产业集群升级：一个行业协会治理视角的分析
|
摘要
发展中国家的二元经济结构,往往容易使传统产业集群陷入低劳动力成本陷阱。在我国,要素价格攀升和人民币汇率升值,正不断削弱传统产业集群竞争优势的基础;而层出不穷的国际贸易纠纷,也在很大程度上抑制了集群的发展空间。有关中国成为世界工厂的种种数据表明,目前,我国的传统产业集群已经到了通过升级寻求突破的关键时期。
实现集群升级,是转变经济增长方式和在实践中落实科学发展观的必然要求。本文在综合集群演化模型、全球价值链模型和创新系统模型等的基础上,提出判断集群升级的三维(时间维、价值维和组织结构维)坐标,认为集群升级是集群以集体行动为基础、以提升集群创新能力为动力、以集群网络优化为支撑,实现价值增长并促进集群持续发展的过程,它综合性地表现为集群经营模式和发展路径的转换。
传统理论虽然都提出了升级的内涵、主体、动力机制、发展路径和相关的政策建议,但由于这些理论模型都具有相当程度的理论抽象性和国情差异,在现实操作中,受过度模仿和恶性竞争等的制约,其很难被我国传统产业集群自动实施。因此,在集群升级的主体推进和突破努力上,我国的传统产业集群还需另辟新路。
集体行动的逻辑在于获取最大限度的集体效率。发达国家自中世纪以来的历史经验证明,作为降低交易费用、形成组织剩余这一制度安排的行业协会,在获取集体效率方面具有天然的优势:行业协会比企业无私,比政府节约。在集群升级方面,Nadiv(1999)和Schimtz(1999,2002)等的观察和我国沿海地区集群的实践,也充分证实了这点。因此,由行业协会实施行业自治,不仅是对现阶段集群升级的强力助推,更是构成了区域政治文明和集群治理的经济自治基础,它们共同为集群的持续发展提供了制度保障。
据此,本文提出集群升级的实质是以价值为导向的发展路径转换,而由行业协会实施集体行动则是打破路径锁定的关键。为有效实现集群路径转换的目标,行业协会的集体行动,应在推进集群创新、推进集群企业国际化和优化集群企业融资环境方面作出突破。
本文内容安排如下:
第一章对研究背景与选题的目的意义、研究方法和研究内容等作简要介绍。
第二章以对相关文献的梳理为基础,明确界定了产业集群、集群升级、行业协会治理等在本文的含义与指向,指出集群升级的实质是通过集体行动获取更大价值分享的发展路径转换。由行业协会实施集体行动,不仅有历史的明证,也有丰富的实践基础。在集群升级的场景中,由行业协会作为集体行动的实施者,更是关系到集群发展的政府导向还是市场指向的战略选择,这对我国地方政府告别用政府行为推进集群升级的惯性思维有积极的意义。
第三章以市场自发秩序的自治完善需要一个过程和契机的认识为基础,刻画了一个基于路径依赖与蝴蝶效应偶合的集群路径转换模型,并用温州打火机集群案例进行了验证。研究证明,行业协会治理既是实现集群路径转换的关键,也是一个与企业、集群在发展中壮大互动中成长的协同进化过程。
第四章首先从知识外溢模型和协同竞争博弈模型正反两个方面的理论分析入手,提出行业协会治理是突破我国集群创新困境的关键。本章的实证表明,行业协会不但在信息收集扩散、技术培训与检测、关键共性技术提供等方面具有不可替代的作用,其在行业发展规划与行业标准设定、知识产权维护与高技术人才培育等方面的工作,还起着集群创新理念与创新模式重构的关键作用。
第五章以中小企业国际化的相关理论入手,在综合考察了集群企业国际化的进路、特征与困境的基础上,从全球价值链嵌入方式、位序维护与提升等三个方面,系统性地分析了行业协会对企业国际化推进的积极功能。
第六章在系统回顾与评估中小企业融资困境与解决方案的基础上,结合理论分析和案例研究,提出集群行业协会在沟通企业与银行、企业与政府方面具有更大的信息优势和集体力量,由其设立的担保公司和内部投融资渠道,能更好地使行业内成长型中小企业获益。
第七章着重论述了行业协会建设。行业协会的有效性在于它的制度能力,由于我国缺乏自治的传统,在法律制度供给和政府赋权双重不足的情况下,集群行业协会普遍存在治理能力薄弱的局限。因此,协会治理能力的提升,除了要加强协会自身制度能力的建构外,更要注重法律制度的供给和政府理念的转变,使行业协会真正成为服务于企业的区域性行业自治组织。
第八章是本文研究的基本结论与展望。
The dual economic structures in developing countries tend to make traditional industrial clusters get bogged down in low labor cost very easily. In China, increasing prices of factors and the appreciation of Renminbi have been weakening the foundation of traditional industrial clusters’competitive advantage; successive disputes of international trade have been restraining the development space of clusters as well. A variety of data concerning China’s being“World Shop”show that at present, the traditional industrial clusters of China have marched at the crucial period for breakthrough by way of industrial upgrading.
Realizing clusters upgrading is the necessary requirement for changing the mode of economic growth and carrying out the concept of scientific development in practice. Based on the evolution model of comprehensive clusters; the model of global value chains and the model of innovation system, we put forward the upgrading model from the time dimension,value dimension and organization structure dimension. In our definition,the upgrading of clusters is a process to pursue value added and sustainable development by promote the collective action,innovation capability and support networks. It turns out to be the conversion of business models and development paths.
Though traditional theories have put forward the denotation, actors, motive mechanism,development paths and related policies of upgrading, it is very difficult to put it into practice automatically in the traditional clusters of China which restricted by excessive mimicry and unfair competition considering that these theories models all have the theories abstraction, being different in different countries. Therefore, our traditional industrial clusters must open up new path for actors’advance and breakthrough efforts of clusters upgrading.
The logic of collective actions lies in obtaining maximum collective efficiency. The historical experiences of advanced countries since the Middle Ages prove that industry associations, which are organized for lowering down contract cost and producing organizational surplus, have natural advantage in obtaining collective efficiency: more unselfish than firms and more economical than government. Clusters upgrading has been proved by the research of Nadiv(1999) and Schimtz(1999,2002) and the practice in the coastal areas of China. So, the autonomy carried out by industry associations is not only a forceful impulse on current clusters upgrading, but also building an economic autonomous base for regional politics civilization and clusters governance. Further, they supply a system security for sustainable development of clusters.
Thus, this thesis holds that the essence of cluster upgrading is the conversion of development paths oriented by value. However, the collective actions carried out by industry association are the key to open path’s lock-in. In order to reach the aim of cluster path conversion, the collective actions of industry associations should make breakthrough in such fields as cluster innovation, internalization of clustered firms, and the optimization of financing environment for clustered firms.
This thesis is arranged as follows:
Chapter 1 is the brief introduction of the background, aim, significance, contents of this research, as well as the method that will be applied in the thesis.
In chapter 2,based on the literature review , some expressions such as industrial clusters, cluster upgrading, industry association governance are clearly defined for this thesis. This thesis also points out that the essence of cluster upgrading is the development path conversion for best value sharing by way of collective actions. And collective actions by industry associations have not only historical evidences but firm base of practice. In the situation of cluster upgrading, as the actors, the collective actions by industry association is closely concerned with the strategic selection: government orientation or market orientation for cluster development, which is great significance for local governments of China to say goodbye to the habitual thinking that cluster upgrading is pushed by government’s actions.
Chapter 3, on the base of understanding that the self-perfection of market orders need a process and opportunity, build a model of cluster path conversion which is based on the coupling of path dependence and butterfly effects, and it is tested by the case study of cigarette lighter industrial clusters in Wenzhou. The research proves that the governance of industry associations is both the key to cluster path conversion and synergistic evolution process of firm’s growth and development.
Chapter 4, beginning with the theoretical analysis of both sides----the model of knowledge outflows and the model of synergistic competition game, put forward that the governance of industry associations is the key to solve the difficulty of cluster innovation in China. Empirical studies show that industry associations could not only play irreplaceable role in collecting and spreading of information; technical training and testing; core sharing technology, but play other key role in industry development planning; industry standard setting; safeguarding of intellectual property rights; educating talents with high and new technology; collectively finding new ideas and rebuilding innovative modes, etc.,
Chapter 5, starting from the theories related to the internationalization of medium and small enterprises, comprehensively discusses the entrance, features and difficulties of clustered firms for internationalizing. Systematically analyzes the active functions of industry association for push enterprises’internationalization from the three aspects: the embedding mode of global value chains; position keeping and position rising
Chapter 6, after having reviewed and evaluated the difficulties and solutions of financing for medium and small enterprises, combined with theoretical analysis and case studies, put forward that clustered industry associations have more advantages of information and collective forces, and the insurance companies and internal channels for investment and financing set up by them may bring a lot of benefits to growing medium and small enterprises with the industry.
Chapter mainly discusses the building of industry associations. The advantages of industry association lie in supplying local public goods. However, local public goods are more a problem of regional autonomy than an economic problem. Due to the lack of autonomy tradition in China, under the situation of double shortage of legal system supply and government empowering, clustered industry associations usually have a weak capability of governance. Therefore, strengthening the governance capability of industries, besides the building of system within industry association, more emphasis should be put on the supply of legal systems and the change of administrative ideas, which makes industry associations become real regional autonomous industry organization served for enterprises.
实现集群升级,是转变经济增长方式和在实践中落实科学发展观的必然要求。本文在综合集群演化模型、全球价值链模型和创新系统模型等的基础上,提出判断集群升级的三维(时间维、价值维和组织结构维)坐标,认为集群升级是集群以集体行动为基础、以提升集群创新能力为动力、以集群网络优化为支撑,实现价值增长并促进集群持续发展的过程,它综合性地表现为集群经营模式和发展路径的转换。
传统理论虽然都提出了升级的内涵、主体、动力机制、发展路径和相关的政策建议,但由于这些理论模型都具有相当程度的理论抽象性和国情差异,在现实操作中,受过度模仿和恶性竞争等的制约,其很难被我国传统产业集群自动实施。因此,在集群升级的主体推进和突破努力上,我国的传统产业集群还需另辟新路。
集体行动的逻辑在于获取最大限度的集体效率。发达国家自中世纪以来的历史经验证明,作为降低交易费用、形成组织剩余这一制度安排的行业协会,在获取集体效率方面具有天然的优势:行业协会比企业无私,比政府节约。在集群升级方面,Nadiv(1999)和Schimtz(1999,2002)等的观察和我国沿海地区集群的实践,也充分证实了这点。因此,由行业协会实施行业自治,不仅是对现阶段集群升级的强力助推,更是构成了区域政治文明和集群治理的经济自治基础,它们共同为集群的持续发展提供了制度保障。
据此,本文提出集群升级的实质是以价值为导向的发展路径转换,而由行业协会实施集体行动则是打破路径锁定的关键。为有效实现集群路径转换的目标,行业协会的集体行动,应在推进集群创新、推进集群企业国际化和优化集群企业融资环境方面作出突破。
本文内容安排如下:
第一章对研究背景与选题的目的意义、研究方法和研究内容等作简要介绍。
第二章以对相关文献的梳理为基础,明确界定了产业集群、集群升级、行业协会治理等在本文的含义与指向,指出集群升级的实质是通过集体行动获取更大价值分享的发展路径转换。由行业协会实施集体行动,不仅有历史的明证,也有丰富的实践基础。在集群升级的场景中,由行业协会作为集体行动的实施者,更是关系到集群发展的政府导向还是市场指向的战略选择,这对我国地方政府告别用政府行为推进集群升级的惯性思维有积极的意义。
第三章以市场自发秩序的自治完善需要一个过程和契机的认识为基础,刻画了一个基于路径依赖与蝴蝶效应偶合的集群路径转换模型,并用温州打火机集群案例进行了验证。研究证明,行业协会治理既是实现集群路径转换的关键,也是一个与企业、集群在发展中壮大互动中成长的协同进化过程。
第四章首先从知识外溢模型和协同竞争博弈模型正反两个方面的理论分析入手,提出行业协会治理是突破我国集群创新困境的关键。本章的实证表明,行业协会不但在信息收集扩散、技术培训与检测、关键共性技术提供等方面具有不可替代的作用,其在行业发展规划与行业标准设定、知识产权维护与高技术人才培育等方面的工作,还起着集群创新理念与创新模式重构的关键作用。
第五章以中小企业国际化的相关理论入手,在综合考察了集群企业国际化的进路、特征与困境的基础上,从全球价值链嵌入方式、位序维护与提升等三个方面,系统性地分析了行业协会对企业国际化推进的积极功能。
第六章在系统回顾与评估中小企业融资困境与解决方案的基础上,结合理论分析和案例研究,提出集群行业协会在沟通企业与银行、企业与政府方面具有更大的信息优势和集体力量,由其设立的担保公司和内部投融资渠道,能更好地使行业内成长型中小企业获益。
第七章着重论述了行业协会建设。行业协会的有效性在于它的制度能力,由于我国缺乏自治的传统,在法律制度供给和政府赋权双重不足的情况下,集群行业协会普遍存在治理能力薄弱的局限。因此,协会治理能力的提升,除了要加强协会自身制度能力的建构外,更要注重法律制度的供给和政府理念的转变,使行业协会真正成为服务于企业的区域性行业自治组织。
第八章是本文研究的基本结论与展望。
The dual economic structures in developing countries tend to make traditional industrial clusters get bogged down in low labor cost very easily. In China, increasing prices of factors and the appreciation of Renminbi have been weakening the foundation of traditional industrial clusters’competitive advantage; successive disputes of international trade have been restraining the development space of clusters as well. A variety of data concerning China’s being“World Shop”show that at present, the traditional industrial clusters of China have marched at the crucial period for breakthrough by way of industrial upgrading.
Realizing clusters upgrading is the necessary requirement for changing the mode of economic growth and carrying out the concept of scientific development in practice. Based on the evolution model of comprehensive clusters; the model of global value chains and the model of innovation system, we put forward the upgrading model from the time dimension,value dimension and organization structure dimension. In our definition,the upgrading of clusters is a process to pursue value added and sustainable development by promote the collective action,innovation capability and support networks. It turns out to be the conversion of business models and development paths.
Though traditional theories have put forward the denotation, actors, motive mechanism,development paths and related policies of upgrading, it is very difficult to put it into practice automatically in the traditional clusters of China which restricted by excessive mimicry and unfair competition considering that these theories models all have the theories abstraction, being different in different countries. Therefore, our traditional industrial clusters must open up new path for actors’advance and breakthrough efforts of clusters upgrading.
The logic of collective actions lies in obtaining maximum collective efficiency. The historical experiences of advanced countries since the Middle Ages prove that industry associations, which are organized for lowering down contract cost and producing organizational surplus, have natural advantage in obtaining collective efficiency: more unselfish than firms and more economical than government. Clusters upgrading has been proved by the research of Nadiv(1999) and Schimtz(1999,2002) and the practice in the coastal areas of China. So, the autonomy carried out by industry associations is not only a forceful impulse on current clusters upgrading, but also building an economic autonomous base for regional politics civilization and clusters governance. Further, they supply a system security for sustainable development of clusters.
Thus, this thesis holds that the essence of cluster upgrading is the conversion of development paths oriented by value. However, the collective actions carried out by industry association are the key to open path’s lock-in. In order to reach the aim of cluster path conversion, the collective actions of industry associations should make breakthrough in such fields as cluster innovation, internalization of clustered firms, and the optimization of financing environment for clustered firms.
This thesis is arranged as follows:
Chapter 1 is the brief introduction of the background, aim, significance, contents of this research, as well as the method that will be applied in the thesis.
In chapter 2,based on the literature review , some expressions such as industrial clusters, cluster upgrading, industry association governance are clearly defined for this thesis. This thesis also points out that the essence of cluster upgrading is the development path conversion for best value sharing by way of collective actions. And collective actions by industry associations have not only historical evidences but firm base of practice. In the situation of cluster upgrading, as the actors, the collective actions by industry association is closely concerned with the strategic selection: government orientation or market orientation for cluster development, which is great significance for local governments of China to say goodbye to the habitual thinking that cluster upgrading is pushed by government’s actions.
Chapter 3, on the base of understanding that the self-perfection of market orders need a process and opportunity, build a model of cluster path conversion which is based on the coupling of path dependence and butterfly effects, and it is tested by the case study of cigarette lighter industrial clusters in Wenzhou. The research proves that the governance of industry associations is both the key to cluster path conversion and synergistic evolution process of firm’s growth and development.
Chapter 4, beginning with the theoretical analysis of both sides----the model of knowledge outflows and the model of synergistic competition game, put forward that the governance of industry associations is the key to solve the difficulty of cluster innovation in China. Empirical studies show that industry associations could not only play irreplaceable role in collecting and spreading of information; technical training and testing; core sharing technology, but play other key role in industry development planning; industry standard setting; safeguarding of intellectual property rights; educating talents with high and new technology; collectively finding new ideas and rebuilding innovative modes, etc.,
Chapter 5, starting from the theories related to the internationalization of medium and small enterprises, comprehensively discusses the entrance, features and difficulties of clustered firms for internationalizing. Systematically analyzes the active functions of industry association for push enterprises’internationalization from the three aspects: the embedding mode of global value chains; position keeping and position rising
Chapter 6, after having reviewed and evaluated the difficulties and solutions of financing for medium and small enterprises, combined with theoretical analysis and case studies, put forward that clustered industry associations have more advantages of information and collective forces, and the insurance companies and internal channels for investment and financing set up by them may bring a lot of benefits to growing medium and small enterprises with the industry.
Chapter mainly discusses the building of industry associations. The advantages of industry association lie in supplying local public goods. However, local public goods are more a problem of regional autonomy than an economic problem. Due to the lack of autonomy tradition in China, under the situation of double shortage of legal system supply and government empowering, clustered industry associations usually have a weak capability of governance. Therefore, strengthening the governance capability of industries, besides the building of system within industry association, more emphasis should be put on the supply of legal systems and the change of administrative ideas, which makes industry associations become real regional autonomous industry organization served for enterprises.
引文
1迈克尔·波特. 国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2001:161.
1 迈克尔·波特. 国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2001:127.
2 浙江“块状经济”发展报告[EB/OL]. http://www.raresd.com/bbsxp/ShowPost.asp?ThreadID=92
3 浙江“块状经济”发展报告[EB/OL]. http://www.raresd.com/bbsxp/ShowPost.asp?ThreadID=92
1浙江“块状经济”发展报告[EB/OL]. http://www.raresd.com/bbsxp/ShowPost.asp?ThreadID=92
1 Grabher, G., (1993). The embedded firm: On the socioeconomics of industrial networks. London [M]. New York: Routledge.
1 迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002:67.
2 保罗·克鲁格曼.地理与贸易[M].北京:北京大学出版社 2000:33-47.
3 仇保兴.小企业集群研究[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,1999:45.
4 网络分析最先为经济社会学引入,其有两个分析视角。一是将网络视为一种阐明于企业内部、企业间以及组织环境之中关系纽带的分析工作;另一种是将网络作为一种组织发展状态和逻辑治理结构。具体可参见:林竞君. 网络、社会资本与集群生命周期研究[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2006:63-82. Capello R.(1999). Spatial transfer of knowledge in high technology milieux: learning vs collective learning progress[J]. Regional Studies,33(4):352-365. Uzzi, B.,(1997). Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: the pradox of embeddedness[J].Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1):35-67. 王缉慈等.创新的空间[M]. 北京:北京大学出版社,2001:127-133.
1 迈克尔·波特.簇群与新竞争经济学[J].经济社会体制比较,2000,(2):22-32.
2 王缉慈等.创新的空间[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001:2.
1 亚当斯密.国民财富的性质和原因研究[M]. 北京:商务印书馆:1997:3.
1 刘友金.中小企业集群式创新[M]. 北京:中国经济出版社,2003:7-10.
1 马歇尔.经济学原理[M]. 北京:商务印书馆,1981:297-306..
2 保罗·克鲁格曼.地理与贸易[M].北京:北京大学出版社 2000:33-56..
3 仇保兴.小企业集群研究[M].上海:复旦大学出版社 1999:49-54.
1 苏东水主编.产业经济学[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社,2000:284.
2 厉无畏 王振.中国沿海地区产业升级[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2002:3.
1 文嫮、曾刚.从地方到全球:全球价值链框架下集群的升级研究[J].人文地理,2005(4):21-118.
2李恒.传统制造业集群升级的思考[EB/OL]. http://www.hnskl.org/Files/Article/25/20060518165953421875.htm
3 迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2001:96-107
4 仇保兴.小企业集群研究[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,1999:156-172.
1符正平等.中小企业集群生成机制研究[M].广州:中山大学出版社,2004:117-119.
1 迈克尔·波特.簇群与新竞争经济学[J].经济社会体制比较,2000, (2):22-32.
2 保罗·克鲁格曼.地理和贸易[M].北京:人大出版社、北大出版社,2001:37-42.
1 迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002:156.
1 王缉慈等.创新的空间[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.107-117.
2 魏江.产业集群:创新系统与技术学习[M].北京:科学出版社,2003:58-67.
3 刘友金.集群式创新[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2003:27-43.
1 转引自贾西津等.转型时期的行业协会:角色、功能与管理体制[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004:9.
2 马荣凯.市场中不可缺少的重要角色:看发达国家如何发挥行业协会的作用[N].经济日报,2002-1-10.
1 余晖等.行业协会及其在中国的发展:理论与案例[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2002:5-9.
2 郁建兴等.在政府与企业之间:以温州商会为研究对象[M].杭州:浙江人民出版社,2004:252.
3 贾西津等.转型时期的行业协会:角色、功能与管理体制[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004:1
4 崔秀朋. 行业协会组织在产业集群发展中的作用研究[EB/OL]. http://www.chinanpo.gov.cn/web/showBulltetin.do?id=24610&dictionid=1835&catid=&forward=print
1贾西津等.转型时期的行业协会:角色、功能与管理体制[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004.
2余晖等.行业协会及其在中国的发展:理论与案例[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2002.
3贾西津等.转型时期的行业协会:角色、功能与管理体制[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004.
1 Douglas J.Puffert. Path Dependence in Economic History.www.vwl.uni-muenchen.de/ls_komlos/pathe.pdf
1 W.B.阿瑟. 经济中的正反馈[J].经济社会体制比较,1998,(6):18-23.
2 D.C.诺斯. 时间进程中的经济成效[J].经济社会体制比较,1995,(6):18-23.
3 D.C.诺斯. 制度、制度变迁和经济绩效[M].上海:上海三联书店,1990:127.
4 D.C.诺斯. 制度、制度变迁和经济绩效[M].上海:上海三联书店,1990:128.
5 D.C.诺斯. 制度、制度变迁和经济绩效[M].上海:上海三联书店,1990:132.
1 林竞君.网络、社会资本与集群生命周期研究[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2006:232.
2 Hans, W., 2003. Implications of social capital for business in the knowledge economy: theoretical considerations. Paper presented for the “International Forum On Economic Implication of Social Capital. Tokyo, Japan.
3 林竞君.网络、社会资本与集群生命周期研究[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2006:235.
4 Crouch ,C. and Farrell, H.,2002. Breaking the path of institutional development? Alternatives to the new determinism. MPIFG Discussion Paper.
1 王瑞乘.混沌现象讲稿[EB/OL]. http://www.xjshchj1x.org/images/jiao'an1.doc
2 迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2001:116-117.
3 迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2001:77.
2埃德加·胡佛.区域经济学导论[M].北京:商务印书馆.1990:71.
1 黄松光.温州烟具行业组团论战欧中反倾销论[EB/OL]http://www.wzgcc.cn/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=2782.
2 本章关于温州打火机集群和烟具协会的案例,主要参考了: 程学童、王祖强、李涛.集群式民营企业成长模式分析[M].北京:中国经济出社.2005:194-208. 夏燕凌.温州小商品企业发展案例研究[D].上海海运学院硕士学位论文.2003. 温州打火机:一个关于财富的经典传[EB/OL].http://www.88088.com/wenzhou_model. 王晨.行业协会显示力量,温州打火机胜诉反倾销[EB/OL].http://www.ziqa.com.cn/news/message.asp. 朱平豆.温州打火机:凶狠的土狼群战术[EB/OL].http://www.zjol.com.cn/gb/node2. 袁亚平.温州民间协会的启示——探访温州市烟具行业协[EB/OL].http://www.people.com.cn/BIG5/jingji. 许亚青、叶丽雅.温州企业间[J]. IT 经理世界.2003,(16):33-37.
1 陈剩勇等.组织化、自主治理与民主[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004:167.
2 陈剩勇等.组织化、自主治理与民主[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004:66.
3 M·迈耶、D·西尔斯著.发展经济学的先驱[M].北京:经济科学出版社,1988:30.
1叶建亮.知识溢出与企业集群[J].经济科学,2001,(2):23-30.
1 刘友金、杨继平.集群中企业协同竞争创新行为的博弈分析[J].系统工程,2002(11):22-26.
1义乌玩具网. http://www.ywtoys.org http://www.ywtoys.org.
2发挥行业协会作用,促进笔业科技进步[EB/OL].http://www.china-writing.com.cn/2004fhhy.htm.
1 义乌玩具行业协会信息简报第 29 期[EB/OL].http://www.ywtoys.org/xxjb/index.htm.
2 义乌玩具行业协会信息简报各期[EB/OL].http://www.ywtoys.org/xxjb/index.htm.
1 虞锡君.集群内关键共性技术选择:以浙江为例[J].科研管理,2006,(1):80-84.
2 发挥行业协会作用,促进笔业科技进步[EB/OL].http://www.china-writing.com.cn/2004fhhy.htm
1 温州市行业协会职能的调查[EB/OL]. http://www.zjskw.gov.cn/sklweb/homepage.nsf/documentview/2006-11-27-03-67
2 SGS 永康工作者短期内成效明显[EB/OL]. http://zghzby.com/info.asp?id=396
3 义乌玩具行业协会信息简报第 27 期[EB/OL].http://www.ywtoys.org/xxjb/index.htm
1 发挥行业协会作用,促进笔业科技进步[EB/OL].http://www.china-writing.com.cn/2004fhhy.htm
1 迈克尔·波特. 国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2001:161.
1 转引自鲁桐.企业国际化阶段、测量方法及案例研究[J].世界经济.2000(3):9-18.
1 本节中,有关义乌的资料除特别注明外,均根据笔者 2006 年 7 月至 11 月调研所获资料整理。
1 陈晓文, 我市七大产业基地跻身“国家队” [N].义乌商报,2007-1-15.
2 中国小商品城去年成交额达 315 亿[EB/OL].http://www.izhaoshang.com/agent_new/showarticle.php?id=36695
3 迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2001:111.
1中国连续 12 年成为遭遇反倾销调查最多的国家[EB/OL].http://finance.sina.com.cn/j/20070505.shtml
1中国连续 12 年成为遭遇反倾销调查最多的国家[EB/OL].http://finance.sina.com.cn/j/20070505.shtml
1沈洪明.转型经济条件下民营中小企业融资和企业信用[J]. 管理世界.2006(10):53-60.
1 徐洪水.金融缺口和交易成本最小化:中小企业融资难题的成因与政策路径[J].金融研究,2001, (11):47-53.
2 高万东.中小企业信用担保机构功能缺陷分析[J].当代经济研究,2004,(10):65-67.
1温跃宽.美国中小企业的融资途径[J].新财经.2007(1):62-63.
1上海市金属结构行业协会积极为中小企业融资牵线搭桥[EB/OL].http://www.smca.com.cn/xiehui/index.htm.
1 汤文东.行业协会是缓解中小企业融资难的有效载体[J]. 金融理论与实践.2006(7):45-47.
2 破解中小企业融资难之探索[EB/OL]. http://henan.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/sjdixiansw/200704/20070404608871.html.
1 虞城小产业橇动大市场[EB/OL]. http://www.ha.xinhuanet.com/add/2006-04/16/content_6748647.htm
2 扬州市投资资本学会课题组.行业性、互助性形式的信用担保企业值得推广[EB/OL]. http://news.yztoday.com/81/2006-06-27/20060627-569726-81.shtml.
1 国家发改委、国家税务总局:关于免征营业税中小企业信用担保机构名单及取消名单[EB/OL]. http://www.smexm.gov.cn/2007-1/20071171007212554.htm
1 郁建兴等.在政府和企业之间[M]. 杭州:浙江人民出版社,2004:116-117.
1 陈剩勇等.组织化、自主治理与民主:浙江温州民间商会研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出社,2004:95.
2 陈剩勇等.组织化、自主治理与民主:浙江温州民间商会研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出社,2004:151.
1陈剩勇等.组织化、自主治理与民主:浙江温州民间商会研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出社,2004:151.
1郁建兴等.在政府和企业之间[M]. 杭州:浙江人民出版社,2004:197-199.
1 更详尽的资料,可参见陈剩勇等.组织化、自主治理与民主:浙江温州民间商会研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出社,2004:284-306.
1 杨宇立.经济发达地区行业协会的现状及发展中面临的问题:以沪、穗、温州三地区为例的分析[J].上海经济研究,2002,(11):39-44
[1]Ahokangas,P., Hyry,M.and Rasanen,P.(1999). Small technology-based firms in fast-growing regional cluster [J]. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, (2).
[2]Asheim B.T.(2002). Regional innovation systems: the integration of local sticky and global ubiquitous knowledge[J]. Journal of Technology Transfer.27.
[3]Bair , J and Gereffi ,G.(2001).Local clusters in global chains: the causes and consequences of export dynamism in Torreon’s blue jeans industry[J]. World Development , 29 (11) .
[4]Ballandi .M(1999). the industrial district in Marshall[A]. In Small firms and industrial districts in Italy[C]. Ed.Goodman and Bamford, London :Routledge.
[5].Baptista R., Swann G.P.(1998). Do firms in clusters innovation more?[J]. Research Policy,27.
[6]Bazan, L and Navas O.Alemán.(2003). Upgrading in global and national value chains: recent challenges and opportunities for the Sinos Valley footwear clusters, Brazil [R] Paper presented at t he EADI’s Workshop , Clusters and Global ValueChains in the North and the Third World , Novara , 2003
[7]Berger, Allen et al.(2005) Does function follow organizational form? Evidence from the lending practices of large and small banks[J].Journal of Financial economies,76(2).
[8]Brusco. S.(1990). The idea of Industrial districts: its genesis, In Pyke F. and Sengenberger W.(eds) Industrial districts and cooperation. ILO,1990, Geneva,11.
[9] Capello, R.(1998).Collective learning and the spatial transfer of knowledge: innovation processes in Italian high-tech milieux[A]. in Collective Learning Processes and Knowledge Development in the Evolution of Regional Clusters of High-Technology SMEs in Europe[C]. Keeble and C. Lawson eds. Cambridge: ESRC Center for Business Research, University of Cambridge.
[10]Capello R.(1999). Spatial transfer of knowledge in high technology milieux: learning vs collective learning progress. Regional Studies,33(4).
[11]Cook P.(1997). Regional innovation systems: institutional and organizational dimensions[J]. Research Policy, 26.
[12] Coviello N. E.,McAuley A. (1999) . Internationalization and smaller firm: A review of contemporary empirical research , Management International Review, 39.
[13]Crouch ,C. and Farrell, H.,2002. Breaking the path of institutional development? Alternatives to the new determinism[R]. MPIFG Discussion Paper.
[14]David G. Blanchflower.(1996). The role and influence of trade unions in the OECD. CEP Discussion Papers 0310.
[15]Dalum,B.,C.R.Pedersen,G.Villumsen(2002).Technological life cycles: regional clusters facing disruption[J].Urban Study.37.
[16]De Bresson, C. (Editor), (1996). Economic Interdependence and Innovation Activity[M]. Cheltenham.
[17]De Langen,P.W.(2002).Clustering and performance: the case of maritime clustering in the Netherlands Maritime[J]. Policy Analysis,29(3).
[18]Diemart Harhoff,Timm Konling(1998).Lending relationships in Germany- Empirical evidence from survey data[J].Journal of Banking & Finance 22( 1).
[19]Doner, Richard and Ben Schneider. (2000). The new institutional economics, business associations and development[R]. Discussion Papers Series N.110.
[20] Edquist.C.(1997).Institutions and organizations in systems of innovation: the state of the art[R].Working Paper, Linkoping University, Sweden.
[21]Enright,M.(2000) The globalization for competition and the localization of competitive advantage: policies toward regional clustering[A]. In Hood,N. and Young S(Eds). Globalization of Multinational Enterprise and Economic Development[C].Macmillan
[22]Fahy J . (2002) . A resource - based analysis of sustainable competitive advantage in a global environment[J]. International Business Review , 11.
[23]Fernando Alberti. 2001. The governance of industrial districts: a theoretical footing proposal. Liuc Papers. N..82..
[24]Freeman C.(1987). Technology and policy and economic performance: lessons from Japan[R]. Printer, London.
[25]Fritz,O.(1998).A risk-oriented analysis of regional clusters[A].Clusters and Regional Specialization[C]. Published by Pion Limited, Brondesbury Park,London.
[26]Gereffi,G.Humphrey,J.and Sturgeon,T. (2005) .The governance of global value chain[J],Review of International Political Economy,.Vol.12.
[27]Gereffi , G. (1999). Industrial upgrading in the apparel commodity chain : what can Mexico learn from East Asia? [R]Paper presented at International Conference on Business Transformations and Social Change in East Asia .
[28]Gereffi , G. (1999).International trade and industrial upgrading in t he apparel commodity chain[J] . Journal of International Economics , 1 (48) .
[29]Gereffi, G. and Memodovic, O. (2003) .The global apparel value chain: what prospects for upgrading by developing countries?[R] UNIDO. Sectoral Studies Series.
[30]Gibbon,P.(2001).Upgrading primary products: a global value chain approach[J]. World Development,29(2): 345–63
[31]Gilsing,V.(2000). Cluster governance: how clusters can adapt and renew over time[R]. Paper for the DRUID Conferenc, Copenhagen.
[32]Giovana, C., and Dini,(1999).M. Small enterprises cluster and network development in developing countries: The Experience of UNIDO[J]. Issues Paper of UNIDO.
[33]Grabher, G., (1993). The embedded firm: on the socioeconomics of industrial networks. London [M]. New York: Routledge.
[34]Greif , Avner (1993), Contract enforceability and economic institutions in early trade: the Maghribi traders’ coalition. American Economic Review, June , 1993.
[35]Guerrieri, P. and Pietrobelli, C. Models of Industrial Districts’ Evolution and Changes in Technological Regimes, Paper Prepared for the DRUID Summer Conference [M]. 2001:16.
[36]Hans, W., 2003. Implications of social capital for business in the knowledge economy: theoretical considerations. Paper presented for the “International Forum On Economic Implication of Social Capital. Tokyo, Japan.
[37] Humphrey,J.(1995). Industrial organizaiton and manufacuring competitiveness in developing countries. World development 23(1).
[38] Humphrey, J. and Schmitz, H. (2000).Governance and upgrading: linking industrial cluster and global value chain. IDS Working Paper 120, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
[39] Humphrey,J.& Schmitz,H.(2002).How does insertion in global value chains affect upgrading in industrial clusters? [J]. Regional Studies.36,(9).
[40]Humphrey ,J and Memedovic , The global automotive industry value chain : what prospect s for upgrading by developing count ries[EB/OL]. http :/ /www.unido.org / 2003
[41]Humphrey, J and Schmitz, H. (2004). Chain governance and upgrading : taking stock [A]. in Schmitz , H(ed).Local enterprises in t he global economy: issues of governance and upgrading [C].Cheltenham: Elgar.
[42]Johanson ,Jon. And L. G. Mattsson , (1985) :Marking Invesyments and Market Investment in Industrial Networks ,International[J].Journal of in Marking2(3).
[43]Kaplinsky R.(1993).Export processing zones in the Dominican republic:transforming manufactures into commodities[J].World Development,22(3).
[44]Kaplinsky.R and Morris.M. A Handbook for Value Chain Research[R]. Prepared for the IDRC,2001.
[45]Keeble D., Wilkinson(1999). Collective learning and knowledge development in the evolution of regional cluster of high technology SMEs in Europe[J]. Regional Studies.33(4).
[46]Kojima , K. (1978). Direct Foreign Investment: A Japanese Model of Multinational. Business Operations ,New York : Praeger Press.
[47]Lazerson M. H. and GLorenzoni (1999). The Firms that Feed Industrial Districts : a Return to the Italian Source[J] . Industrial and Corporate Change ,(8) .
[48]Lall S. (1983) . The New Multinationals: the Spread of Third World Enterprises[M]. New York : John Wiley & Sons.
[49]Lundvall B.A.(1992). National system of innovation, towards a theory of innovation and interactive learning[R]. London Printer.
[50]Makusen A., (1996). Sticky places in slippery space: A typology of Industrial districts[J].Economic Geography,72.
[51]M.P.van Dijk,(1999) .Small enterprise clusters in transition, a proposed typology and possible policies per type of cluster[R]. International research conference on business in development, local companies between social embeddedness and globalization, Copenhagen Business School,18-19 November.
[52]Mester,Lorrta J(1997).What's the point of credit scoring?[J].Philadelphia Federal Reserve: Business Review,(7/8).
[53]Moore, M.; Hamalai, L. 1993. Economic liberalization, political pluralism and business associations in developing countries[J], World Development, Vol. 21, No. 12.
[54]Nadvi K.(1999).Facing the new competition: Business associations in developing country industrial clusters[R]. DP/103/1999
[55]Nelson R.(1993).National innovation systems: a comparative analysis[M]. Oxford University Press.
[56]Padmore T., Gibson H.(1998). Modelling system s of innovation: a framework for industrial cluster analysis in regions[J], Research Policy 26:625-641.
[57]Petersen M.A, Rajan R.G.(2002). Does distance still matter?The information revolution in small business lending[J].Journal of Finance,57(6).
[58]Poon ,2004 .Beyond t he global production networks : a case of further upgrading of Taiwan’s information technology industry[J].Technology and Globalization , 1.
[59]Port, M.(1998). On Competation[M]. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
[60]Rabellotti, R. (1997). External economies and cooperation in industrial districts: a comparison of Italy and Mexico, London: Macmillan.
[61]Radosevic(2002). Regional innovation systems in Central and Eastern Europe: determinants, organizers and alignments[J]. Journal of Technology Transfer.
[62]Redman.J.,(1994).Understanding state economics through Industry studies[R].Council of Governors’ Policy Advisors. Washington.DC.
[63]Saxenian L.(1994). Regional advantage: culture and competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128[M]. Harvard Univ. Press, Combridge.
[64]Schmitz , H. and Knorringa , P.(2000). Learning from global buyers[J].Journal of Development Studies , 37 (2) .
[65]Schmitz,H. (1995) .Small shoemakers and fordist giants: tale of a supercluster [J].World Development , 23 (1) .
[66]Schmitz, H.(1995). Collective efficiency: growth path for samll-scale industry[J].Journal of development studies 34(4).
[67]Schmitz, H.(1997). Collective efficiency and increasing returns[R]. Institute of developing studies working paper 50. Brighton: University of Sussex.
[68]Schmitz, H., and Nadvi, K.(1999). Clustering and Industrialization: Introduction[J]. World Development 27(9),.
[69]Schmitz, H. (1999), Global Competition and Local Co-operation: Success and Failure in the Sinos Valley, Brazil[J]. World Development, 27 (9).
[70]Schneiberg ,Mark, and Hollingsworth , J.Rogers (1990). Can transaction cost economics explain trade associations?[A] In Masahiko Aoki , Bo Gustaffaon , and Oliver Williamson (eds), The Firm as a Nexus of Treaties (pp.320-346). London and Beverly Hills: Sage Pulications.
[71]ScottA,(1989).New Industrial spaces: flexible production organization and regional development in North America and Western Europe. London: pion, Ltd
[77]Scott W.al.(2001).The Effect of Credit Scoring on Small-Business Lending[J].Journal of Money Credit and banking,33(3).
[78]Sinha.(2005).Understanding the Rise and Transformation of Business Collective Action[EB/OL].http://www.bepress.com/bap/vol7/iss2/art2
[79]Swann et al.(1996). A comparison of the dynamics of industrial clustering in computing and biotechnology[J]. Research Policy25.
[80] 42]Tewari , M. , (1999). Successful adjustment in Indian industry : the case of Ludhiana’s woolen knitwear cluster [J].World Development, 27 (9) .
[81]Tichy G. (1998). Clusters, less dispensable and more risky than ever[A].M Steiner. Clusters and Regional Specializa-tion[ C].London: Pion Limited.
[82]Udo Staber. (1987).Corporatism and the governance structure of american trade associations. Political Studies XXXV.
[83]Uzzi, B., (1997). Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: the paradox of embeddedness, Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1).
[84]Vernon. R. (1966) . International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle Quarterly of Economics , May.
[85]Wells.L. (1983) . Third world multinationals: the rise of foreign investment from developing countries[M]. The MIT Press.
[86]埃德加 M 胡佛.区域经济学导论[M].北京:商务印书馆.1990.
[87]迈克尔?波特.国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002.
[88]迈克尔?波特.簇群与新竞争经济学[J].经济社会体制比较,2000,(2).
[89]布坎南.自由、市场和国家[M].北京:北京经济学院出版社,1988.
[90]布坎南、塔洛克.同意的计算:立宪民主制度的逻辑基础[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2001。
[91]保罗·克鲁格曼.地理和贸易[M].北京:人大出版社、北大出版社,2001.
[92]常敏.健全行业协会加强行业管理促进行业发展[J].中共杭州市委党校学报,2002 .1.
[93]陈剩勇等.组织化、自主治理与民主:浙江温州民间商会研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出社,2004.
[94]陈金罗.行业协会面临的困难与挑战[J].中国社团研究,2001,(6).
[95]陈宪、徐中振.体制转型和行业协会:上海培育和发展行业协会研究报告[M].上海:上海大学出版社,1999 .
[96]陈莹、王利刚.县域中小企业担保公司发展现状及问题分析:基于浙江省县域中小企业贷款担保公司的调研[J].乡镇经济.2004,(12).
[97]陈晓红,张卓琳.中小企业信用担保机构框架设计[J].经济管理.2005,(5).
[98]程学童、王祖强、李涛.集群式民营企业成长模式分析[M].北京:中国经济出社.2005.
[99]蔡宁、杨闩柱、吴结兵.企业集群风险的研究:一个基于网络的视角[J]中国工业经济 , 2003,(04).
[100]崔秀朋.行业协会组织在产业集群发展中的作用研究[EB/OL]. http://www.chinanpo.gov.cn/web/showBulltetin.do?id=24610
[101]储小华. 意大利产业区经济与浙江产业集群比较[J]. 政策瞭望,2004,(8).
[102]崔恒展、高灵芝.中国加入WTO 后行业协会面临的机遇和挑战[J].山东财政学院学报,2002 ,(3 ).
[103]董彦岭.中小企业银行信贷融资研究[D].南开大学博士研究生毕业论文,2003.
[104]董利娟.反倾销,行业协会作用重大[J].中国石油和化工,2002,(7).
[105]D.C.诺斯. 时间进程中的经济成效[J].经济社会体制比较,1995,(6).
[106]段海波.探索工业行业协会发展之路[J].武汉市经济管理干部学院学报.1999,(1).
[107]方芳、丁明星.中小企业战略性融资困境与最优融资策略[J].经济理论与经济管理.2006(8).
[108]符正平等.中小企业集群生成机制研究[M].广州:中山大学出版社,2004.
[109]付俊文,赵红.信息不对称下的中小企业信用担保数理分析[J].财经研究.2004,(7).
[110]高万东.中小企业信用担保机构功能缺陷分析[J].当代经济研究,2004,(10).
[111]龚世文,中小企业融资新思路:发挥集群融资优势[J].2007,(2).
[112]黄生妙,田银华.我国中小企业外源融资问题新探:一个网络社会环境下中小企业互助及银行-企业-政府三方联动式融资平台的构建[J].现代管理科学.2006,(8).
[113]贾西津等.转型时期的行业协会:角色、功能与管理体制[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004.
[114]井华.浅谈我国行业协会的管理与培育[J].民间组织研究.2005,(3).
[115]康晓光.行业协会何去何从[J].中国改革.2001,(4).
[116]课题组.有关行业协会的理论研究综述[J].中国农村观察,2003,(4).
[117]黎继子等. 全球价值链与中国地方产业集群的供应链式整合[J].中国工业经济, 2005,(2).
[118]林毅夫,李永军.中小金融机构发展与中小企业融资[J].经济研究.2001,(1).
[119]林竞君.网络、社会资本与集群生命周期研究[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2006.
[120]刘芹,陈继祥. 产业集群风险研究动态[J].科技进步与对策 , 2005, (10)
[121]刘友金.集群式创新[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2003.
[122]刘友金、杨继平.集群中企业协同竞争创新行为的博弈分析[J].系统工程,2002,(11).
[123]马慧琼.行业协会与企业竞争行为的引导[J].广西财政高等专科党校学报,2002,(7).
[124]M.迈耶, D.西尔斯著.发展经济学的先驱[M].北京:经济科学出版社,1988.
[125]马歇尔.经济学原理[M].北京:商务印书馆,1981.
[126]梅丽霞,柏遵华,聂鸣.试论地方产业集群的升级[J].科研管理,2005.(9).
[127]孟令君.中国行业协会发展对策的思考[J].中国民政,2002,(2).
[128]奥尔森.集体行动的逻辑[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1995.
[129]青木昌彦.比较制度分析[M].上海:上海远东出版社,2001.
[130]秦海.制度、演化与路径依赖[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社.2004.
[131]秦诗立,岑丞.商会:从交易成本视角的解释[J].上海经济研究,2002, (4).
[132]仇保兴.小企业集群研究[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,1999.
[133]齐东平.中间性组织的必要性及其组织功能[J].中国工业经济,2005,(3).
[134]孙丽军.行业协会的制度逻辑[D].复旦大学博士学位论文 2005.
[135]沈洪明.转型经济条件下民营中小企业融资和企业信用[J]. 管理世界.2006,(10).
[136]盛世豪、郑燕伟.“浙江现象”:产业集群与区域经济发展[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[137]宋远启,张美萍.中小企业集群式融资探讨[J].企业技术开发. 2007(1).
[138]汪洋.行业协会的作用将越来越大[N].经济参考报,2003-2-14.
[139]王缉慈等.创新的空间[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.
[140]王缉慈.关于发展创新型产业集群的建议[J]. 经济地理. 2004,(4).
[141]王缉慈.中国地方产业集群及其对发展中国家的意义[J].地域研究与开发,2004,(4).
[142]王文.关于行业协会有关问题的思考与探索[J].民间组织研究,2005,(1).
[143]王满四,邵国良.基于金融体系自身缺陷的中小民营企业融资障碍分析[J].经济经纬,2007,(1).
[144]文嫮等. 嵌入全球价值链的地方产业集群发展:地方建筑陶瓷产业集群研究[J]. 中国工业经济. 2004,(6).
[145] 文嫮等.从地方到全球:全球价值链框架下集群的升级研究[J].人文地理,2005,(4).
[146]文嫮.价值链空间形态演变下的治理模式研究——以集成电路(IC)产业为例[J].中国工业经济,2006,(2).
[147]文东.行业协会是缓解中小企业融资难的有效载体[J]. 金融理论与实践.2006,(7).
[148]魏后凯.对产业集群与竞争力关系的考察[J].经济管理,2003,(6).
[149]魏江.产业集群:创新系统与技术学习[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[150]吴祖联、赵文冕.温州商会:在服务与创新中成长[J].政策瞭望,2005,(3).
[152]W.B.阿瑟. 经济中的正反馈[J].经济社会体制比较,1998,(6).
[153]吴刚. “入世”与行业协会创新[J]. 北京行政学院学报,2001 ,(3 ).
[154]熊明华等.标准化促进嵊州市领带产业发展的实践与启示[J].世界标准化与质量管理,2003,(9).
[155]辛飞,孙永广,邓晶.日本中小企业信用风险度量及启示[J].金融理论与实践,2005,(7).
[156]徐康宁.产业集聚形成的原因和影响的研究[D].上海复旦大学博士论文2003.
[157] 徐康宁.开放经济中的产业集群与竞争力[J].中国工业经济,2001,(11) .
[158]许亚青、叶丽雅.温州企业间[J]. IT经理世界.2003.
[159]晏锦桃等.行业协会服务经营创新与规范化管理实务全书[M].广州:广东海燕电子音像出版社出版,2003.
[160]叶建亮.知识溢出与企业集群[J].经济科学,2001,(2).
[161]郁建兴等.在政府与企业之间:以温州商会为研究对象[M].杭州:浙江人民出版社,2004.
[162]余晖等.行业协会及其在中国的发展:理论与案例[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2002.
[163]余晖.行业协会组织的制度动力学原理[J].经济管理,2001,( 4).
[164]杨宇立.经济发达地区行业协会的现状及发展中面临的问题——以沪、穗、温州三地区为例的分析[J].上海经济研究,2002,(11).
[165]张旭昆、秦诗立.商会的激励机制[J].浙江大学学报,2003,(3).
[166]张辉.全球价值链理论与我国产业发展研究[J].中国工业经济,2004,(5).
[167]张辉.产业集群竞争力的内在经济机理[J].中国软科学,2003(1).
[168]张捷.中小企业的关系型借贷与银行组织结构[J].经济研究.2002,(6).
[169]赵祥.新制度主义路径依赖理论的发展[J].人文杂志2004,(6):54-60.
[170]赵黎清.NGO与可持续发展[M].北京:经济科学出版社,1998.
[171]张宏.行业协会的定位问题分析[J].中国物资流通,1996,(5).
[172]钟昌标. 行业协会: “入世”后企业管理运作的协调器[J].管理现代化.2000 ,(5).
[173]中国工经联行业协会工作委员会课题组. 改革工业行业协会[J].中国电力企业管理,2002,(2).
[174]郑安国等.国外非营利组织法规概要[M].北京:机械出版社,2000.
[175]朱耀垠.适应加入WTO 的新形势加快行业协会的发展[J].经济要参,2002,(16). [176朱嘉红,邬爱其.基于焦点企业成长的集群演进机理与模仿失败[J].外国经济与管理2004,(2).
[177]周好文、李辉.中小企业的关系型融资――实证研究及理论释义[J].山西财经大学学报,2004,(2).
[178]周新玲.中小企业信用担保体系建设研究――以浙江、湖北、山西三省为例[J].经济问题.2005,(1).
1 迈克尔·波特. 国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2001:127.
2 浙江“块状经济”发展报告[EB/OL]. http://www.raresd.com/bbsxp/ShowPost.asp?ThreadID=92
3 浙江“块状经济”发展报告[EB/OL]. http://www.raresd.com/bbsxp/ShowPost.asp?ThreadID=92
1浙江“块状经济”发展报告[EB/OL]. http://www.raresd.com/bbsxp/ShowPost.asp?ThreadID=92
1 Grabher, G., (1993). The embedded firm: On the socioeconomics of industrial networks. London [M]. New York: Routledge.
1 迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002:67.
2 保罗·克鲁格曼.地理与贸易[M].北京:北京大学出版社 2000:33-47.
3 仇保兴.小企业集群研究[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,1999:45.
4 网络分析最先为经济社会学引入,其有两个分析视角。一是将网络视为一种阐明于企业内部、企业间以及组织环境之中关系纽带的分析工作;另一种是将网络作为一种组织发展状态和逻辑治理结构。具体可参见:林竞君. 网络、社会资本与集群生命周期研究[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2006:63-82. Capello R.(1999). Spatial transfer of knowledge in high technology milieux: learning vs collective learning progress[J]. Regional Studies,33(4):352-365. Uzzi, B.,(1997). Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: the pradox of embeddedness[J].Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1):35-67. 王缉慈等.创新的空间[M]. 北京:北京大学出版社,2001:127-133.
1 迈克尔·波特.簇群与新竞争经济学[J].经济社会体制比较,2000,(2):22-32.
2 王缉慈等.创新的空间[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001:2.
1 亚当斯密.国民财富的性质和原因研究[M]. 北京:商务印书馆:1997:3.
1 刘友金.中小企业集群式创新[M]. 北京:中国经济出版社,2003:7-10.
1 马歇尔.经济学原理[M]. 北京:商务印书馆,1981:297-306..
2 保罗·克鲁格曼.地理与贸易[M].北京:北京大学出版社 2000:33-56..
3 仇保兴.小企业集群研究[M].上海:复旦大学出版社 1999:49-54.
1 苏东水主编.产业经济学[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社,2000:284.
2 厉无畏 王振.中国沿海地区产业升级[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2002:3.
1 文嫮、曾刚.从地方到全球:全球价值链框架下集群的升级研究[J].人文地理,2005(4):21-118.
2李恒.传统制造业集群升级的思考[EB/OL]. http://www.hnskl.org/Files/Article/25/20060518165953421875.htm
3 迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2001:96-107
4 仇保兴.小企业集群研究[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,1999:156-172.
1符正平等.中小企业集群生成机制研究[M].广州:中山大学出版社,2004:117-119.
1 迈克尔·波特.簇群与新竞争经济学[J].经济社会体制比较,2000, (2):22-32.
2 保罗·克鲁格曼.地理和贸易[M].北京:人大出版社、北大出版社,2001:37-42.
1 迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002:156.
1 王缉慈等.创新的空间[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.107-117.
2 魏江.产业集群:创新系统与技术学习[M].北京:科学出版社,2003:58-67.
3 刘友金.集群式创新[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2003:27-43.
1 转引自贾西津等.转型时期的行业协会:角色、功能与管理体制[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004:9.
2 马荣凯.市场中不可缺少的重要角色:看发达国家如何发挥行业协会的作用[N].经济日报,2002-1-10.
1 余晖等.行业协会及其在中国的发展:理论与案例[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2002:5-9.
2 郁建兴等.在政府与企业之间:以温州商会为研究对象[M].杭州:浙江人民出版社,2004:252.
3 贾西津等.转型时期的行业协会:角色、功能与管理体制[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004:1
4 崔秀朋. 行业协会组织在产业集群发展中的作用研究[EB/OL]. http://www.chinanpo.gov.cn/web/showBulltetin.do?id=24610&dictionid=1835&catid=&forward=print
1贾西津等.转型时期的行业协会:角色、功能与管理体制[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004.
2余晖等.行业协会及其在中国的发展:理论与案例[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2002.
3贾西津等.转型时期的行业协会:角色、功能与管理体制[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004.
1 Douglas J.Puffert. Path Dependence in Economic History.www.vwl.uni-muenchen.de/ls_komlos/pathe.pdf
1 W.B.阿瑟. 经济中的正反馈[J].经济社会体制比较,1998,(6):18-23.
2 D.C.诺斯. 时间进程中的经济成效[J].经济社会体制比较,1995,(6):18-23.
3 D.C.诺斯. 制度、制度变迁和经济绩效[M].上海:上海三联书店,1990:127.
4 D.C.诺斯. 制度、制度变迁和经济绩效[M].上海:上海三联书店,1990:128.
5 D.C.诺斯. 制度、制度变迁和经济绩效[M].上海:上海三联书店,1990:132.
1 林竞君.网络、社会资本与集群生命周期研究[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2006:232.
2 Hans, W., 2003. Implications of social capital for business in the knowledge economy: theoretical considerations. Paper presented for the “International Forum On Economic Implication of Social Capital. Tokyo, Japan.
3 林竞君.网络、社会资本与集群生命周期研究[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2006:235.
4 Crouch ,C. and Farrell, H.,2002. Breaking the path of institutional development? Alternatives to the new determinism. MPIFG Discussion Paper.
1 王瑞乘.混沌现象讲稿[EB/OL]. http://www.xjshchj1x.org/images/jiao'an1.doc
2 迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2001:116-117.
3 迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2001:77.
2埃德加·胡佛.区域经济学导论[M].北京:商务印书馆.1990:71.
1 黄松光.温州烟具行业组团论战欧中反倾销论[EB/OL]http://www.wzgcc.cn/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=2782.
2 本章关于温州打火机集群和烟具协会的案例,主要参考了: 程学童、王祖强、李涛.集群式民营企业成长模式分析[M].北京:中国经济出社.2005:194-208. 夏燕凌.温州小商品企业发展案例研究[D].上海海运学院硕士学位论文.2003. 温州打火机:一个关于财富的经典传[EB/OL].http://www.88088.com/wenzhou_model. 王晨.行业协会显示力量,温州打火机胜诉反倾销[EB/OL].http://www.ziqa.com.cn/news/message.asp. 朱平豆.温州打火机:凶狠的土狼群战术[EB/OL].http://www.zjol.com.cn/gb/node2. 袁亚平.温州民间协会的启示——探访温州市烟具行业协[EB/OL].http://www.people.com.cn/BIG5/jingji. 许亚青、叶丽雅.温州企业间[J]. IT 经理世界.2003,(16):33-37.
1 陈剩勇等.组织化、自主治理与民主[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004:167.
2 陈剩勇等.组织化、自主治理与民主[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004:66.
3 M·迈耶、D·西尔斯著.发展经济学的先驱[M].北京:经济科学出版社,1988:30.
1叶建亮.知识溢出与企业集群[J].经济科学,2001,(2):23-30.
1 刘友金、杨继平.集群中企业协同竞争创新行为的博弈分析[J].系统工程,2002(11):22-26.
1义乌玩具网. http://www.ywtoys.org http://www.ywtoys.org.
2发挥行业协会作用,促进笔业科技进步[EB/OL].http://www.china-writing.com.cn/2004fhhy.htm.
1 义乌玩具行业协会信息简报第 29 期[EB/OL].http://www.ywtoys.org/xxjb/index.htm.
2 义乌玩具行业协会信息简报各期[EB/OL].http://www.ywtoys.org/xxjb/index.htm.
1 虞锡君.集群内关键共性技术选择:以浙江为例[J].科研管理,2006,(1):80-84.
2 发挥行业协会作用,促进笔业科技进步[EB/OL].http://www.china-writing.com.cn/2004fhhy.htm
1 温州市行业协会职能的调查[EB/OL]. http://www.zjskw.gov.cn/sklweb/homepage.nsf/documentview/2006-11-27-03-67
2 SGS 永康工作者短期内成效明显[EB/OL]. http://zghzby.com/info.asp?id=396
3 义乌玩具行业协会信息简报第 27 期[EB/OL].http://www.ywtoys.org/xxjb/index.htm
1 发挥行业协会作用,促进笔业科技进步[EB/OL].http://www.china-writing.com.cn/2004fhhy.htm
1 迈克尔·波特. 国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2001:161.
1 转引自鲁桐.企业国际化阶段、测量方法及案例研究[J].世界经济.2000(3):9-18.
1 本节中,有关义乌的资料除特别注明外,均根据笔者 2006 年 7 月至 11 月调研所获资料整理。
1 陈晓文, 我市七大产业基地跻身“国家队” [N].义乌商报,2007-1-15.
2 中国小商品城去年成交额达 315 亿[EB/OL].http://www.izhaoshang.com/agent_new/showarticle.php?id=36695
3 迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2001:111.
1中国连续 12 年成为遭遇反倾销调查最多的国家[EB/OL].http://finance.sina.com.cn/j/20070505.shtml
1中国连续 12 年成为遭遇反倾销调查最多的国家[EB/OL].http://finance.sina.com.cn/j/20070505.shtml
1沈洪明.转型经济条件下民营中小企业融资和企业信用[J]. 管理世界.2006(10):53-60.
1 徐洪水.金融缺口和交易成本最小化:中小企业融资难题的成因与政策路径[J].金融研究,2001, (11):47-53.
2 高万东.中小企业信用担保机构功能缺陷分析[J].当代经济研究,2004,(10):65-67.
1温跃宽.美国中小企业的融资途径[J].新财经.2007(1):62-63.
1上海市金属结构行业协会积极为中小企业融资牵线搭桥[EB/OL].http://www.smca.com.cn/xiehui/index.htm.
1 汤文东.行业协会是缓解中小企业融资难的有效载体[J]. 金融理论与实践.2006(7):45-47.
2 破解中小企业融资难之探索[EB/OL]. http://henan.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/sjdixiansw/200704/20070404608871.html.
1 虞城小产业橇动大市场[EB/OL]. http://www.ha.xinhuanet.com/add/2006-04/16/content_6748647.htm
2 扬州市投资资本学会课题组.行业性、互助性形式的信用担保企业值得推广[EB/OL]. http://news.yztoday.com/81/2006-06-27/20060627-569726-81.shtml.
1 国家发改委、国家税务总局:关于免征营业税中小企业信用担保机构名单及取消名单[EB/OL]. http://www.smexm.gov.cn/2007-1/20071171007212554.htm
1 郁建兴等.在政府和企业之间[M]. 杭州:浙江人民出版社,2004:116-117.
1 陈剩勇等.组织化、自主治理与民主:浙江温州民间商会研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出社,2004:95.
2 陈剩勇等.组织化、自主治理与民主:浙江温州民间商会研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出社,2004:151.
1陈剩勇等.组织化、自主治理与民主:浙江温州民间商会研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出社,2004:151.
1郁建兴等.在政府和企业之间[M]. 杭州:浙江人民出版社,2004:197-199.
1 更详尽的资料,可参见陈剩勇等.组织化、自主治理与民主:浙江温州民间商会研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出社,2004:284-306.
1 杨宇立.经济发达地区行业协会的现状及发展中面临的问题:以沪、穗、温州三地区为例的分析[J].上海经济研究,2002,(11):39-44
[1]Ahokangas,P., Hyry,M.and Rasanen,P.(1999). Small technology-based firms in fast-growing regional cluster [J]. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, (2).
[2]Asheim B.T.(2002). Regional innovation systems: the integration of local sticky and global ubiquitous knowledge[J]. Journal of Technology Transfer.27.
[3]Bair , J and Gereffi ,G.(2001).Local clusters in global chains: the causes and consequences of export dynamism in Torreon’s blue jeans industry[J]. World Development , 29 (11) .
[4]Ballandi .M(1999). the industrial district in Marshall[A]. In Small firms and industrial districts in Italy[C]. Ed.Goodman and Bamford, London :Routledge.
[5].Baptista R., Swann G.P.(1998). Do firms in clusters innovation more?[J]. Research Policy,27.
[6]Bazan, L and Navas O.Alemán.(2003). Upgrading in global and national value chains: recent challenges and opportunities for the Sinos Valley footwear clusters, Brazil [R] Paper presented at t he EADI’s Workshop , Clusters and Global ValueChains in the North and the Third World , Novara , 2003
[7]Berger, Allen et al.(2005) Does function follow organizational form? Evidence from the lending practices of large and small banks[J].Journal of Financial economies,76(2).
[8]Brusco. S.(1990). The idea of Industrial districts: its genesis, In Pyke F. and Sengenberger W.(eds) Industrial districts and cooperation. ILO,1990, Geneva,11.
[9] Capello, R.(1998).Collective learning and the spatial transfer of knowledge: innovation processes in Italian high-tech milieux[A]. in Collective Learning Processes and Knowledge Development in the Evolution of Regional Clusters of High-Technology SMEs in Europe[C]. Keeble and C. Lawson eds. Cambridge: ESRC Center for Business Research, University of Cambridge.
[10]Capello R.(1999). Spatial transfer of knowledge in high technology milieux: learning vs collective learning progress. Regional Studies,33(4).
[11]Cook P.(1997). Regional innovation systems: institutional and organizational dimensions[J]. Research Policy, 26.
[12] Coviello N. E.,McAuley A. (1999) . Internationalization and smaller firm: A review of contemporary empirical research , Management International Review, 39.
[13]Crouch ,C. and Farrell, H.,2002. Breaking the path of institutional development? Alternatives to the new determinism[R]. MPIFG Discussion Paper.
[14]David G. Blanchflower.(1996). The role and influence of trade unions in the OECD. CEP Discussion Papers 0310.
[15]Dalum,B.,C.R.Pedersen,G.Villumsen(2002).Technological life cycles: regional clusters facing disruption[J].Urban Study.37.
[16]De Bresson, C. (Editor), (1996). Economic Interdependence and Innovation Activity[M]. Cheltenham.
[17]De Langen,P.W.(2002).Clustering and performance: the case of maritime clustering in the Netherlands Maritime[J]. Policy Analysis,29(3).
[18]Diemart Harhoff,Timm Konling(1998).Lending relationships in Germany- Empirical evidence from survey data[J].Journal of Banking & Finance 22( 1).
[19]Doner, Richard and Ben Schneider. (2000). The new institutional economics, business associations and development[R]. Discussion Papers Series N.110.
[20] Edquist.C.(1997).Institutions and organizations in systems of innovation: the state of the art[R].Working Paper, Linkoping University, Sweden.
[21]Enright,M.(2000) The globalization for competition and the localization of competitive advantage: policies toward regional clustering[A]. In Hood,N. and Young S(Eds). Globalization of Multinational Enterprise and Economic Development[C].Macmillan
[22]Fahy J . (2002) . A resource - based analysis of sustainable competitive advantage in a global environment[J]. International Business Review , 11.
[23]Fernando Alberti. 2001. The governance of industrial districts: a theoretical footing proposal. Liuc Papers. N..82..
[24]Freeman C.(1987). Technology and policy and economic performance: lessons from Japan[R]. Printer, London.
[25]Fritz,O.(1998).A risk-oriented analysis of regional clusters[A].Clusters and Regional Specialization[C]. Published by Pion Limited, Brondesbury Park,London.
[26]Gereffi,G.Humphrey,J.and Sturgeon,T. (2005) .The governance of global value chain[J],Review of International Political Economy,.Vol.12.
[27]Gereffi , G. (1999). Industrial upgrading in the apparel commodity chain : what can Mexico learn from East Asia? [R]Paper presented at International Conference on Business Transformations and Social Change in East Asia .
[28]Gereffi , G. (1999).International trade and industrial upgrading in t he apparel commodity chain[J] . Journal of International Economics , 1 (48) .
[29]Gereffi, G. and Memodovic, O. (2003) .The global apparel value chain: what prospects for upgrading by developing countries?[R] UNIDO. Sectoral Studies Series.
[30]Gibbon,P.(2001).Upgrading primary products: a global value chain approach[J]. World Development,29(2): 345–63
[31]Gilsing,V.(2000). Cluster governance: how clusters can adapt and renew over time[R]. Paper for the DRUID Conferenc, Copenhagen.
[32]Giovana, C., and Dini,(1999).M. Small enterprises cluster and network development in developing countries: The Experience of UNIDO[J]. Issues Paper of UNIDO.
[33]Grabher, G., (1993). The embedded firm: on the socioeconomics of industrial networks. London [M]. New York: Routledge.
[34]Greif , Avner (1993), Contract enforceability and economic institutions in early trade: the Maghribi traders’ coalition. American Economic Review, June , 1993.
[35]Guerrieri, P. and Pietrobelli, C. Models of Industrial Districts’ Evolution and Changes in Technological Regimes, Paper Prepared for the DRUID Summer Conference [M]. 2001:16.
[36]Hans, W., 2003. Implications of social capital for business in the knowledge economy: theoretical considerations. Paper presented for the “International Forum On Economic Implication of Social Capital. Tokyo, Japan.
[37] Humphrey,J.(1995). Industrial organizaiton and manufacuring competitiveness in developing countries. World development 23(1).
[38] Humphrey, J. and Schmitz, H. (2000).Governance and upgrading: linking industrial cluster and global value chain. IDS Working Paper 120, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
[39] Humphrey,J.& Schmitz,H.(2002).How does insertion in global value chains affect upgrading in industrial clusters? [J]. Regional Studies.36,(9).
[40]Humphrey ,J and Memedovic , The global automotive industry value chain : what prospect s for upgrading by developing count ries[EB/OL]. http :/ /www.unido.org / 2003
[41]Humphrey, J and Schmitz, H. (2004). Chain governance and upgrading : taking stock [A]. in Schmitz , H(ed).Local enterprises in t he global economy: issues of governance and upgrading [C].Cheltenham: Elgar.
[42]Johanson ,Jon. And L. G. Mattsson , (1985) :Marking Invesyments and Market Investment in Industrial Networks ,International[J].Journal of in Marking2(3).
[43]Kaplinsky R.(1993).Export processing zones in the Dominican republic:transforming manufactures into commodities[J].World Development,22(3).
[44]Kaplinsky.R and Morris.M. A Handbook for Value Chain Research[R]. Prepared for the IDRC,2001.
[45]Keeble D., Wilkinson(1999). Collective learning and knowledge development in the evolution of regional cluster of high technology SMEs in Europe[J]. Regional Studies.33(4).
[46]Kojima , K. (1978). Direct Foreign Investment: A Japanese Model of Multinational. Business Operations ,New York : Praeger Press.
[47]Lazerson M. H. and GLorenzoni (1999). The Firms that Feed Industrial Districts : a Return to the Italian Source[J] . Industrial and Corporate Change ,(8) .
[48]Lall S. (1983) . The New Multinationals: the Spread of Third World Enterprises[M]. New York : John Wiley & Sons.
[49]Lundvall B.A.(1992). National system of innovation, towards a theory of innovation and interactive learning[R]. London Printer.
[50]Makusen A., (1996). Sticky places in slippery space: A typology of Industrial districts[J].Economic Geography,72.
[51]M.P.van Dijk,(1999) .Small enterprise clusters in transition, a proposed typology and possible policies per type of cluster[R]. International research conference on business in development, local companies between social embeddedness and globalization, Copenhagen Business School,18-19 November.
[52]Mester,Lorrta J(1997).What's the point of credit scoring?[J].Philadelphia Federal Reserve: Business Review,(7/8).
[53]Moore, M.; Hamalai, L. 1993. Economic liberalization, political pluralism and business associations in developing countries[J], World Development, Vol. 21, No. 12.
[54]Nadvi K.(1999).Facing the new competition: Business associations in developing country industrial clusters[R]. DP/103/1999
[55]Nelson R.(1993).National innovation systems: a comparative analysis[M]. Oxford University Press.
[56]Padmore T., Gibson H.(1998). Modelling system s of innovation: a framework for industrial cluster analysis in regions[J], Research Policy 26:625-641.
[57]Petersen M.A, Rajan R.G.(2002). Does distance still matter?The information revolution in small business lending[J].Journal of Finance,57(6).
[58]Poon ,2004 .Beyond t he global production networks : a case of further upgrading of Taiwan’s information technology industry[J].Technology and Globalization , 1.
[59]Port, M.(1998). On Competation[M]. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
[60]Rabellotti, R. (1997). External economies and cooperation in industrial districts: a comparison of Italy and Mexico, London: Macmillan.
[61]Radosevic(2002). Regional innovation systems in Central and Eastern Europe: determinants, organizers and alignments[J]. Journal of Technology Transfer.
[62]Redman.J.,(1994).Understanding state economics through Industry studies[R].Council of Governors’ Policy Advisors. Washington.DC.
[63]Saxenian L.(1994). Regional advantage: culture and competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128[M]. Harvard Univ. Press, Combridge.
[64]Schmitz , H. and Knorringa , P.(2000). Learning from global buyers[J].Journal of Development Studies , 37 (2) .
[65]Schmitz,H. (1995) .Small shoemakers and fordist giants: tale of a supercluster [J].World Development , 23 (1) .
[66]Schmitz, H.(1995). Collective efficiency: growth path for samll-scale industry[J].Journal of development studies 34(4).
[67]Schmitz, H.(1997). Collective efficiency and increasing returns[R]. Institute of developing studies working paper 50. Brighton: University of Sussex.
[68]Schmitz, H., and Nadvi, K.(1999). Clustering and Industrialization: Introduction[J]. World Development 27(9),.
[69]Schmitz, H. (1999), Global Competition and Local Co-operation: Success and Failure in the Sinos Valley, Brazil[J]. World Development, 27 (9).
[70]Schneiberg ,Mark, and Hollingsworth , J.Rogers (1990). Can transaction cost economics explain trade associations?[A] In Masahiko Aoki , Bo Gustaffaon , and Oliver Williamson (eds), The Firm as a Nexus of Treaties (pp.320-346). London and Beverly Hills: Sage Pulications.
[71]ScottA,(1989).New Industrial spaces: flexible production organization and regional development in North America and Western Europe. London: pion, Ltd
[77]Scott W.al.(2001).The Effect of Credit Scoring on Small-Business Lending[J].Journal of Money Credit and banking,33(3).
[78]Sinha.(2005).Understanding the Rise and Transformation of Business Collective Action[EB/OL].http://www.bepress.com/bap/vol7/iss2/art2
[79]Swann et al.(1996). A comparison of the dynamics of industrial clustering in computing and biotechnology[J]. Research Policy25.
[80] 42]Tewari , M. , (1999). Successful adjustment in Indian industry : the case of Ludhiana’s woolen knitwear cluster [J].World Development, 27 (9) .
[81]Tichy G. (1998). Clusters, less dispensable and more risky than ever[A].M Steiner. Clusters and Regional Specializa-tion[ C].London: Pion Limited.
[82]Udo Staber. (1987).Corporatism and the governance structure of american trade associations. Political Studies XXXV.
[83]Uzzi, B., (1997). Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: the paradox of embeddedness, Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1).
[84]Vernon. R. (1966) . International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle Quarterly of Economics , May.
[85]Wells.L. (1983) . Third world multinationals: the rise of foreign investment from developing countries[M]. The MIT Press.
[86]埃德加 M 胡佛.区域经济学导论[M].北京:商务印书馆.1990.
[87]迈克尔?波特.国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002.
[88]迈克尔?波特.簇群与新竞争经济学[J].经济社会体制比较,2000,(2).
[89]布坎南.自由、市场和国家[M].北京:北京经济学院出版社,1988.
[90]布坎南、塔洛克.同意的计算:立宪民主制度的逻辑基础[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2001。
[91]保罗·克鲁格曼.地理和贸易[M].北京:人大出版社、北大出版社,2001.
[92]常敏.健全行业协会加强行业管理促进行业发展[J].中共杭州市委党校学报,2002 .1.
[93]陈剩勇等.组织化、自主治理与民主:浙江温州民间商会研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出社,2004.
[94]陈金罗.行业协会面临的困难与挑战[J].中国社团研究,2001,(6).
[95]陈宪、徐中振.体制转型和行业协会:上海培育和发展行业协会研究报告[M].上海:上海大学出版社,1999 .
[96]陈莹、王利刚.县域中小企业担保公司发展现状及问题分析:基于浙江省县域中小企业贷款担保公司的调研[J].乡镇经济.2004,(12).
[97]陈晓红,张卓琳.中小企业信用担保机构框架设计[J].经济管理.2005,(5).
[98]程学童、王祖强、李涛.集群式民营企业成长模式分析[M].北京:中国经济出社.2005.
[99]蔡宁、杨闩柱、吴结兵.企业集群风险的研究:一个基于网络的视角[J]中国工业经济 , 2003,(04).
[100]崔秀朋.行业协会组织在产业集群发展中的作用研究[EB/OL]. http://www.chinanpo.gov.cn/web/showBulltetin.do?id=24610
[101]储小华. 意大利产业区经济与浙江产业集群比较[J]. 政策瞭望,2004,(8).
[102]崔恒展、高灵芝.中国加入WTO 后行业协会面临的机遇和挑战[J].山东财政学院学报,2002 ,(3 ).
[103]董彦岭.中小企业银行信贷融资研究[D].南开大学博士研究生毕业论文,2003.
[104]董利娟.反倾销,行业协会作用重大[J].中国石油和化工,2002,(7).
[105]D.C.诺斯. 时间进程中的经济成效[J].经济社会体制比较,1995,(6).
[106]段海波.探索工业行业协会发展之路[J].武汉市经济管理干部学院学报.1999,(1).
[107]方芳、丁明星.中小企业战略性融资困境与最优融资策略[J].经济理论与经济管理.2006(8).
[108]符正平等.中小企业集群生成机制研究[M].广州:中山大学出版社,2004.
[109]付俊文,赵红.信息不对称下的中小企业信用担保数理分析[J].财经研究.2004,(7).
[110]高万东.中小企业信用担保机构功能缺陷分析[J].当代经济研究,2004,(10).
[111]龚世文,中小企业融资新思路:发挥集群融资优势[J].2007,(2).
[112]黄生妙,田银华.我国中小企业外源融资问题新探:一个网络社会环境下中小企业互助及银行-企业-政府三方联动式融资平台的构建[J].现代管理科学.2006,(8).
[113]贾西津等.转型时期的行业协会:角色、功能与管理体制[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004.
[114]井华.浅谈我国行业协会的管理与培育[J].民间组织研究.2005,(3).
[115]康晓光.行业协会何去何从[J].中国改革.2001,(4).
[116]课题组.有关行业协会的理论研究综述[J].中国农村观察,2003,(4).
[117]黎继子等. 全球价值链与中国地方产业集群的供应链式整合[J].中国工业经济, 2005,(2).
[118]林毅夫,李永军.中小金融机构发展与中小企业融资[J].经济研究.2001,(1).
[119]林竞君.网络、社会资本与集群生命周期研究[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2006.
[120]刘芹,陈继祥. 产业集群风险研究动态[J].科技进步与对策 , 2005, (10)
[121]刘友金.集群式创新[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2003.
[122]刘友金、杨继平.集群中企业协同竞争创新行为的博弈分析[J].系统工程,2002,(11).
[123]马慧琼.行业协会与企业竞争行为的引导[J].广西财政高等专科党校学报,2002,(7).
[124]M.迈耶, D.西尔斯著.发展经济学的先驱[M].北京:经济科学出版社,1988.
[125]马歇尔.经济学原理[M].北京:商务印书馆,1981.
[126]梅丽霞,柏遵华,聂鸣.试论地方产业集群的升级[J].科研管理,2005.(9).
[127]孟令君.中国行业协会发展对策的思考[J].中国民政,2002,(2).
[128]奥尔森.集体行动的逻辑[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1995.
[129]青木昌彦.比较制度分析[M].上海:上海远东出版社,2001.
[130]秦海.制度、演化与路径依赖[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社.2004.
[131]秦诗立,岑丞.商会:从交易成本视角的解释[J].上海经济研究,2002, (4).
[132]仇保兴.小企业集群研究[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,1999.
[133]齐东平.中间性组织的必要性及其组织功能[J].中国工业经济,2005,(3).
[134]孙丽军.行业协会的制度逻辑[D].复旦大学博士学位论文 2005.
[135]沈洪明.转型经济条件下民营中小企业融资和企业信用[J]. 管理世界.2006,(10).
[136]盛世豪、郑燕伟.“浙江现象”:产业集群与区域经济发展[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[137]宋远启,张美萍.中小企业集群式融资探讨[J].企业技术开发. 2007(1).
[138]汪洋.行业协会的作用将越来越大[N].经济参考报,2003-2-14.
[139]王缉慈等.创新的空间[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.
[140]王缉慈.关于发展创新型产业集群的建议[J]. 经济地理. 2004,(4).
[141]王缉慈.中国地方产业集群及其对发展中国家的意义[J].地域研究与开发,2004,(4).
[142]王文.关于行业协会有关问题的思考与探索[J].民间组织研究,2005,(1).
[143]王满四,邵国良.基于金融体系自身缺陷的中小民营企业融资障碍分析[J].经济经纬,2007,(1).
[144]文嫮等. 嵌入全球价值链的地方产业集群发展:地方建筑陶瓷产业集群研究[J]. 中国工业经济. 2004,(6).
[145] 文嫮等.从地方到全球:全球价值链框架下集群的升级研究[J].人文地理,2005,(4).
[146]文嫮.价值链空间形态演变下的治理模式研究——以集成电路(IC)产业为例[J].中国工业经济,2006,(2).
[147]文东.行业协会是缓解中小企业融资难的有效载体[J]. 金融理论与实践.2006,(7).
[148]魏后凯.对产业集群与竞争力关系的考察[J].经济管理,2003,(6).
[149]魏江.产业集群:创新系统与技术学习[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[150]吴祖联、赵文冕.温州商会:在服务与创新中成长[J].政策瞭望,2005,(3).
[152]W.B.阿瑟. 经济中的正反馈[J].经济社会体制比较,1998,(6).
[153]吴刚. “入世”与行业协会创新[J]. 北京行政学院学报,2001 ,(3 ).
[154]熊明华等.标准化促进嵊州市领带产业发展的实践与启示[J].世界标准化与质量管理,2003,(9).
[155]辛飞,孙永广,邓晶.日本中小企业信用风险度量及启示[J].金融理论与实践,2005,(7).
[156]徐康宁.产业集聚形成的原因和影响的研究[D].上海复旦大学博士论文2003.
[157] 徐康宁.开放经济中的产业集群与竞争力[J].中国工业经济,2001,(11) .
[158]许亚青、叶丽雅.温州企业间[J]. IT经理世界.2003.
[159]晏锦桃等.行业协会服务经营创新与规范化管理实务全书[M].广州:广东海燕电子音像出版社出版,2003.
[160]叶建亮.知识溢出与企业集群[J].经济科学,2001,(2).
[161]郁建兴等.在政府与企业之间:以温州商会为研究对象[M].杭州:浙江人民出版社,2004.
[162]余晖等.行业协会及其在中国的发展:理论与案例[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2002.
[163]余晖.行业协会组织的制度动力学原理[J].经济管理,2001,( 4).
[164]杨宇立.经济发达地区行业协会的现状及发展中面临的问题——以沪、穗、温州三地区为例的分析[J].上海经济研究,2002,(11).
[165]张旭昆、秦诗立.商会的激励机制[J].浙江大学学报,2003,(3).
[166]张辉.全球价值链理论与我国产业发展研究[J].中国工业经济,2004,(5).
[167]张辉.产业集群竞争力的内在经济机理[J].中国软科学,2003(1).
[168]张捷.中小企业的关系型借贷与银行组织结构[J].经济研究.2002,(6).
[169]赵祥.新制度主义路径依赖理论的发展[J].人文杂志2004,(6):54-60.
[170]赵黎清.NGO与可持续发展[M].北京:经济科学出版社,1998.
[171]张宏.行业协会的定位问题分析[J].中国物资流通,1996,(5).
[172]钟昌标. 行业协会: “入世”后企业管理运作的协调器[J].管理现代化.2000 ,(5).
[173]中国工经联行业协会工作委员会课题组. 改革工业行业协会[J].中国电力企业管理,2002,(2).
[174]郑安国等.国外非营利组织法规概要[M].北京:机械出版社,2000.
[175]朱耀垠.适应加入WTO 的新形势加快行业协会的发展[J].经济要参,2002,(16). [176朱嘉红,邬爱其.基于焦点企业成长的集群演进机理与模仿失败[J].外国经济与管理2004,(2).
[177]周好文、李辉.中小企业的关系型融资――实证研究及理论释义[J].山西财经大学学报,2004,(2).
[178]周新玲.中小企业信用担保体系建设研究――以浙江、湖北、山西三省为例[J].经济问题.2005,(1).