基于GIS与AHP-Fuzzy绿色食品产地环境质量综合评价
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摘要
绿色食品强调出自优良的生态环境,其产地的生态环境质量状况是影响绿色食品产品质量的最基础因素,产地环境质量状况的优劣使绿色食品的发展受到限制,对产地进行环境质量状况调查、监测和评价,在保护产地环境质量、提高产品质量、保护生态环境方面具有重要意义。
本文以北京市房山区为典型地区,对房山区大气、水、土壤等环境因素利用GPS进行定位采集样品和分析、测试的基础上,对房山区绿色食品生产基地进行AHP-Fuzzy法综合评价,力求通过本研究寻找一种对于类似情况普遍适用的绿色食品生产基地环境质量评价方法;利用GIS技术与地统计学相结合的分析方法,对房山区土壤养分元素指标和土壤重金属元素指标进行空间分析,分析并揭示各元素的空间分布格局及发展趋势,通过本文研究得出以下结论:
(1)按照最大隶属度原则,各乡镇土壤养分状况均属于Ⅰ级优良水平,均可发展绿色食品,大安山、河北、南窖、蒲洼等地环境质量最优(隶属度大于0.9),琉璃河由于碱解氮、有机质、速效磷含量水平低于Ⅰ级限值,而使其环境质量较低(隶属度仅为0.6486)。
(2)按照最大隶属度原则,各乡镇土壤重金属污染状况均属于Ⅰ级清洁水平,均可发展绿色食品,长阳、大安山、窦店等等地最优(隶属度大于0.97),河北、燕山地区由于铜、铬、镉、汞含量,十渡、霞云岭由于铜、铬、镉等元素含量超过Ⅰ级标准限值,使其由清洁水平逐步向尚清洁水平发展。
(3)对房山区土壤环境质量进行模糊综合评价,结果表明:房山区22个乡镇土壤环境质量均属于Ⅰ级水平,总体土壤状况优良,大安山、蒲洼、南窖、史家营等地最优(隶属度大于0.85),但窦店、琉璃河、十渡、霞云岭、燕山地区由于个别重金属元素含量的超标或土壤养分缺乏使得这些地区的总体状况不如其它地区好。
(4)按照最大隶属度原则,房山区水环境质量均属于Ⅰ级清洁水平,但也应该看到良乡,韩村河地区清洁水平下降,可能由于石化污染导致水质降低。
(5)AHP-Fuzzy综合评价模型,将定性和定量的分析有机地结合起来,既能体现评价因素和评价过程的模糊性,又尽量减少个人主观臆断所带来的弊端,可较好地克服这种非此即彼的不科学性,评价结果较符合客观实际。
(6)本文在长阳镇水碾屯和十渡镇二渡千河口设置监测点测量大气二氧化硫、可吸入颗粒物浓度,监测结果表明:二氧化硫均未超过一级标准限值(GB3095-1996),PM_(10)未超过二级污染物限值(GB3095-1996),该地区的大气环境不会对绿色食品产地造成较大得影响。
(7)通过GIS技术对土壤养分元素进行空间克立格(Kriging)插值,插值结果表明:土壤类型及成土母质差异是决定其含量水平高低的重要因素。碱解氮、全氮含量由山区向平原地区呈现递减趋势分布;十渡、蒲洼、良乡等地速效钾含量较低,建议增加钾肥施用量;成土母质类型差异是导致农业区土壤速效磷含量明显高于平原地区速效磷含量的主要原因;土壤背景值是影响山区有机质含量大于平原地区含量的最主要因素,有机肥施用、秸秆还田也可能使其含量提高。
(8)通过GIS技术对土壤重金属元素进行空间克立格(Kriging)插值,插值结果表明:土壤中十渡、蒲洼、河北、青龙湖铜含量较高,而南部地区如琉璃河等地含量低,原因可能与土壤类型、气候等因素有关。燕山、周口店、城关、石楼、琉璃河等乡镇重金属铬含量高,且其含量值普遍高于背景值。燕山地区重金属汞、砷含量明显高于周边地区,燕山及周围地区存在石化企业可能是导致其含量升高的一个原因。
(9)结合VB管理数据库的功能,利用VB编程实现可视化界面,可以方便的实现数据的检索、添加、查询和生成报表功能,简化了工作程序,提高工作效率。
Green Food comes from good ecological environment.The ecological and environmental quality of the producing area is the most basic factor of impacting on the green food quality.The good or bad environmental quality of the producing area makes the development of green food suffer from restriction.Therefore,it is of great significance for protecting the environment quality of the producing area,improving the product quality and protecting the ecological environment to investigate,monitor and evaluate the environmental quality of the producing area.
The paper selects Fangshan District of Beijing City as the typical area to evaluate the environmental quality of the green food production base of Fangshan District on the basis of air, water,soil and other environmental information and tries to find a general method to evaluate the environmental quality of the green food production base of similar places.Furthermore,the paper does the spatial analysis of soil environmental factors(the fertility and heavy metal in soil), thereby showing the space distribution and development trend of each element.The following conclusion is put forward:
(1) In accordance with the principle of the largest membership,the soil nutrient level of every country is Grade I fine level,Da Anshan,Hebei,Nanjiao,Puwa and other places have the best environmental quality with an average membership degree of more than 0.9.But Liuli River is the lowest level of membership because of the loss of organic matter,nitrogen and other matters (the membership degree is only 0.6486).
(2) In accordance with the principle of the largest membership,the soil heavy matels of every country are in grade I clean level.Changyang,Da Anshan,Doudian and other places have the best environmental quality with an average membership degree of more than 0.97.But Hebei,Yanshan,Shidu and Xiayunling are lowest level of membership because of the exceed of the concentrations of Cu,Cr,Cd,Hg and other elements.
(3) Soil nutrients and heavy metals from Fangshan District are used by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,22 township of Fangshan District are in grade I clean level.The whole soil conditions is good,Da Anshan,Puwa,Nanjiao and shijiaying are the best(the membership degree is more than 0.85).But Hebei,Yanshan,Liangxiang,Xia Yunling, Changyang are not better than other regions because of the individual elements in the overweight or lack of soil nutrients.
(4) In accordance with the principle of the largest membership,Water environmental Quality from Fangshan District belongs to I clean levels,but clean-up standards such as Liangxiang,Han Cunhe district are falling,perhaps because of water environmental quality reduction caused by serious petrochemical pollution.
(5) The results of this study show that the application of the AHP-fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is able to overcome preferably the unscientific polarization in the environmental quality,and solve effectively the problems brought by the fuzzy border in the evaluation criteria and the monitoring errors.So the results may reflect objectively the environmental quality state of Fangshan District.
(6) The paper puts the data and its spatial location together to establish the attribution database depending on the GIS technology and deals with the data of fertility elements in soil bv Kriging interpolation.The results of interpolation shows that agrotypc and character are the main effect element,Alkaline nitrogen,the nitrogen content from the mountains to the plains region shows decreasing trends;potassium concentrion is low in Shidu area,Puwa,Liangxiang,and other places,crop absorption,the soil removed from the resulting potassium concentration of mountain soil K The lower soil type differences lead to the mother of agricultural soil available phosphorus content was significantly higher than that available phosphorus in the plain areas of the leading causes of mountain organic matter content than in the plain areas,in addition to the impact of the end of organic fertilizers,straw may also promote the improvement.
(7) The paper puts the data and its spatial location together to establish the attribution database depending on the GIS technology and deals with the data of heavy matels contamination elements in soil by Kriging interpolation.The results of interpolation shows that Cu concentration has higher copper content in district from Shidu,Puwa,Hebei and Qinglonghu,but the southern region such as the Liulihe low content,probably caused by the soil type,climate and other factors. Cr metal content from district of Yanshan,Zhoukoudian,Chengguan,Shilou,was high,and generally higher than that of its value in the context of values,heavy metals Hg,As in the central (Yanshan area) was significantly higher than that in surrounding areas,the impact of the high value end of the main factors in the region,Petrochemical and the surrounding region may also caused enterprises increased their content.
(8) The paper also realizes the visualization interface by using VB program,thereby making ihe search,addition,inquiry and the generation of report forms easier and the work procedure simpler and work efficiency higher.
本文以北京市房山区为典型地区,对房山区大气、水、土壤等环境因素利用GPS进行定位采集样品和分析、测试的基础上,对房山区绿色食品生产基地进行AHP-Fuzzy法综合评价,力求通过本研究寻找一种对于类似情况普遍适用的绿色食品生产基地环境质量评价方法;利用GIS技术与地统计学相结合的分析方法,对房山区土壤养分元素指标和土壤重金属元素指标进行空间分析,分析并揭示各元素的空间分布格局及发展趋势,通过本文研究得出以下结论:
(1)按照最大隶属度原则,各乡镇土壤养分状况均属于Ⅰ级优良水平,均可发展绿色食品,大安山、河北、南窖、蒲洼等地环境质量最优(隶属度大于0.9),琉璃河由于碱解氮、有机质、速效磷含量水平低于Ⅰ级限值,而使其环境质量较低(隶属度仅为0.6486)。
(2)按照最大隶属度原则,各乡镇土壤重金属污染状况均属于Ⅰ级清洁水平,均可发展绿色食品,长阳、大安山、窦店等等地最优(隶属度大于0.97),河北、燕山地区由于铜、铬、镉、汞含量,十渡、霞云岭由于铜、铬、镉等元素含量超过Ⅰ级标准限值,使其由清洁水平逐步向尚清洁水平发展。
(3)对房山区土壤环境质量进行模糊综合评价,结果表明:房山区22个乡镇土壤环境质量均属于Ⅰ级水平,总体土壤状况优良,大安山、蒲洼、南窖、史家营等地最优(隶属度大于0.85),但窦店、琉璃河、十渡、霞云岭、燕山地区由于个别重金属元素含量的超标或土壤养分缺乏使得这些地区的总体状况不如其它地区好。
(4)按照最大隶属度原则,房山区水环境质量均属于Ⅰ级清洁水平,但也应该看到良乡,韩村河地区清洁水平下降,可能由于石化污染导致水质降低。
(5)AHP-Fuzzy综合评价模型,将定性和定量的分析有机地结合起来,既能体现评价因素和评价过程的模糊性,又尽量减少个人主观臆断所带来的弊端,可较好地克服这种非此即彼的不科学性,评价结果较符合客观实际。
(6)本文在长阳镇水碾屯和十渡镇二渡千河口设置监测点测量大气二氧化硫、可吸入颗粒物浓度,监测结果表明:二氧化硫均未超过一级标准限值(GB3095-1996),PM_(10)未超过二级污染物限值(GB3095-1996),该地区的大气环境不会对绿色食品产地造成较大得影响。
(7)通过GIS技术对土壤养分元素进行空间克立格(Kriging)插值,插值结果表明:土壤类型及成土母质差异是决定其含量水平高低的重要因素。碱解氮、全氮含量由山区向平原地区呈现递减趋势分布;十渡、蒲洼、良乡等地速效钾含量较低,建议增加钾肥施用量;成土母质类型差异是导致农业区土壤速效磷含量明显高于平原地区速效磷含量的主要原因;土壤背景值是影响山区有机质含量大于平原地区含量的最主要因素,有机肥施用、秸秆还田也可能使其含量提高。
(8)通过GIS技术对土壤重金属元素进行空间克立格(Kriging)插值,插值结果表明:土壤中十渡、蒲洼、河北、青龙湖铜含量较高,而南部地区如琉璃河等地含量低,原因可能与土壤类型、气候等因素有关。燕山、周口店、城关、石楼、琉璃河等乡镇重金属铬含量高,且其含量值普遍高于背景值。燕山地区重金属汞、砷含量明显高于周边地区,燕山及周围地区存在石化企业可能是导致其含量升高的一个原因。
(9)结合VB管理数据库的功能,利用VB编程实现可视化界面,可以方便的实现数据的检索、添加、查询和生成报表功能,简化了工作程序,提高工作效率。
Green Food comes from good ecological environment.The ecological and environmental quality of the producing area is the most basic factor of impacting on the green food quality.The good or bad environmental quality of the producing area makes the development of green food suffer from restriction.Therefore,it is of great significance for protecting the environment quality of the producing area,improving the product quality and protecting the ecological environment to investigate,monitor and evaluate the environmental quality of the producing area.
The paper selects Fangshan District of Beijing City as the typical area to evaluate the environmental quality of the green food production base of Fangshan District on the basis of air, water,soil and other environmental information and tries to find a general method to evaluate the environmental quality of the green food production base of similar places.Furthermore,the paper does the spatial analysis of soil environmental factors(the fertility and heavy metal in soil), thereby showing the space distribution and development trend of each element.The following conclusion is put forward:
(1) In accordance with the principle of the largest membership,the soil nutrient level of every country is Grade I fine level,Da Anshan,Hebei,Nanjiao,Puwa and other places have the best environmental quality with an average membership degree of more than 0.9.But Liuli River is the lowest level of membership because of the loss of organic matter,nitrogen and other matters (the membership degree is only 0.6486).
(2) In accordance with the principle of the largest membership,the soil heavy matels of every country are in grade I clean level.Changyang,Da Anshan,Doudian and other places have the best environmental quality with an average membership degree of more than 0.97.But Hebei,Yanshan,Shidu and Xiayunling are lowest level of membership because of the exceed of the concentrations of Cu,Cr,Cd,Hg and other elements.
(3) Soil nutrients and heavy metals from Fangshan District are used by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,22 township of Fangshan District are in grade I clean level.The whole soil conditions is good,Da Anshan,Puwa,Nanjiao and shijiaying are the best(the membership degree is more than 0.85).But Hebei,Yanshan,Liangxiang,Xia Yunling, Changyang are not better than other regions because of the individual elements in the overweight or lack of soil nutrients.
(4) In accordance with the principle of the largest membership,Water environmental Quality from Fangshan District belongs to I clean levels,but clean-up standards such as Liangxiang,Han Cunhe district are falling,perhaps because of water environmental quality reduction caused by serious petrochemical pollution.
(5) The results of this study show that the application of the AHP-fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is able to overcome preferably the unscientific polarization in the environmental quality,and solve effectively the problems brought by the fuzzy border in the evaluation criteria and the monitoring errors.So the results may reflect objectively the environmental quality state of Fangshan District.
(6) The paper puts the data and its spatial location together to establish the attribution database depending on the GIS technology and deals with the data of fertility elements in soil bv Kriging interpolation.The results of interpolation shows that agrotypc and character are the main effect element,Alkaline nitrogen,the nitrogen content from the mountains to the plains region shows decreasing trends;potassium concentrion is low in Shidu area,Puwa,Liangxiang,and other places,crop absorption,the soil removed from the resulting potassium concentration of mountain soil K The lower soil type differences lead to the mother of agricultural soil available phosphorus content was significantly higher than that available phosphorus in the plain areas of the leading causes of mountain organic matter content than in the plain areas,in addition to the impact of the end of organic fertilizers,straw may also promote the improvement.
(7) The paper puts the data and its spatial location together to establish the attribution database depending on the GIS technology and deals with the data of heavy matels contamination elements in soil by Kriging interpolation.The results of interpolation shows that Cu concentration has higher copper content in district from Shidu,Puwa,Hebei and Qinglonghu,but the southern region such as the Liulihe low content,probably caused by the soil type,climate and other factors. Cr metal content from district of Yanshan,Zhoukoudian,Chengguan,Shilou,was high,and generally higher than that of its value in the context of values,heavy metals Hg,As in the central (Yanshan area) was significantly higher than that in surrounding areas,the impact of the high value end of the main factors in the region,Petrochemical and the surrounding region may also caused enterprises increased their content.
(8) The paper also realizes the visualization interface by using VB program,thereby making ihe search,addition,inquiry and the generation of report forms easier and the work procedure simpler and work efficiency higher.
引文
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