法中的传递系数法(折线型滑面),定性与定量的方式分析了该滑坡的稳定性,综合分析结果认为分析结果,该滑坡稳定性差,在降水、地震等不利因素影响下,可能再次发生整体复活滑动或局部滑动。
4、在定量计算滑坡稳定性中,滑动面抗剪强度指标的选用是滑坡稳定性计算成败的关键,本文采用了剪切试验、反算法以及工程地质类比法并结合滑坡体实际的变形特征进行了综合取值,并选取了内聚力、内摩擦角、滑体土重度三个指标对东山滑坡稳定性因素进行了敏感性分析。
5、大沟流域内由“5.12”地震在直接引发的崩塌、滑坡及堆积体方量约7.246×10~4m~3,占整个松散固体物质储量的50.4%,可见由地震直接产生的松散物源增加了一倍。
6、运用刘希林—唐川泥石流堆积模型,定量计算了泥石流在不同频率下的堆积面积、冲出距离、淤积厚度,结合实际的微地貌特征,勾画了大沟泥石流在不同频率下的堆积范围及形态。
7、在防治措施方面,震后汶川震区的防治应以工程措施为主,同时结合生物工程措施,注重生态环境的恢复,从根本上治理由地震引发的次生地质灾害。
Occurred in 2008,"5.12" Wenchuan earthquake with fresh examples of the geological disasters in the earthquake to the world once again feel the deterrent to earthquake caused a large number of collapses, landslides, mudslides and other secondary geological disasters. Sichuan after the earthquake hit 42 counties (cities) of the geological investigation of the process of disaster response, the new found point of 4970 geological disaster, in which landslide 1701, collapsed 1844, 304 landslides, unstable slopes 1093, serious threat to life and property of people of disaster areas. How risks of geological disasters point to these reasonable analysis and scientific control measures are put in the current geological workers need to be resolved before a problem in this area this area for a typical collapse Wenchuan earthquake, landslide, debris flow for the discussed, some results are the following:
1. on the basis of summing up the previous, that the distribution of geological disasters in the earthquake affected rivers, faults, seismic intensity, rock formation and control of micro-topography and other factors clearly undermine the mountain under the action of seismic forces can be divided into the initial stage , throwing stage seismic, impact crack stage, stage 4 high-speed slip-flow stage, the damage often caused by slump-disaster disaster chain modalities.
2. are Town.Zigui (market town) collapse (slope) using the static equilibrium method for different failure modes of landslide slope of the stability of the quantitative terms, the process of system analysis combined with quantitative research, determine the collapse (edge slope) in the late rain and other unfavorable factors are less stable. As the earthquake jointed rock mass are well developed, filling of cracks through the posterior margin of dumping the water height on the type of failure (slope) and slump-type landslides (slope) stability analysis results on the dumping of highly water-filled body type collapse greater than the impact of the slump-type landslide body.
3. using the process mechanism analysis, limit equilibrium method of transfer coefficient (line slip surface), qualitative and quantitative analysis of the way the stability of the landslide, a comprehensive analysis concluded that the results, poor stability of the landslide, in the rain earthquakes and other unfavorable factors, it may happen again as a whole or partial slip sliding resurrection.
4. the quantitative calculation of slope stability, the sliding shear strength index of choice is the key to success or failure of landslide stability calculation, this paper, the shear test, anti-algorithms and engineering geological analogy method combined with the actual deformation of landslide features the integrated value, and select the cohesion, internal friction angle, severe landslide three indicators of soil slope stability factors of the Dongshan sensitivity analysis.
5. within a large watershed, "5.12" earthquake in the direct cause of the collapse, landslide and the accumulation of body side was about 7.246×10~4m~3, the total reserves of loose solids 50.4%, can be seen directly by the earthquake generated an increase of loose material in a times.
6. using Liu Xilin– Tangchuan debris flow model, quantitative calculation of the debris accumulation in the area of different frequencies, out of distance, deposition thickness, combined with the actual micro-topography features, outlined a large debris flow at different frequency range and the accumulation of form.
7. in the prevention and treatment measures, earthquake Hou Wenchuan earthquake prevention engineering measures should be based, combined with bio-engineering measures, focus on restoration of the ecological environment, governance fundamentally caused by the earthquake secondary geological disasters.
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