高功率密度永磁电机的损耗及温升特性的研究
摘要
在航天、军事及机械等领域,有诸多应用对电机提出了极限性能的要求,如高功率密度、高速、高转矩等。可以说,在目前电机设计分析理论渐趋成熟的条件下,对电机极限性能的追求是解决某些应用场合存在的电机空间体积限制与其性能之间矛盾的主要途径之一。
电机性能的提高在一定程度上受限于它的发热温升。电机发热也是影响电机寿命和可靠性最主要因素,它不但对绕组的阻值和磁链产生影响,从而影响电机的工作性能,而且可能造成电机绝缘层破坏甚至烧毁等事故。对于具有极限性能的电机,确保其温升在允许范围之内是保证电机安全绝缘、可靠工作的关键。本文对具有功率密度的旋转型和直线型永磁同步电机的损耗温升进行研究。
首先,本文通过对旋转型高功率密度永磁同步电机(Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor,简称为PMSM)电磁场计算,对其损耗进行计算研究。对受电机温升及集肤效应影响的铜耗进行计算;基于分离铁耗模型计算铁心损耗,研究运行工况变化时定子铁耗的变化规律。
通过分析电机内热传导路径、具体工况下电机散热系数等,依据传热学原理建立PMSM的三维动态温度场计算模型,基于此模型对伺服系统中的高功率密度PMSM受转矩大范围变化、频繁加减速影响的温升特性进行研究,得到电机伺服响应过程中温度场分布及电机各部位温升规律。
其次,比较分析了直线型与旋转型永磁同步电机发热散热的异同,计算了高推力密度永磁直线同步电机(Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor,简称为PMLSM)初级上的损耗,在此基础上建立其三维动态温度场计算模型。考虑该具有高推力密度的直线电机应用的特点,比较研究了不同工作制下初级的温度场分布和温升规律。
最后,对高功率密度PMSM进行了损耗测试,并分别采用内置pt100及绕组法测量得到不同工作状态下电机的温升;通过实验测量研究了高推力PMLSM小电流情况下连续工作制和周期工作制时初级的温升。最后将实验结果与计算结果进行比较分析。
In aerospace, military, machinery and other fields, many applications put forward the requirements of ultimated performances, such as high power density, high speed, high torque, and so on. It can be said that, under the current conditions that the motor technology is becoming mature, to pursuit the motor ultimated performances is one of the major approaches to solve the contradiction, which is between the requirement of small space , volume and the high motor performances.
The improvement of motor performances is limited by its heat and temperature rise at a certain extent. Thermal problem is the major factor to influence motor life and reliability. The temperature rise affects winding resistance, flux linkage and other physical quantities, so it changes the motor running performance. In addition, the over-high temperature rise may cause the damage of insulation, and even burnout.of motor. Ensuring the temperature rise in the allowable safe range is important to guarantee the safety of insulation and reliability of the motor, which is with ultimated performance. This paper studies the heat and temperature rise of rotary and linear permanent magnet motor with ultimated performances.
Firstly, the electromagnetic field of PMSM with high power density is calculated. Based on it, the loss is calculated and analyzed. The copper loss which is associated with temperature rise and skin effect is calculated. The separate core loss model is used to calculate the core loss, and the law of the core loss when the running condition of motor changes is researched.
The thermal conduction routes and heat coefficients of motor in special conditions are analyzed. Based on the heat thansfer theory the three-dimensional (3D) transient temperature field is established. The temperature rise of PMSM in the special working conditions are analyzed, such as the state that the load changes in the large range and the speed accelerates and decelerates frequently. The law of the temperature field distribution and temperature rise is gained.
Secondly, the thermal problems of rotary and linear PMSMs are compared. The primary loss of PMLSM is calculated, and the 3D transient temperature field is established. Considering the application characteristic of the PMLSM with high thrust density, the law of temperature field and rise when motor works in continuous and periodic working conditions are researched and compared.
Lastly, the loss of PMSM is measured, and the temperature rise in different working conditions is gained by the methods of embedding pt100 and measuring winding resistance. Through experiments, the temperature rises of PMLSM with high thrust density in continuous and periodic working conditions are compared. All the experimental results are compared and analyzed with related calculated results.
电机性能的提高在一定程度上受限于它的发热温升。电机发热也是影响电机寿命和可靠性最主要因素,它不但对绕组的阻值和磁链产生影响,从而影响电机的工作性能,而且可能造成电机绝缘层破坏甚至烧毁等事故。对于具有极限性能的电机,确保其温升在允许范围之内是保证电机安全绝缘、可靠工作的关键。本文对具有功率密度的旋转型和直线型永磁同步电机的损耗温升进行研究。
首先,本文通过对旋转型高功率密度永磁同步电机(Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor,简称为PMSM)电磁场计算,对其损耗进行计算研究。对受电机温升及集肤效应影响的铜耗进行计算;基于分离铁耗模型计算铁心损耗,研究运行工况变化时定子铁耗的变化规律。
通过分析电机内热传导路径、具体工况下电机散热系数等,依据传热学原理建立PMSM的三维动态温度场计算模型,基于此模型对伺服系统中的高功率密度PMSM受转矩大范围变化、频繁加减速影响的温升特性进行研究,得到电机伺服响应过程中温度场分布及电机各部位温升规律。
其次,比较分析了直线型与旋转型永磁同步电机发热散热的异同,计算了高推力密度永磁直线同步电机(Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor,简称为PMLSM)初级上的损耗,在此基础上建立其三维动态温度场计算模型。考虑该具有高推力密度的直线电机应用的特点,比较研究了不同工作制下初级的温度场分布和温升规律。
最后,对高功率密度PMSM进行了损耗测试,并分别采用内置pt100及绕组法测量得到不同工作状态下电机的温升;通过实验测量研究了高推力PMLSM小电流情况下连续工作制和周期工作制时初级的温升。最后将实验结果与计算结果进行比较分析。
In aerospace, military, machinery and other fields, many applications put forward the requirements of ultimated performances, such as high power density, high speed, high torque, and so on. It can be said that, under the current conditions that the motor technology is becoming mature, to pursuit the motor ultimated performances is one of the major approaches to solve the contradiction, which is between the requirement of small space , volume and the high motor performances.
The improvement of motor performances is limited by its heat and temperature rise at a certain extent. Thermal problem is the major factor to influence motor life and reliability. The temperature rise affects winding resistance, flux linkage and other physical quantities, so it changes the motor running performance. In addition, the over-high temperature rise may cause the damage of insulation, and even burnout.of motor. Ensuring the temperature rise in the allowable safe range is important to guarantee the safety of insulation and reliability of the motor, which is with ultimated performance. This paper studies the heat and temperature rise of rotary and linear permanent magnet motor with ultimated performances.
Firstly, the electromagnetic field of PMSM with high power density is calculated. Based on it, the loss is calculated and analyzed. The copper loss which is associated with temperature rise and skin effect is calculated. The separate core loss model is used to calculate the core loss, and the law of the core loss when the running condition of motor changes is researched.
The thermal conduction routes and heat coefficients of motor in special conditions are analyzed. Based on the heat thansfer theory the three-dimensional (3D) transient temperature field is established. The temperature rise of PMSM in the special working conditions are analyzed, such as the state that the load changes in the large range and the speed accelerates and decelerates frequently. The law of the temperature field distribution and temperature rise is gained.
Secondly, the thermal problems of rotary and linear PMSMs are compared. The primary loss of PMLSM is calculated, and the 3D transient temperature field is established. Considering the application characteristic of the PMLSM with high thrust density, the law of temperature field and rise when motor works in continuous and periodic working conditions are researched and compared.
Lastly, the loss of PMSM is measured, and the temperature rise in different working conditions is gained by the methods of embedding pt100 and measuring winding resistance. Through experiments, the temperature rises of PMLSM with high thrust density in continuous and periodic working conditions are compared. All the experimental results are compared and analyzed with related calculated results.
引文
1唐任远.现代永磁电机理论与设计.机械工业出版社. 2006:3~4
2安忠良.超高效永磁同步电动机研究开发.沈阳工业大学硕士学位论文. 2006:21~31
3 Li Junqing, Li Heming. Thermal Analysis and Computation of Stator Bars in Large Synchronous Generator. ICEM2002
4 Shenkman A L, Chertkov M. Experimental method for synthesis of generalized thermal circuit of polyphase induction motors. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 2000,15(3):264~268
5 Bousbaine A, McCormick M, Low W F. In-situ determination of thermal coefficients for electrical machines. IEEE Transactions of Energy Conversion. 1995,10(3):385-381
6 Y.K.Chin, D.A.Staton. Transient Thermal Analysis Using Both Lumped-circuit Approach and Finite Element Method of a Permanent Magnet Traction Mtor. 7th AFRICON Conference. Africa, 2004,2:1027~1035
7 J.Mukosiej. Effect of Thermal Resistances on value and Temperature Distribution of Electric Machines. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS’2001). 2001,2:1187~1190
8李伟力,丁树叶等.基于耦合场的大型同步发电机定子温度场的数值计算.中国电机工程学报. 2005,25(13):3~4
9南日山.大型凸极同步发电机温度场及电磁场的有限元计算.哈尔滨理工大学工学硕士学位论文. 2003:23~25
10黄学良,胡敏强,周鹗.电机三维温度场新的有限元计算模型.中国电机工程学报. 1998,3:78~82
11 K.Preis, O.Biro, R.Dyczij-Edlinger. Application of FEM to Coupled-Electric, Thermal and Mechanical Problem. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 1994,30(5):3316~3319
12 Eric Chauveau, El Hadi Zaim, Didier Trichet, Javad Fluladgar. A Statistical Approach of Temperature Calculation in Electrical Machines. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 2000,36(4):1826~1829
13黄允凯,胡虔生,朱建国.永磁无刷直流电机铁耗计算方法.电机与控制应用. 2007,34(4):6~9
14 Chunting Mi, Gordon R.Slemon, Richard Bonert, Modeling of Iron Losses of Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motors. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2003,39(3):734~74
15 Chunting Mi, Gordon, R.Slemon, Richard Bonert. Modeling of IronLosses of Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors. IEEE. 2001, 78(3):2585~2591
16 Chunting Mi, Modelling of Iron Losses of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto. 2001:83~98
17郑勤红,曾花,马力.用多极理论分析时谐磁场-载流导体涡流场问题.电工技术学报. 2002,20(2):1~5
18刘志珍,励庆孚.改进的解析法计算薄钢板的涡流损耗.电工电能新技术. 1999,4:56~59
19杨菲.永磁电机温升计算及冷却系统设计.沈阳工业大学硕士学位论文. 2007,2~3
20宋强,王志福,张承宁.电动车辆牵引电机绕组的温升测试方法研究.微特电机. 2006,(5):1~3
21吴新振,王祥珩.异步电机双笼转子导条集肤效应的计算.中国电机工程学报. 2003, 23(3):116~118
22 Lei Ma,Masayuki Sanada,Prediction of Iron Loss in Rotating Machines With Rotational Loss Included, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 2003,39(3):2035~2039
23王晓远.基于Halbach阵列盘式无铁心永磁同步电机的研究.沈阳工业大学博士学位论文. 2006:10~24
24 Fang Deng. An Improved Iron Loss Estimation for Permagnet Magnet Brushless Machines. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 1999,14(4):1391~1396
25 Cordon. R, Slemon, Xian Liu. Core Losses in Permanent Magnet Motor. IEEE.Transactions on Magnet. 1990,26(5):l~26
26 Mr.Tsakani Lotten Mthembeni. Improved Lamination Coreloss Measurments and Calculation, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering.2006:26~62
27王继强.高速永磁电机的机械和电磁特性研究.沈阳工业大学博士学位论文. 2006:62
28李伟力,侯云鹏,程树康等.汽轮发电机径切两相空冷系统转子温度场的计算方法.中国电机工程学报. 2000,20(8):74~78
29熊斌.大型水轮发电机内部流体场和温度场的数值计算.哈尔滨理工大学工学硕士学位论文. 2006:2
30靳慧勇,马贤好,丁树叶,大型空冷汽轮发电机定子内流体速度与流体温度数值计算与分析.中国电机工程学报. 2006,26 (16):32~34
31江善林,邹继斌,张洪亮.电梯拽引PMSM三维动态温度场数值计算与分析. 2007,22(10):7~8
32魏永田,孟大伟等.电机内热交换.机械工业出版社. 1998:340 ~350
33 Aldo Boglietti, Andrea Cavagnino. Anlysis of the Endwinding Cooling Effects in TEFC Induction Motors. IEEE Transcations on Industry Applications. 2007,43(5):1214~1221
34 W.F.Weldon. A Taxonomy of Electromagnetic Launchers. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics[J]. 1989,25(1):591~592
35刘元江,刘新正,陈世坤,王宁宁.圆筒形直线感应电动机温度场的有限元计算.微电机. 2000,06(10):3
36阎璐.水下航行器推进用永磁电机工作状态热分析.西北工业大学硕士学位论文. 2007:42~45
37 Ohsang Kwon, Analysis and Experiment on the Thermal Characteristics of Electric Motor, Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of University of Calfornia,Berkeley. 2001:62~79
38 Mueller, Guenter, Petere Lin. Design optimization with the finite element program ANSYS. International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology. 1994,7:271~277
39 Kinjiro Yoshida,YasuhiroHita, Katsumi Kesamaru. Eddy-Current Loss Anilysis in PM of Surface-Mounted-PM SM for Electric Vehicles. IEEE Transactionson Magnetics. 2000,136(4):1941~1944
40 Hockchang C.Chau, Chao Bi, Xingping P.Li, Teckseng S, Investigation of Core Loss in PM Micro-Motor Made Using MIM Technology. IEEE Transactions on Magnet. 2000,136(5):3652~3654
41 Luc R.Dupre, Roger Van Keer and Jan A.A.Melkebeek. An Iron Loss Model for Electrical Machines using the Preisach theory. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 1997,33(5):886~888
42孙建宏,丁文,鱼振民.扁平型直线异步电机温度场的计算与分析.电机与控制应用. 2006,33(1):20~23
43 Raul Christiansen,An Electromagnetic Thermal Model of a Hybrid Motor and a Parametric Study on Different Rotor Geometries. the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science in University of Colorado. 2005:60~68
44马少丽.汽轮发电机定子三维温度场的有限元计算与分析.华北电力大学硕士学位论文. 2007:28~29
45武建文,李德成.电机现代测试技术.机械工业出版社. 2006:65~79
46徐伯雄.电机量测.清华大学出版社. 1990:89~91
2安忠良.超高效永磁同步电动机研究开发.沈阳工业大学硕士学位论文. 2006:21~31
3 Li Junqing, Li Heming. Thermal Analysis and Computation of Stator Bars in Large Synchronous Generator. ICEM2002
4 Shenkman A L, Chertkov M. Experimental method for synthesis of generalized thermal circuit of polyphase induction motors. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 2000,15(3):264~268
5 Bousbaine A, McCormick M, Low W F. In-situ determination of thermal coefficients for electrical machines. IEEE Transactions of Energy Conversion. 1995,10(3):385-381
6 Y.K.Chin, D.A.Staton. Transient Thermal Analysis Using Both Lumped-circuit Approach and Finite Element Method of a Permanent Magnet Traction Mtor. 7th AFRICON Conference. Africa, 2004,2:1027~1035
7 J.Mukosiej. Effect of Thermal Resistances on value and Temperature Distribution of Electric Machines. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS’2001). 2001,2:1187~1190
8李伟力,丁树叶等.基于耦合场的大型同步发电机定子温度场的数值计算.中国电机工程学报. 2005,25(13):3~4
9南日山.大型凸极同步发电机温度场及电磁场的有限元计算.哈尔滨理工大学工学硕士学位论文. 2003:23~25
10黄学良,胡敏强,周鹗.电机三维温度场新的有限元计算模型.中国电机工程学报. 1998,3:78~82
11 K.Preis, O.Biro, R.Dyczij-Edlinger. Application of FEM to Coupled-Electric, Thermal and Mechanical Problem. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 1994,30(5):3316~3319
12 Eric Chauveau, El Hadi Zaim, Didier Trichet, Javad Fluladgar. A Statistical Approach of Temperature Calculation in Electrical Machines. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 2000,36(4):1826~1829
13黄允凯,胡虔生,朱建国.永磁无刷直流电机铁耗计算方法.电机与控制应用. 2007,34(4):6~9
14 Chunting Mi, Gordon R.Slemon, Richard Bonert, Modeling of Iron Losses of Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motors. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2003,39(3):734~74
15 Chunting Mi, Gordon, R.Slemon, Richard Bonert. Modeling of IronLosses of Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors. IEEE. 2001, 78(3):2585~2591
16 Chunting Mi, Modelling of Iron Losses of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto. 2001:83~98
17郑勤红,曾花,马力.用多极理论分析时谐磁场-载流导体涡流场问题.电工技术学报. 2002,20(2):1~5
18刘志珍,励庆孚.改进的解析法计算薄钢板的涡流损耗.电工电能新技术. 1999,4:56~59
19杨菲.永磁电机温升计算及冷却系统设计.沈阳工业大学硕士学位论文. 2007,2~3
20宋强,王志福,张承宁.电动车辆牵引电机绕组的温升测试方法研究.微特电机. 2006,(5):1~3
21吴新振,王祥珩.异步电机双笼转子导条集肤效应的计算.中国电机工程学报. 2003, 23(3):116~118
22 Lei Ma,Masayuki Sanada,Prediction of Iron Loss in Rotating Machines With Rotational Loss Included, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 2003,39(3):2035~2039
23王晓远.基于Halbach阵列盘式无铁心永磁同步电机的研究.沈阳工业大学博士学位论文. 2006:10~24
24 Fang Deng. An Improved Iron Loss Estimation for Permagnet Magnet Brushless Machines. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 1999,14(4):1391~1396
25 Cordon. R, Slemon, Xian Liu. Core Losses in Permanent Magnet Motor. IEEE.Transactions on Magnet. 1990,26(5):l~26
26 Mr.Tsakani Lotten Mthembeni. Improved Lamination Coreloss Measurments and Calculation, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering.2006:26~62
27王继强.高速永磁电机的机械和电磁特性研究.沈阳工业大学博士学位论文. 2006:62
28李伟力,侯云鹏,程树康等.汽轮发电机径切两相空冷系统转子温度场的计算方法.中国电机工程学报. 2000,20(8):74~78
29熊斌.大型水轮发电机内部流体场和温度场的数值计算.哈尔滨理工大学工学硕士学位论文. 2006:2
30靳慧勇,马贤好,丁树叶,大型空冷汽轮发电机定子内流体速度与流体温度数值计算与分析.中国电机工程学报. 2006,26 (16):32~34
31江善林,邹继斌,张洪亮.电梯拽引PMSM三维动态温度场数值计算与分析. 2007,22(10):7~8
32魏永田,孟大伟等.电机内热交换.机械工业出版社. 1998:340 ~350
33 Aldo Boglietti, Andrea Cavagnino. Anlysis of the Endwinding Cooling Effects in TEFC Induction Motors. IEEE Transcations on Industry Applications. 2007,43(5):1214~1221
34 W.F.Weldon. A Taxonomy of Electromagnetic Launchers. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics[J]. 1989,25(1):591~592
35刘元江,刘新正,陈世坤,王宁宁.圆筒形直线感应电动机温度场的有限元计算.微电机. 2000,06(10):3
36阎璐.水下航行器推进用永磁电机工作状态热分析.西北工业大学硕士学位论文. 2007:42~45
37 Ohsang Kwon, Analysis and Experiment on the Thermal Characteristics of Electric Motor, Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of University of Calfornia,Berkeley. 2001:62~79
38 Mueller, Guenter, Petere Lin. Design optimization with the finite element program ANSYS. International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology. 1994,7:271~277
39 Kinjiro Yoshida,YasuhiroHita, Katsumi Kesamaru. Eddy-Current Loss Anilysis in PM of Surface-Mounted-PM SM for Electric Vehicles. IEEE Transactionson Magnetics. 2000,136(4):1941~1944
40 Hockchang C.Chau, Chao Bi, Xingping P.Li, Teckseng S, Investigation of Core Loss in PM Micro-Motor Made Using MIM Technology. IEEE Transactions on Magnet. 2000,136(5):3652~3654
41 Luc R.Dupre, Roger Van Keer and Jan A.A.Melkebeek. An Iron Loss Model for Electrical Machines using the Preisach theory. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 1997,33(5):886~888
42孙建宏,丁文,鱼振民.扁平型直线异步电机温度场的计算与分析.电机与控制应用. 2006,33(1):20~23
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