紫色土区农林复合生态系统的能值分析
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摘要
紫色土区人口密度大,人均耕地少,农林复合生态系统作为合理开发利用土地资源的模式,是解决紫色土区生态环境问题的有效途径,也是紫色土区实现可持续发展的重要手段,本文以紫色土区农林复合生态系统为研究对象,对其模式进行分类并分析结构特征,应用能值分析方法对农林复合生态系统进行评价和比较分析,主要得出以下结论:
(1)紫色土区农林复合生态系统可分为台地农林果复合系统,坡地林带复合系统,沟底农林复合系统和庭院林农牧复合系统。垂直结构主要包括双层结构、三层结构和多层结构,水平结构主要包括带状间作、周边种植、带状混交、块状混交和块状镶嵌等。
(2)梨-农复合、核-农复合、柚-农复合生态系统的能投结构相似,投入的不可更新自然资源占不可更新资源的比例分别为:8.21%~8.42%、11.25%~11.80%、13.19% ~14.60%,定量说明水土保持在紫色土区农林复合生态系统中具有不可低估的作用。
(3)三种农林复合系统均投入了大量的劳力能值和化肥能值。劳力能值占有机辅助能值的51.66%~69.69%、52.68%~68.27%和49.18%~72.39%;化肥能值占无机辅助能值的99.41%~99.51%、98.06%~98.87%、98.71%~98.84%。人力是主要的动力来源,科学技术水平低下。大量化肥的投入不利于当地农林复合生态系统的长期发展。
(4)紫色土区农林复合生态系统的经济发展程度较高,其中,柚-农复合系统的净能值产出率最高,产品在价格上最具有竞争优势。梨-农复合系统的能值投资率最高。三种农林复合系统的能值自给率均较小,系统生产受市场的影响大,独立发展的能力不强。紫色土区农林复合系统的生产对环境系统的压力较小,其中,核-农复合系统的环境负载率最低,最具有发展潜力。紫色土区农林复合系统正在发展而且相对具有活力,系统的发展是可持续的。柚-农复合系统的能值可持续性指标最大。
(5)梨树-油菜-玉米、核桃-油菜-玉米、柚子-油菜-玉米模式分别是各复合系统中当前最优的一种模式,表现在系统的生产效率最高,产品在价格竞争上最有优势,生产受市场影响最小,独自发展能力最强,并有一定的可持续发展潜力;梨树-小麦-红薯、核桃-小麦-红薯、柚子-小麦-红薯模式分别是各复合系统中最具有发展潜力的模式,表现在对自然可更新环境资源的利用程度最低,自然环境负荷程度最小。
(6)陈家湾流域的农业生产处于传统封闭式农业的阶段,农民的平均生活水平不高。农业生产对整个环境生态系统的压力较小,系统生产效率较高,但经济不发达。
The basic situation of purple soil area was a large population density and little farmland for every person on an average. The agroforestry ecosystem,as a model of reasonable exploitation and utilization of the land resource,was an important method to solve the ecological environment problem and an effective approach to achieve sustainanble development in purple soil area. This paper took the agroforestry ecosystem in purple soil area as the research objective. The major contents were classifying agroforestry models,analyzing strcture characteristics,and using emergy analysis method to make valuation and comparative on different agroforestry systems. The main coclusions of the study were as follows:
(1)The agroforestry ecosystem in purple soil area can be classified as terrace agroforestry system,slopingfield agroforestry system,gully bottom agroforestry system,and courtyard agroforestry system. The vertical structure of agroforestry included double layer construction,three layer construction,and multilayer construction. The horizontal structure included strip intercropping,peripheral planting,belt mixing,block mixing,and block inlaying and so on.
(2)The energy input structures were similar in the three agroforestry systems. The ratio of non-renewable environment resource to non-renewable resource were 8.21%~8.42% for pear tree -crop intercropping system,11.25%~11.80% for walnut-crop intercropping system,and 13.19%~14.60% for shaddock-crop intercropping system. This result showed that soil and water conservation take an important role in agroforestry ecosystem in purple soil area.
(3)There were a great deal of the emergy input of labor and fertilizer in the three agroforestry ecosystem. The ratio of labor emergy to oganic supplemental emergy were 51.66%~69.69% for pear tree-crop intercropping system,52.68%~68.27% for walnut-crop intercropping system,and 49.18%~72.39% for shaddock-crop intercropping system. The ration of fertilizer emergy to inorganic supplemental emergy were 99.41%~ 99.51%,98.06%~98.87%,and 98.71%~98.84%,respectively. The human labor was the main power. The level of science and technology is backward. Meanwhile,excessive use of fertilizer is not beneficial for the long-time develop of agroforestry ecosystem at the local.
(4)There was a higher economic development level in agroforestry ecosystem in purple soil area. The shaddock-crop intercropping system had the highest net emergy yield ratio and the most advantageous in price competition. The pear tree-crop intercropping system had the highest emergy investment ratio. The emergy self-suifficiency ratio of these three agroforestry ecosystems were all small,and it was illustrated that the production was hugely influenced by market and the self-development power was weak. The agroforestry ecosystem in purple soil area was friendly to the environment. The walnut-crop intercropping system had the lowest environment load ration and showed the most potential in development. The agroforestry ecosystem in purple soil area was growing and relatively vigorous. The development of it was sustainable. The shaddock-crop intercropping system had the highest emergy sustainable indices.
(5)The pear-rape-corn model,walnut-rape-corn model,and shaddock-rape-corn model were the best model in each agroforestry ecosystem at present,and it was embodied particularly in the highest production efficiency,the most advantageous in price-competition,the smallest influence from market,the most powerful in self-development,and had sustainable development potential in to some extent. The pear-wheat-sweet potato model,walnut-wheat-sweet potato model,and shaddock-wheat-sweet potato model had the most develop potential in each agroforestry ecosystem , because of the lowest renewable environment resource utilization and the smallest environment load.
(6)The agricultural eco-economic system in Chenjiawan was in the stage of traditional agriculture. The living standard of the local people was low. The agriculture production was less stressful for the whole environment ecosystem. The agricultural eco-economic system had a higher production efficiency,but economically underdeveloped.
(1)紫色土区农林复合生态系统可分为台地农林果复合系统,坡地林带复合系统,沟底农林复合系统和庭院林农牧复合系统。垂直结构主要包括双层结构、三层结构和多层结构,水平结构主要包括带状间作、周边种植、带状混交、块状混交和块状镶嵌等。
(2)梨-农复合、核-农复合、柚-农复合生态系统的能投结构相似,投入的不可更新自然资源占不可更新资源的比例分别为:8.21%~8.42%、11.25%~11.80%、13.19% ~14.60%,定量说明水土保持在紫色土区农林复合生态系统中具有不可低估的作用。
(3)三种农林复合系统均投入了大量的劳力能值和化肥能值。劳力能值占有机辅助能值的51.66%~69.69%、52.68%~68.27%和49.18%~72.39%;化肥能值占无机辅助能值的99.41%~99.51%、98.06%~98.87%、98.71%~98.84%。人力是主要的动力来源,科学技术水平低下。大量化肥的投入不利于当地农林复合生态系统的长期发展。
(4)紫色土区农林复合生态系统的经济发展程度较高,其中,柚-农复合系统的净能值产出率最高,产品在价格上最具有竞争优势。梨-农复合系统的能值投资率最高。三种农林复合系统的能值自给率均较小,系统生产受市场的影响大,独立发展的能力不强。紫色土区农林复合系统的生产对环境系统的压力较小,其中,核-农复合系统的环境负载率最低,最具有发展潜力。紫色土区农林复合系统正在发展而且相对具有活力,系统的发展是可持续的。柚-农复合系统的能值可持续性指标最大。
(5)梨树-油菜-玉米、核桃-油菜-玉米、柚子-油菜-玉米模式分别是各复合系统中当前最优的一种模式,表现在系统的生产效率最高,产品在价格竞争上最有优势,生产受市场影响最小,独自发展能力最强,并有一定的可持续发展潜力;梨树-小麦-红薯、核桃-小麦-红薯、柚子-小麦-红薯模式分别是各复合系统中最具有发展潜力的模式,表现在对自然可更新环境资源的利用程度最低,自然环境负荷程度最小。
(6)陈家湾流域的农业生产处于传统封闭式农业的阶段,农民的平均生活水平不高。农业生产对整个环境生态系统的压力较小,系统生产效率较高,但经济不发达。
The basic situation of purple soil area was a large population density and little farmland for every person on an average. The agroforestry ecosystem,as a model of reasonable exploitation and utilization of the land resource,was an important method to solve the ecological environment problem and an effective approach to achieve sustainanble development in purple soil area. This paper took the agroforestry ecosystem in purple soil area as the research objective. The major contents were classifying agroforestry models,analyzing strcture characteristics,and using emergy analysis method to make valuation and comparative on different agroforestry systems. The main coclusions of the study were as follows:
(1)The agroforestry ecosystem in purple soil area can be classified as terrace agroforestry system,slopingfield agroforestry system,gully bottom agroforestry system,and courtyard agroforestry system. The vertical structure of agroforestry included double layer construction,three layer construction,and multilayer construction. The horizontal structure included strip intercropping,peripheral planting,belt mixing,block mixing,and block inlaying and so on.
(2)The energy input structures were similar in the three agroforestry systems. The ratio of non-renewable environment resource to non-renewable resource were 8.21%~8.42% for pear tree -crop intercropping system,11.25%~11.80% for walnut-crop intercropping system,and 13.19%~14.60% for shaddock-crop intercropping system. This result showed that soil and water conservation take an important role in agroforestry ecosystem in purple soil area.
(3)There were a great deal of the emergy input of labor and fertilizer in the three agroforestry ecosystem. The ratio of labor emergy to oganic supplemental emergy were 51.66%~69.69% for pear tree-crop intercropping system,52.68%~68.27% for walnut-crop intercropping system,and 49.18%~72.39% for shaddock-crop intercropping system. The ration of fertilizer emergy to inorganic supplemental emergy were 99.41%~ 99.51%,98.06%~98.87%,and 98.71%~98.84%,respectively. The human labor was the main power. The level of science and technology is backward. Meanwhile,excessive use of fertilizer is not beneficial for the long-time develop of agroforestry ecosystem at the local.
(4)There was a higher economic development level in agroforestry ecosystem in purple soil area. The shaddock-crop intercropping system had the highest net emergy yield ratio and the most advantageous in price competition. The pear tree-crop intercropping system had the highest emergy investment ratio. The emergy self-suifficiency ratio of these three agroforestry ecosystems were all small,and it was illustrated that the production was hugely influenced by market and the self-development power was weak. The agroforestry ecosystem in purple soil area was friendly to the environment. The walnut-crop intercropping system had the lowest environment load ration and showed the most potential in development. The agroforestry ecosystem in purple soil area was growing and relatively vigorous. The development of it was sustainable. The shaddock-crop intercropping system had the highest emergy sustainable indices.
(5)The pear-rape-corn model,walnut-rape-corn model,and shaddock-rape-corn model were the best model in each agroforestry ecosystem at present,and it was embodied particularly in the highest production efficiency,the most advantageous in price-competition,the smallest influence from market,the most powerful in self-development,and had sustainable development potential in to some extent. The pear-wheat-sweet potato model,walnut-wheat-sweet potato model,and shaddock-wheat-sweet potato model had the most develop potential in each agroforestry ecosystem , because of the lowest renewable environment resource utilization and the smallest environment load.
(6)The agricultural eco-economic system in Chenjiawan was in the stage of traditional agriculture. The living standard of the local people was low. The agriculture production was less stressful for the whole environment ecosystem. The agricultural eco-economic system had a higher production efficiency,but economically underdeveloped.
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