汉越让步复句对比及越南学生学习汉语步复句偏误分析
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摘要
让步复句是现代汉语中最典型、最常用的一个句式,而现代汉语让步复句使用关联词语的方式与越南语有同有异。我们在学习汉语和汉语教学的过程当中,发现越南学生使用让步复句时经常出现各种错误。习得让步复句时关联词语的选择、其他成分搭配等,一直是越南学生学习的难点。通过资料检索我们发现目前还没有人对“汉越让步复句对比及越南学生学习汉语让步复句偏误分析”进行详细地研究。因此,本文在前人研究成果的基础上进行汉越让步复句对比,并采取问卷测试的形式,运用语言对比,偏误考察的方法,分析越南学生让步复句偏误,归纳偏误类型,找出偏误产生的主要原因,最后提出一些教学建议。
论文主体内容分为对比、偏误分析和教学建议。通过对比,我们发现,汉越让步复句分类不同,如汉语让步复句分成四类,而越南语中让步复句只分成三类。汉语中让步复句的关联词语一般不能混用,但越语中让步复句的关联词语除了“固然(Tat nhien)、宁可(Tha la)"之外,大部分都可以混用。正因为如此,越南学生因受母语的影响常出现各种各样错误。如汉语的“虽然、即使、不管、尽管”等使用的条件不同,但都可以翻译成越南语‘‘Tuy, Du, Cho du, Du rang, Mac du等”中的任何一个,所以在应该用“即使”的情况时,学生却用了“不管”或“尽管”,在应该用“不管”(因为出现正反疑问形式,选择疑问形式)的情况时,学生却用了“尽管”等。最常出现错误的关联词语包括“即使、不管、尽管、固然”。本论文最后针对调查结果,进行偏误分析,并提出一些教学建议,希望今后对对外汉语教学有所帮助。
The concessive complex sentence is one of the most typical and commonly used in modern Chinese. However, there're some similarities and differences between modern Chinese and Vietnamese in using relative conjunctions. In the process of learning and teaching English, we have found that Vietnamese students often make all kinds of mistakes when using the concessive complex sentence. Learning the concessive complex sentence, Vietnamese students have found some are too difficult to acquire, such as the choice of relative conjunctions, collocation with other elements, and so on. Through observing all the retrievals, we have found that so far there's yet nobody has made detailed study on "the contrast of the concessive complex sentence between Chinese and Vietnamese and the analysis on errors made in using the concessive complex sentence by Vietnamese students". Therefore, on the basis of previous research achievements, this thesis tries to study the contrast of the concessive complex sentence between Chinese and Vietnamese. By adopting the form of questionnaire, and applying the methods of contrastive analysis and errors investigation, we have summed up the types of errors made by Vietnamese students in using the concessive complex sentence, found out the main causes leading to errors and finally put forward some teaching suggestions.
The thesis consists of contrast、error analysis and teaching suggestions. By comparison, it's found that the classification of the concessive complex sentence is different between Chinese and Vietnamese. In fact, it's divided into four categories in Chinese, while only three in Vietnamese. Moreover, relative conjunctions in Chinese usually can't be mixed use, but in Vietnamese most of them could be mixed use, except for "guran(Tat nhien)、ninke(Tha la)". Thus, Vietnamese students has made many kinds of mistakes due to the influence of their mother language. For example, the service conditions of "suiran、jish、buguan、jinguan" in Chinese are different, but they can all be translated into any of "Tuy, Du, Cho du, Du rang, Mac du" in Vietnamese, which always make students confused. In many cases, students have mistaken "buguan" or "jinguan" for "jishi", or the case in turn. The relative conjunctions which are often misused include "jishi、buguan、jinguan、guran". In the end of the thesis, we have done the error analysis based on the investigation results, and offered some teaching suggestions, hoping that could do some favor for teaching Chinese as a foreign language.
论文主体内容分为对比、偏误分析和教学建议。通过对比,我们发现,汉越让步复句分类不同,如汉语让步复句分成四类,而越南语中让步复句只分成三类。汉语中让步复句的关联词语一般不能混用,但越语中让步复句的关联词语除了“固然(Tat nhien)、宁可(Tha la)"之外,大部分都可以混用。正因为如此,越南学生因受母语的影响常出现各种各样错误。如汉语的“虽然、即使、不管、尽管”等使用的条件不同,但都可以翻译成越南语‘‘Tuy, Du, Cho du, Du rang, Mac du等”中的任何一个,所以在应该用“即使”的情况时,学生却用了“不管”或“尽管”,在应该用“不管”(因为出现正反疑问形式,选择疑问形式)的情况时,学生却用了“尽管”等。最常出现错误的关联词语包括“即使、不管、尽管、固然”。本论文最后针对调查结果,进行偏误分析,并提出一些教学建议,希望今后对对外汉语教学有所帮助。
The concessive complex sentence is one of the most typical and commonly used in modern Chinese. However, there're some similarities and differences between modern Chinese and Vietnamese in using relative conjunctions. In the process of learning and teaching English, we have found that Vietnamese students often make all kinds of mistakes when using the concessive complex sentence. Learning the concessive complex sentence, Vietnamese students have found some are too difficult to acquire, such as the choice of relative conjunctions, collocation with other elements, and so on. Through observing all the retrievals, we have found that so far there's yet nobody has made detailed study on "the contrast of the concessive complex sentence between Chinese and Vietnamese and the analysis on errors made in using the concessive complex sentence by Vietnamese students". Therefore, on the basis of previous research achievements, this thesis tries to study the contrast of the concessive complex sentence between Chinese and Vietnamese. By adopting the form of questionnaire, and applying the methods of contrastive analysis and errors investigation, we have summed up the types of errors made by Vietnamese students in using the concessive complex sentence, found out the main causes leading to errors and finally put forward some teaching suggestions.
The thesis consists of contrast、error analysis and teaching suggestions. By comparison, it's found that the classification of the concessive complex sentence is different between Chinese and Vietnamese. In fact, it's divided into four categories in Chinese, while only three in Vietnamese. Moreover, relative conjunctions in Chinese usually can't be mixed use, but in Vietnamese most of them could be mixed use, except for "guran(Tat nhien)、ninke(Tha la)". Thus, Vietnamese students has made many kinds of mistakes due to the influence of their mother language. For example, the service conditions of "suiran、jish、buguan、jinguan" in Chinese are different, but they can all be translated into any of "Tuy, Du, Cho du, Du rang, Mac du" in Vietnamese, which always make students confused. In many cases, students have mistaken "buguan" or "jinguan" for "jishi", or the case in turn. The relative conjunctions which are often misused include "jishi、buguan、jinguan、guran". In the end of the thesis, we have done the error analysis based on the investigation results, and offered some teaching suggestions, hoping that could do some favor for teaching Chinese as a foreign language.
引文
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[2]高更生,王红旗.汉语教学语法研究[M].北京：语文出版社,1996.
[3]高明凯.汉语语法论[M].北京：商务印书馆,1996.
[4]高志胜.现代汉语让步连词研究综述[J].江苏：南京师范大学国际文化教育学院学报,2008
[5]黄敏中.实用越语语法[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1997.
[6]兰兵汉.汉语语法分析理论与实践[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2002.
[7]黎锦熙.新著国语文法[M].北京：商务印书馆,1998.
[8]李依霖.越南学生学习汉语语法常见的四种偏误分析[D].广西：广西师范大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[9]李英哲.实用汉语参考语法[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1990.
[10]鲁健骥.外国人学习汉语的语法偏误分析[J].语言教学与研究,1994.
[11]陆俭明.汉语中表示主从关系的连词[J].北京：北京大学学报,1983.
[12]陆俭明.卷首语[J].语言文字应用,1999.
[13]陆庆和.实用对外汉语教学语法[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1999.
[14]钱多.对外汉语教学中的转折复句研究[D].沈阳：沈阳师范大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[15]吕叔湘.现代汉语八百词[M].北京：商务印书馆,1999.
[16]刘谦功.外国学生汉语让步式复句习得研究及教学新思路[D].北京：北京语言文化大学硕士学位论文,2000.
[17]刘月华.实用现代汉语语法[M].北京：商务印书馆,2001.
[18]刘英林.汉语水平等级标准与语法等级大纲[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1996.
[19]罗青松.对外汉语语篇教学初探[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1999.
[20]马建忠.马氏文通[M].北京：商务印书馆,2000.
[21]马真.简明实用汉语语法教程[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1997.
[22]任惠淑.汉韩让步复句对比[D].吉林：延边大学硕士论文学位,2009.
[23]唐永宝.中级班越南留学生汉语复句偏误考察[D].广西：广西师范大学硕士学位论文2004.
[24]王力.中国现代语法[M].北京：商务印书馆,1985.
[25]邢福义.汉语复句研究[M].北京：商务印书馆,2001.
[26]邢福义.汉语语法三百问[M].北京：商务印书馆,2002.
[27]张谊生.现代汉语虚词[M].上海：华东师范大学出版社,2000.
[28]周刚.连词与相关联词题[M].安徽：：安徽出版社,2002.
[29]周小兵,朱其智,邓小宁.外国人学习汉语语法偏误研究[M].北京：北京语言大学出版社,2010.
[30]张宝林.连词的再分类[J].词类问题考查.北京：北京语言学院，1996.
[31]中国社会科学院语言研究所词典.现代汉语词典[M].北京：商务印书馆,2005.
[32]DIEP QUANG BAN.NGU PHAP VIET NAM[M].HA NOI: NHA XUAT BAN QUOC GIA VIET NAM(叶光斑.越南语法[M].河内：越南国家出版社,2009.)
[33]HOANG PHE.TU DIEN TIENG VIET[M].DA NANG: NHA XUAT BAN DA NANG,2001(黄批.越语词典[M].岘港：岘港出版社,2001.)
[34]NGUYEN CHI HOA.NGU PHAP TIENG VIET THUC HANH[M].HA NOI: NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI,2004(阮志和.实用越语语法[M].河内：河内国家大学出版社,2004.)
[35]NGUYEN VAN THUYET,NGUYEN VAN HIEP.TIENG VIET THUC HANH [M].HA NOI:NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC,1997(阮文说,阮文协.实用越语[M].河内：教育学出版社,1997.)
[36]V.S.PANFILOV.CO CAU NGU PHAP TIENG VIET[M].HA NOI:NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC(V.S.PANFILOV越南语语法机构[M].河内：教育出版社,2008.)
[37]SELINKER.INTER LANGUAGE.IRAL[M].1972.