基于Zigbee技术的无线传感器网络的研究与实现
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摘要
随着无线网络技术的快速发展,许多本来存在的网络服务逐渐走向成熟。近几年来,IEEE 802.11无线局域网络的普遍以及IEEE 802.16无线宽带网络的商业标准化都使得无线网络技术越来越重要,也有越来越多的相关应用和产品出现。目前,基于IEEE 802.15.4协议的无线传感器网络,开始成为被广泛讨论和研究的课题之一。
IEEE802.15.4是一个新兴的无线通信协议,它确定了低速个人区域网络标准,定义了物理层PHY和介质访问层MAC。Zigbee协议在PHY和MAC层的基础上对网络层NWK进行了具体定义,为应用层提供API函数。
Zigbee无线传感器网络将传感器技术、通讯技术和计算机技术结合在一起,具有信息采集、传输和处理的能力。传感器网络最初是由于军事需要而发展起来的,随着传感器网络技术的逐步发展,它的应用也越来越广泛,现在己从军事防御普及到社会的各个领域。本课题通过采用PIC18F4620单片机和无线收发模块CC2420搭建了一个传感器网络。试验和应用结果表明,这种传感器网络成本低,工作稳定,可以用于一些小型任务中。为了进一步提高节点的处理能力和通信能力,未来还将做进一步改进。
针对ZigBee技术本身的抗同频干扰性能进行了研究,分析了在2.4GHz频段ZigBee和主要干扰源的共存问题,通过分析ZigBee的信道算法等抗干扰机制并结合Wi-Fi、蓝牙等技术的特点,得出结论:正确选择信道、增大频偏以及和干扰源保持一定距离是保证共存的三个主要措施。
With the quick growth of the wireless network technology, there are more and more existent network services trending to adopt wireless network technology. The popularization of IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN and IEEE 802.16 Wireless Broadband Network, all make the wireless network technology become more and more important futhur more, there are many relative technologies and products appeared. Following Bluetooth's rise and development, Wireless Personal Area Network (WAPN) also became popular. Therefore, one application of WPAN一Wireless Sensor Network, begins to be discussed widely.
IEEE802.15.4 is a new promoting wireless protocol, which defines the standard for wireless low-rate personal area network. It provides the definition for physical layer (PHY) and medium access layer (MAC). Upon the PHY and MAC, there constructs Zigbee protocol providing application function interface for the applicationlayer.
Zigbee wireless sensor network combines sensor technology, communication technology and computer technology together. It has the ability of collecting, transferring and processing data. Sensor network technology was firstly used in military systems. But now, it has been used in almost all of the fields with the development of sensor network technology. A kind of network constructed by using PIC18F4620 controller and CC2420 transceiver shows a good performance in low power consumption and stability and is assumed well qualified to undertake some small tasks. The sensor network will be improved in the future aiming at the enhancement in data processing and communication areas.
The ZigBee performance of co-channel anti-interference is investigated. The coexistence problem of ZigBee with some interferences in the 2.4GHz ISM (Industry, Science, Medicine) frequency band is analyzed. By analyzing ZigBee mechanism of anti-interference, such as channel algorithm, and by considering the condition of Wi-Fi,Bluetooth, the following conclusion is reached: the proper choice of channel, larger frequency offset and a proper distance from a interfering source are the three effectivestrategies for further improving coexistence performance of ZigBee.
IEEE802.15.4是一个新兴的无线通信协议,它确定了低速个人区域网络标准,定义了物理层PHY和介质访问层MAC。Zigbee协议在PHY和MAC层的基础上对网络层NWK进行了具体定义,为应用层提供API函数。
Zigbee无线传感器网络将传感器技术、通讯技术和计算机技术结合在一起,具有信息采集、传输和处理的能力。传感器网络最初是由于军事需要而发展起来的,随着传感器网络技术的逐步发展,它的应用也越来越广泛,现在己从军事防御普及到社会的各个领域。本课题通过采用PIC18F4620单片机和无线收发模块CC2420搭建了一个传感器网络。试验和应用结果表明,这种传感器网络成本低,工作稳定,可以用于一些小型任务中。为了进一步提高节点的处理能力和通信能力,未来还将做进一步改进。
针对ZigBee技术本身的抗同频干扰性能进行了研究,分析了在2.4GHz频段ZigBee和主要干扰源的共存问题,通过分析ZigBee的信道算法等抗干扰机制并结合Wi-Fi、蓝牙等技术的特点,得出结论:正确选择信道、增大频偏以及和干扰源保持一定距离是保证共存的三个主要措施。
With the quick growth of the wireless network technology, there are more and more existent network services trending to adopt wireless network technology. The popularization of IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN and IEEE 802.16 Wireless Broadband Network, all make the wireless network technology become more and more important futhur more, there are many relative technologies and products appeared. Following Bluetooth's rise and development, Wireless Personal Area Network (WAPN) also became popular. Therefore, one application of WPAN一Wireless Sensor Network, begins to be discussed widely.
IEEE802.15.4 is a new promoting wireless protocol, which defines the standard for wireless low-rate personal area network. It provides the definition for physical layer (PHY) and medium access layer (MAC). Upon the PHY and MAC, there constructs Zigbee protocol providing application function interface for the applicationlayer.
Zigbee wireless sensor network combines sensor technology, communication technology and computer technology together. It has the ability of collecting, transferring and processing data. Sensor network technology was firstly used in military systems. But now, it has been used in almost all of the fields with the development of sensor network technology. A kind of network constructed by using PIC18F4620 controller and CC2420 transceiver shows a good performance in low power consumption and stability and is assumed well qualified to undertake some small tasks. The sensor network will be improved in the future aiming at the enhancement in data processing and communication areas.
The ZigBee performance of co-channel anti-interference is investigated. The coexistence problem of ZigBee with some interferences in the 2.4GHz ISM (Industry, Science, Medicine) frequency band is analyzed. By analyzing ZigBee mechanism of anti-interference, such as channel algorithm, and by considering the condition of Wi-Fi,Bluetooth, the following conclusion is reached: the proper choice of channel, larger frequency offset and a proper distance from a interfering source are the three effectivestrategies for further improving coexistence performance of ZigBee.
引文
[1] LAN/MAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Pysical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs),2003
[2] ZigBee Alliance, ZigBee Document 053474r06, Version 1.0, December 14th 2004
[3] LAN/MAN Standards Committee, Part 15.2: Coexistence of Wireless Personal Area Networks with Other Wireless Devices Operating in Unlicensed Frequency Bands, 2003
[4]IEEE 802.15.4 2003:Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs)
[5]Chipcon AS SmartRF CC2420 Preliminary Data sheet (rev1.2), 2004-06-09
[6]IEEE 1452.2“Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators一Transducer to Microprocessor Communication Protocols and Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) Formats”, IEEE, 1997
[7]IEEE 802.15 WPAN Task Group 4 (TG4) http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG4.htm1
[8]IEEE 802.11, The Working Group for Wireless LANs URL: http://grouper.ieee.orG/groups/802/11/
[9]Microchip Technology Inc. DS00965A 2004. PIC18F2525/2620/4525/4620 Data Sheet. URL:http://www.microchip.com..2004.4-20
[10]K. Sohrabi et al.,“Protocols for Self-Organization of a Wireless Sensor Network,”IEEE Pers. Commun., Oct. 2000, pp. 16-27.
[11]W.Heinzelman, J.Kulik, and H.Balakrishnan, "Adaptive Protocols for Information Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks," in Proceedings of the Fifth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking,Aug. 1999 ,pp.174-185.
[12]Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, "Draft Standard for Part 15.4:Wireless Medium Access Control Layer (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)specifications for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs),"Draft P802.15.4/D18, Feb. 2003.
[13]Pat Kinney et al., Template for IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN, URL:http://www.ieee802.org/15/publTG4
[14]E. Shih, S. Cho, N.Ickes, R.Min, A.Sinha, A.Wang, A. Chandrakasan,"Physical layer driven protocol and algorithm design for energy-efficient wireless sensornetworks," Proceedings of ACM MobiCom'01,Rome, Italy,July 20016,pp. 272-28.
[15]Akyiliz LF., Weilian Su, Sankarasubramaniam Y., Cayirci E.,"A survey on sensor networks," IEEE Communications Magazine, vo1.40 no.8, Aug.2002,pp.102-114.
[16]J. Heidemann, F. Silva, C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, D. Estrin, and D.Ganesan,"Building efficient wireless sensor networks with low-level naming," in Proceedings of the Eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating Systems Principles,Oct 2001, pp.146-159.
[17]W.Heinzelman,"Application-Specific Protocol Architectures for Wireless Networks," Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000.
[18]W. Heinzelman et al., Template for Wireless Sensor Network, URL: http://www-mtl.mit.edulresearch/icsystems/vamps
[19]Mani B. Srivastava et al., Template for Network&Embedded System, URL: http://nesl.ee.ucla.edu
[20]K. Bult et al., Template for Wireless Integrated Network Sensors, http://www.janet.ucla.edu/WINS
[21]Bryan Atwood et al., Template for Smart Dust, URL: http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/}pister/SmartDust
[22]David Culler et al., Template for Wireless Sensor Network of TinyOS, URL: http://webs.cs.berkeley.edu
[23]Axel Sikora, Coexistence of IEEE802.15.4 (ZigBee) with IEEE802.11 (WLAN), Bluetooth, and Microwave Ovens in 2.4 GHz ISM Band, Revised Version V0.3: 12th September 2004
[24]Ryan Winfield Wooding,Mark Gerrior,避免2.4GHz ISM段各种类型无线设各干扰的技术,电子工程专辑,2005年4月
[25]王毅.无线局域网802.11探讨.电子产品世界.2002.12. 11-12
[26]王学群,蒋平,杨宇浩.蓝牙技术简述.无线电工程. 2002.10:22-22
[27]韩旭东,张春业,李鹏.传感器无线互联标准及实现.电子技术应用,2004,30(4): 44-46
[28]任丰原,黄海宁,林闯.无线传感器网络软件学报2003, 14(7):1282-1291
[29]马祖长,孙怡宁,梅涛.无线传感器网络综述.通信学报,2004. 25(4):114-124
[30]陈丹,郑增威,李际军.无线传感器网络研究综述.计算机测量与控制,2004(8):701-704
[31]Gutierrez,J.A.;Naeve,M.;Callaway, E.;etc. IEEE 802.15.4:a developing standard for low-power low-cost wireless personal area networks[J]. Network IEEE,2001,15(5):12-19.
[32]陈玲,王华.移动网络路由协议的研究--一种基于AODV路由协议的改进算法,首都师范大学学报2005
[33]冯美玉,程胜.Ad hoc网络中自愈路由协议研究北京邮电大学学报2005-4
[34] C.-K. Toh, H. Cobb, and D. A. Scott.Performance evaluation of battery-lifeaware routing schemes for wireless ad hoc networks.IEEE InternationalConference on Communications.2001:2824-2829
[35]S.Singly, M.Woo, and C.S. Raghavendra.Power-aware routing in mobile ad hoc networks.Proceedings of the Fourth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking.1998
[36] D.Kim, J.J.Garcia-Luna-Aceves, K.Obraczka, J.Cano, and P. Manzoni.Power-aware routing based on the energy drain rate for mobile ad hoc net+orks.Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks.2002:565-569
[37]孙利民等.无线传感器网络.清华大学出版社2005.
[38]于宏毅.无线移动自组织网.人民邮电出版社2005.
[39]郑少仁,王海涛,赵志峰. Ad Hoc网络技术.人民邮电出版社.2005:64-128
[40]木村磐根,杨明君,孙晓东,郭雪清.光通信与无线通信系统.科学出版社. 2001: 37-61
[41]方旭明,何蓉.短距离无线与移动通信网络.人民邮电出版社. 2004: 141-161
[42]胡健栋.现代无线通信技术.机械工业出版社.2003: 80-100
[43]卢开澄.计算机算法导引设计与分析.清华大学出版社2000.4
[44]刘笃仁.PIC软硬件系统设计.电子工业出版社2005.
[2] ZigBee Alliance, ZigBee Document 053474r06, Version 1.0, December 14th 2004
[3] LAN/MAN Standards Committee, Part 15.2: Coexistence of Wireless Personal Area Networks with Other Wireless Devices Operating in Unlicensed Frequency Bands, 2003
[4]IEEE 802.15.4 2003:Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs)
[5]Chipcon AS SmartRF CC2420 Preliminary Data sheet (rev1.2), 2004-06-09
[6]IEEE 1452.2“Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators一Transducer to Microprocessor Communication Protocols and Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) Formats”, IEEE, 1997
[7]IEEE 802.15 WPAN Task Group 4 (TG4) http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG4.htm1
[8]IEEE 802.11, The Working Group for Wireless LANs URL: http://grouper.ieee.orG/groups/802/11/
[9]Microchip Technology Inc. DS00965A 2004. PIC18F2525/2620/4525/4620 Data Sheet. URL:http://www.microchip.com..2004.4-20
[10]K. Sohrabi et al.,“Protocols for Self-Organization of a Wireless Sensor Network,”IEEE Pers. Commun., Oct. 2000, pp. 16-27.
[11]W.Heinzelman, J.Kulik, and H.Balakrishnan, "Adaptive Protocols for Information Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks," in Proceedings of the Fifth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking,Aug. 1999 ,pp.174-185.
[12]Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, "Draft Standard for Part 15.4:Wireless Medium Access Control Layer (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)specifications for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs),"Draft P802.15.4/D18, Feb. 2003.
[13]Pat Kinney et al., Template for IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN, URL:http://www.ieee802.org/15/publTG4
[14]E. Shih, S. Cho, N.Ickes, R.Min, A.Sinha, A.Wang, A. Chandrakasan,"Physical layer driven protocol and algorithm design for energy-efficient wireless sensornetworks," Proceedings of ACM MobiCom'01,Rome, Italy,July 20016,pp. 272-28.
[15]Akyiliz LF., Weilian Su, Sankarasubramaniam Y., Cayirci E.,"A survey on sensor networks," IEEE Communications Magazine, vo1.40 no.8, Aug.2002,pp.102-114.
[16]J. Heidemann, F. Silva, C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, D. Estrin, and D.Ganesan,"Building efficient wireless sensor networks with low-level naming," in Proceedings of the Eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating Systems Principles,Oct 2001, pp.146-159.
[17]W.Heinzelman,"Application-Specific Protocol Architectures for Wireless Networks," Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000.
[18]W. Heinzelman et al., Template for Wireless Sensor Network, URL: http://www-mtl.mit.edulresearch/icsystems/vamps
[19]Mani B. Srivastava et al., Template for Network&Embedded System, URL: http://nesl.ee.ucla.edu
[20]K. Bult et al., Template for Wireless Integrated Network Sensors, http://www.janet.ucla.edu/WINS
[21]Bryan Atwood et al., Template for Smart Dust, URL: http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/}pister/SmartDust
[22]David Culler et al., Template for Wireless Sensor Network of TinyOS, URL: http://webs.cs.berkeley.edu
[23]Axel Sikora, Coexistence of IEEE802.15.4 (ZigBee) with IEEE802.11 (WLAN), Bluetooth, and Microwave Ovens in 2.4 GHz ISM Band, Revised Version V0.3: 12th September 2004
[24]Ryan Winfield Wooding,Mark Gerrior,避免2.4GHz ISM段各种类型无线设各干扰的技术,电子工程专辑,2005年4月
[25]王毅.无线局域网802.11探讨.电子产品世界.2002.12. 11-12
[26]王学群,蒋平,杨宇浩.蓝牙技术简述.无线电工程. 2002.10:22-22
[27]韩旭东,张春业,李鹏.传感器无线互联标准及实现.电子技术应用,2004,30(4): 44-46
[28]任丰原,黄海宁,林闯.无线传感器网络软件学报2003, 14(7):1282-1291
[29]马祖长,孙怡宁,梅涛.无线传感器网络综述.通信学报,2004. 25(4):114-124
[30]陈丹,郑增威,李际军.无线传感器网络研究综述.计算机测量与控制,2004(8):701-704
[31]Gutierrez,J.A.;Naeve,M.;Callaway, E.;etc. IEEE 802.15.4:a developing standard for low-power low-cost wireless personal area networks[J]. Network IEEE,2001,15(5):12-19.
[32]陈玲,王华.移动网络路由协议的研究--一种基于AODV路由协议的改进算法,首都师范大学学报2005
[33]冯美玉,程胜.Ad hoc网络中自愈路由协议研究北京邮电大学学报2005-4
[34] C.-K. Toh, H. Cobb, and D. A. Scott.Performance evaluation of battery-lifeaware routing schemes for wireless ad hoc networks.IEEE InternationalConference on Communications.2001:2824-2829
[35]S.Singly, M.Woo, and C.S. Raghavendra.Power-aware routing in mobile ad hoc networks.Proceedings of the Fourth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking.1998
[36] D.Kim, J.J.Garcia-Luna-Aceves, K.Obraczka, J.Cano, and P. Manzoni.Power-aware routing based on the energy drain rate for mobile ad hoc net+orks.Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks.2002:565-569
[37]孙利民等.无线传感器网络.清华大学出版社2005.
[38]于宏毅.无线移动自组织网.人民邮电出版社2005.
[39]郑少仁,王海涛,赵志峰. Ad Hoc网络技术.人民邮电出版社.2005:64-128
[40]木村磐根,杨明君,孙晓东,郭雪清.光通信与无线通信系统.科学出版社. 2001: 37-61
[41]方旭明,何蓉.短距离无线与移动通信网络.人民邮电出版社. 2004: 141-161
[42]胡健栋.现代无线通信技术.机械工业出版社.2003: 80-100
[43]卢开澄.计算机算法导引设计与分析.清华大学出版社2000.4
[44]刘笃仁.PIC软硬件系统设计.电子工业出版社2005.