小麦氮肥精确定量及其应用的研究
|
摘要
以最少的肥料获得预期的高额、优质小麦产量,收到省肥、高效、环境友好的效果,构成小麦氮肥精确定量技术体系,是小麦栽培现代化亟待解决的重要任务之一。本研究在江苏淮北、淮南麦区设置系统试验,研究了不同土壤类型、土壤肥力、品种类型、施氮量、氮肥运筹方式、施氮时期、栽培方式、土壤背景氮等对Stanford方程中三个参数麦季土壤供氮量、目标产量需氮量、氮肥当季利用率的影响,明确了三个参数的变化特点,提出了适用的参数值,提出了小麦目标产量施氮量精确定量技术,并进行了验证和示范,具有较强的实用性和适用性。主要结果如下:
1、目标产量需氮量合理确定的研究。(1)5年高产定位试验结果表明,小麦百kg籽粒需氮量随产量的增加呈增加趋势,不同产量水平上存在较大差异;明确了江苏不同麦区、土壤类型、土壤肥力等条件下的百kg籽粒需氮量的适宜取值范围。研明了不同地力水平上小麦目标产量与基础地力产量呈显著线性正相关。淮北麦区粘土土壤上,高产、中产低产水平百kg籽粒需氮量分别为3.01 kg(2.90～3.35 kg)、2.90 kg(2.82～3.32 kg)、2.81 kg(2.60～3.21 kg)。随产量水平的增加呈增加趋势;淮南粘土土壤上,高产、中产、低产水平分别为2.91 kg(2.70～3.30 kg)、2.8 kg(2.57～3.19 kg)、2.71kg(2.41～3.07 kg);淮南砂土土壤上,高产、中产、低产水平分别为2.81 kg(2.56～3.15 kg)、2.69 kg(2.48～3.05 kg)、2.61kg(2.43～2.91 kg)。同时,高、中地力小麦产量与施氮量呈显著二次抛物线关系,低地力小麦产量与施氮量呈显著线性关系。砂土土壤最高目标产量小于粘土土壤。(2)36个不同基因型品种的吸氮量和百kg籽粒需氮量随施氮量增加呈增加趋势,不同品种间和不同品种类型间差异达极显著水平。强筋、中筋、弱筋小麦百kg籽粒需氮量平均分别为3.15、3.03、2.85 kg。(3)在淮北麦区施氮量12.5～22.5kg、淮南麦区施氮量12.5～22.5kg条件下,不同类型品种小麦百kg籽粒需氮量随施氮量的提高呈逐渐增加趋势,最高施氮量比最低施氮量的百kg籽粒需氮量平均增加0.35±0.08kg。在不同地力水平上,表现为高地力>中地力>低地力,高地力比低地力高0.10～0.30kg,两者的差值随施氮量的提高呈加大趋势。(4)在(淮北麦区施氮量为17.5kg/667m2、淮南麦区为15 kg/667m2)与氮肥追肥时期(拔节期)相同条件下,小麦百kg籽粒需氮量与拔节期追氮比例呈极显著二次抛物线关系,全基施处理最低。在氮肥基追比10:0～3:7条件下,淮北麦区,基追比5:5处理的百kg籽粒需氮量最高,陕农229百kg籽粒需氮量为2.65～3.11 kg,济南17为2.71～3.22kg;淮南麦区,基追比6:4处理的百kg籽粒需氮量最高,扬麦11号为2.51～2.94 kg,宁麦9号为2.35～2.77 kg。(5)在施氮量(淮北、淮南麦区分别为17.5kg/667m2、15 kg/667m2)与氮肥基追比(淮北、淮南麦区分别为5:5、6:4)相同条件下,小麦百kg籽粒需氮量随氮肥追施时期的后移呈增加趋势,全施基处理最低,剑叶期追施处理最高,剑叶期处理与返青期、拔节期处理差异不显著,三处理显著高于其余处理。宁麦9号变化范围为2.30～2.77 kg,扬麦10号为2.38～2.95 kg,济南17为2.57～3.16kg。(6)宁麦9号和扬麦10号条播方式百kg籽粒需氮量显著高于套播方式,平均高约0.14 kg。(7)小麦百kg籽粒需氮量随稻季氮肥施用量增加呈增加趋势,R20W15处理比R0W15 R10W15、R15W15处理分别增加0.23、0.15、0.08 kg/667m2,提高8.6%、5.5%、2.8%。
2、合理确定麦季土壤供氮量的研究。(1)通过5年的定位试验表明,不同地区、土壤类型、地力水平等对麦季土壤供氮量有显著影响,明确了江苏麦区不同土壤类型及其地力条件下的麦季土壤供氮量。淮北麦区粘土土壤麦季土壤供氮量为3.36-6.24 kg/667m2,平均为4.55 kg/667m2,其中,低地力为3.34-4.50 kg/667m2,平均为3.97 kg/667m2,中地力为4.16-5.11 kg/667m2,平均为4.74kg/667m2,高地力为4.85-6.24 kg/667m2,平均为5.61kg/667m2。淮南麦区,粘土土壤麦季土壤供氮量为2.51-5.93kg/667m2,平均为4.42kg/667m2,其中低地力为2.52-3.54 kg/667m2,平均为3.29 kg/667m2,中地力为3.36-4.58 kg/667m2,平均为4.08kg/667m2,高地力为4.43-5.93 kg/667m2,平均为5.05kg/667m2。淮南砂土土壤麦季土壤供氮量为2.33-5.53kg/667m2 ,平均为3.70kg/667m2 ,其中低地力为2.33-3.4 kg/667m2 ,平均为2.92kg/667m2,中地力为3.19-4.09 kg/667m2,平均为3.65kg/667m2,高地力为4.08-5.53 kg/667m2,平均为4.51kg/667m2。同种肥力条件下粘土土壤大于砂土。(2)麦季土壤供氮量与小麦基础地力产量、前茬水稻产量、土壤全氮含量、土壤碱解氮含量呈极显著或显著正相关关系,得到了不同麦区、土壤类型、地力水平等条件下的回归方程,提出了确定麦季土壤供氮量的实用方法。(3)不同品种及其品种基因型小麦对麦季土壤供氮量有显著影响。(4)随前茬水稻施氮量的增加,麦季土壤供氮量呈显著增加趋势。综合表明麦季土壤供氮量在不同田块间的差异较大,应综合考虑地区、土壤类型、地力水平、前茬水稻施肥情况以及采用的小麦品种类型等因素进行合理确定。
3、小麦氮肥当季利用率合理确定的研究。(1)在相同品种、施氮量及氮肥运筹比例条件下进行的5年高产定位试验表明,氮肥当季利用率与小麦产量呈极显著线性正相关,明确了江苏麦区不同土壤类型、地力水平、产量水平等条件下氮肥当季利用率的适宜取值。淮北麦区氮肥当季利用率变化范围为33.31%～50.05%,平均42.36%,高产、中产、低产氮肥当季利用率平均分别为45.28%、39.71%、35.60%;高、中、低地力氮肥当季利用率平均分别为44.25%、40.49%、35.60%。淮南麦区粘土土壤氮肥当季利用率变化范围为30.96%～51.00%,平均40.52%,高产、中产、低产水平氮肥当季利用率平均分别为44.66%、40.21%、35.20%;高、中、低地力氮肥当季利用率平均分别为45.73%、42.68%、39.05%。(2)施氮量对36个基因型小麦氮肥当季利用率有显著影响,9、12、15kg/667m2处理平均分别为52.93%、48.11%、43.25%。相同施氮量下,三类品种的氮肥当季利用率表现为弱筋小麦<中筋小麦<强筋小麦,但三者间差异不显著。不同品种的产量与氮肥当季利用率均呈显著或极显著线性正相关。(3)在不同地力水平上,小麦氮肥当季利用率随施氮量增加呈逐渐下降趋势。在淮北麦区施氮量12.5～22.5kg、淮南麦区施氮量12.5～22.5kg条件下,极差为7～10个百分点。相同条件下,砂土土壤上高于粘土土壤。(4)在施氮量(淮北麦区施氮量为17.5kg/667m2、淮南麦区为15 kg/667m2)条件下与氮肥追肥时期(拔节期)相同条件下,小麦氮肥当季利用率与拔节期追氮比例呈极显著二次抛物线关系,均以全基施处理最低。在氮肥基追比例10:0～3:7条件下,淮北麦区基追比5:5处理最高,陕农229氮肥当季利用率变化范围为28.37%～50.05%,济南17为33.07%～52.33。淮南麦区,基追比6:4处理最高,在施氮量10～20kg/667m2条件下扬麦11号氮肥当季利用率变化范围为30.73%～50.20%,宁麦9号为27.13%～47.67%。(5)在施氮量(淮北、淮南麦区分别为5:5、6:4)相同条件下,不同时期追施氮肥对小麦氮肥当季利用率的影响表现为拔节期>剑叶期>返青期>越冬期>3叶1心>1叶1心>全施基,各处理间差异均达显著水平。拔节期追施氮肥是追氮的最大效率期。在基追比10:0～3:7条件下宁麦9号变化范围为27.87%～49.78%,扬麦10号为28～51.96%,济南17为30.33%～57.44kg。(6)宁麦9号和扬麦10号条播方式氮肥当季利用率显著高于套播方式,平均高约5个百分点。(7)小麦氮肥当季利用率随稻季氮肥施用量的增加呈下降趋势,R20W15处理比R0W15 R10W15、R15W15处理分别下降约6.7、5.1、1.8个百分点,约17.45%、12.75%、4.16%。
4、小麦精确定量施氮的应用与验证。在东海县(粘土)、姜堰市镇梅垛乡(砂土)和沈高镇(粘土)利用已取得的三个参数值进行目标产量氮肥施用量精确定量计算,并进行了试验验证。同时进行了大面积示范应用验证。结果表明,所有试验田块的产量均达到或接近目标值,差异小于5%。除了少数实际值与目标值差异大于5%外,多数实际值与目标值差异小于5%,示范取得了显著的增产、节氮效果。与农户常规施肥法相比,精确施肥在不减产的情况下,可以较大幅度减少氮肥施用量,平均减少7.65%,肥料利用率提高10%以上。表明获得的参数值与实际值之间具有较好的一致性,所求得参数值有较强的适用性和稳定性。通过上述研究,提出了小麦目标产量施氮量精确定量技术。
To obtain high wheat yield and quality with the least fertilizers and to receive results of saving fertilizers amount, high efficiency and friendly to environments, the precise and quantitative N application technologies should be established, which was one of the most important duties for wheat modernized planting. The systemic experiments were conducted in Huaibei and Huainan wheat zones in Jiangsu province to study the effect of the different soil types, fertility, variety types, N application amount, N topdressing ratios, N application period, planting models, indigenous N supply of soil, etc. on N supply amount of soil in wheat season, N requirement amount for target yields and N use efficiency of Stanford equation. The change characteristic of the three parameters were confirmed and proper values were also presented, which resulted in the precise and quantitative N application technologies for Jiangsu wheat zone.
The mail results were as follows:
1. Study on the proper N requirement amount for target yields. (1)The high yielding and site-specific experiments results within five years showed that wheat yields had an obviously positive linearity correlation with basal fertility levels, and the same trend varied in the different soil fertility levels. The wheat yields had a significantly secondary parabola correlation with N application amounts in the high and medium soil fertility levels zone, from which the high yields values could be obtained. Wheat yields in low fertility zone had a significantly linearity correlation with N amounts, and the highest target yields ranked as sand soil 2. Study on the proper N supply amount of soil in wheat season. The N supply amount of soil in wheat season was affected remarkably by the different zone, soil types and soil fertility levels.(1)In clay soils of Huaibei wheat zone, the N supply amount of soil in wheat season was 3.36-6.24 kg/667m2, 4.55 kg/667m2 averagely. 3.34-4.50 kg/667m2 in the low soil fertility level(3.97 kg/667m2averagely), 4.16-5.11 kg/667m2 in the medium soil fertility level(4.74kg/667m2 averagely), 4.85-6.24 kg/667m2 in the high soil fertility level(5.61kg/667m2 averagely). In clay soils of Huainan wheat zone, the N supply amount of soil in wheat season was 2.51-5.93kg/667m2(4.42kg/667m2, averagely), 2.52-3.54 kg/667m2 (3.29 kg/667m2, averagely) in the low soil fertility level, 3.36-4.58 kg/667m2(4.08kg/667m2, averagely) in the medium soil fertility level, 4.43-5.93 kg/667m2 (5.05kg/667m2, averagely) in the high fertility level. In sand soils of Huainan wheat zone, the N supply amount of soil in wheat season was 2.33-5.53kg/667m2 (3.70kg/667m2, averagely), 2.33-3.4 kg/667m2 (2.92 kg/667m2, averagely) in the low soil fertility level, 3.19-4.09 kg/667m2(3.65kg/667m2, averagely) in the middle soil fertility level, 4.08-5.53 kg/667m2 (4.51kg/667m2, averagely) in the high soil fertility level, In a word, the N supply amount of soil in wheat season ranked as high soil fertility level>middle soil fertility level>low soil fertility level, in the same way, clay soil type>sand soil type. (2)The N supply amount of soil in wheat season had an obviously positive correlation with wheat yields of basal soil, rice yield(proceeding crop), soil total nitrogen contents and soil alkali-N contents, the linearity regression equations in different wheat zones, soil types and fertility levels were also gained. (3)The different wheat varieties had an obvious effect on N supply amount of soil. (4) With the increase of the nitrogen in rice (proceeding crop), N supply amount of soil varied in an increase trend. Therefore, the proper soil N supply amount in wheat eason was confirmed by the integrative factors such as wheat zones, soil types, soil fertility levels, nitrogen application amount in rice season and so on.
3. Study on the proper N use efficiency at season. (1)The site-specific experiments under the same varieties, N amounts and N managements within five years showed that wheat yields had a significantly linearity correlation with N use efficiency. In Huaibei wheat zone, the N use efficiency varied with the range of 33.31%～50.05%( 42.36%, averagely). The N use efficiency in high, medium and low yield level was 45.28%, 40.71%, 35.73% respectively, whereas 44.25%, 40.58%, 36.89% in high, medium and low soil fertility level. In Huainan wheat zone, the N use efficiency varied with the range of 30.75%～51.60%(40.52% averagely), N use efficiency in high, medium and low yields level was 44.66%, 40.21%, 35.20%, whereas 45.73%,42.68%,39.05% in high, medium and low soil fertility. (2)N application amounts had an obviously effect on N use efficiency of 36 wheat varieties, it was respectively 52.93%, 48.11%, 43.25% in 9, 12, 15kg/667m2 treatments. Under the same N application amounts, N use efficiency of 3 wheat varieties types ranked as weak-gluten wheatflag leaf stage>returning green stage> overwintering stage> 3-leaf stag>1-leaf stage> basal stage, which reached the significant level. The period of maximal N efficiency was at jointing stage. It varied with the range of 27.87%～49.78% for Ningmai9, 28～51.96% for Yangmai10, 30.33%～57.44kg for Jinan17. (6)The N use efficiency in Ningmai9 and Yangmai10 were higher in band seeding type than in interplanting wheat in rice, which were higher about 5%, averagely. (7)With the increase of N application amounts at rice season, the N use efficiency varied in decrease trend. It was respectively reduced 6.7%, 5.1%, 1.8% in the R20W15 treatment than R0W15, R10W15, R15W15 treatments, which was 17.45%, 12.75%, 4.16% respectively.
4. Application and verification of precise and quantitative nitrogen fertilizer application in wheat. In order to investigate the stability and applicability of the three parameters of precise nitrogen application in wheat cultivation, verification experiments were conducted in Donghai County (clay), Meiduo township (sand) and Shengao town (clay) in Jiangyan city with the amount of nitrogen fertilizer calculating from the three parameters. It was also applied and demonstrated in large area of wheat production. Results shown that the yield of experimental wheat reached to or close to the target value, the difference was less than 5%. Most of the differences between actual values and target values were less than 5%. And it also achieved high yield and saving fertilizer by using the technology of precise nitrogen fertilizer application. Compared with farmers’traditional fertilization management,the precise nitrogen fertilizer application method can greatly reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, averagely by 7.65%, and increased nitrogen use efficiency more than 10% without any loss of yield. Those were indicated that the parameter value was consistent with the actual value and the parameter value was applicable. Thus the results of our research could be applied in large area of wheat production.
1、目标产量需氮量合理确定的研究。(1)5年高产定位试验结果表明,小麦百kg籽粒需氮量随产量的增加呈增加趋势,不同产量水平上存在较大差异;明确了江苏不同麦区、土壤类型、土壤肥力等条件下的百kg籽粒需氮量的适宜取值范围。研明了不同地力水平上小麦目标产量与基础地力产量呈显著线性正相关。淮北麦区粘土土壤上,高产、中产低产水平百kg籽粒需氮量分别为3.01 kg(2.90～3.35 kg)、2.90 kg(2.82～3.32 kg)、2.81 kg(2.60～3.21 kg)。随产量水平的增加呈增加趋势;淮南粘土土壤上,高产、中产、低产水平分别为2.91 kg(2.70～3.30 kg)、2.8 kg(2.57～3.19 kg)、2.71kg(2.41～3.07 kg);淮南砂土土壤上,高产、中产、低产水平分别为2.81 kg(2.56～3.15 kg)、2.69 kg(2.48～3.05 kg)、2.61kg(2.43～2.91 kg)。同时,高、中地力小麦产量与施氮量呈显著二次抛物线关系,低地力小麦产量与施氮量呈显著线性关系。砂土土壤最高目标产量小于粘土土壤。(2)36个不同基因型品种的吸氮量和百kg籽粒需氮量随施氮量增加呈增加趋势,不同品种间和不同品种类型间差异达极显著水平。强筋、中筋、弱筋小麦百kg籽粒需氮量平均分别为3.15、3.03、2.85 kg。(3)在淮北麦区施氮量12.5～22.5kg、淮南麦区施氮量12.5～22.5kg条件下,不同类型品种小麦百kg籽粒需氮量随施氮量的提高呈逐渐增加趋势,最高施氮量比最低施氮量的百kg籽粒需氮量平均增加0.35±0.08kg。在不同地力水平上,表现为高地力>中地力>低地力,高地力比低地力高0.10～0.30kg,两者的差值随施氮量的提高呈加大趋势。(4)在(淮北麦区施氮量为17.5kg/667m2、淮南麦区为15 kg/667m2)与氮肥追肥时期(拔节期)相同条件下,小麦百kg籽粒需氮量与拔节期追氮比例呈极显著二次抛物线关系,全基施处理最低。在氮肥基追比10:0～3:7条件下,淮北麦区,基追比5:5处理的百kg籽粒需氮量最高,陕农229百kg籽粒需氮量为2.65～3.11 kg,济南17为2.71～3.22kg;淮南麦区,基追比6:4处理的百kg籽粒需氮量最高,扬麦11号为2.51～2.94 kg,宁麦9号为2.35～2.77 kg。(5)在施氮量(淮北、淮南麦区分别为17.5kg/667m2、15 kg/667m2)与氮肥基追比(淮北、淮南麦区分别为5:5、6:4)相同条件下,小麦百kg籽粒需氮量随氮肥追施时期的后移呈增加趋势,全施基处理最低,剑叶期追施处理最高,剑叶期处理与返青期、拔节期处理差异不显著,三处理显著高于其余处理。宁麦9号变化范围为2.30～2.77 kg,扬麦10号为2.38～2.95 kg,济南17为2.57～3.16kg。(6)宁麦9号和扬麦10号条播方式百kg籽粒需氮量显著高于套播方式,平均高约0.14 kg。(7)小麦百kg籽粒需氮量随稻季氮肥施用量增加呈增加趋势,R20W15处理比R0W15 R10W15、R15W15处理分别增加0.23、0.15、0.08 kg/667m2,提高8.6%、5.5%、2.8%。
2、合理确定麦季土壤供氮量的研究。(1)通过5年的定位试验表明,不同地区、土壤类型、地力水平等对麦季土壤供氮量有显著影响,明确了江苏麦区不同土壤类型及其地力条件下的麦季土壤供氮量。淮北麦区粘土土壤麦季土壤供氮量为3.36-6.24 kg/667m2,平均为4.55 kg/667m2,其中,低地力为3.34-4.50 kg/667m2,平均为3.97 kg/667m2,中地力为4.16-5.11 kg/667m2,平均为4.74kg/667m2,高地力为4.85-6.24 kg/667m2,平均为5.61kg/667m2。淮南麦区,粘土土壤麦季土壤供氮量为2.51-5.93kg/667m2,平均为4.42kg/667m2,其中低地力为2.52-3.54 kg/667m2,平均为3.29 kg/667m2,中地力为3.36-4.58 kg/667m2,平均为4.08kg/667m2,高地力为4.43-5.93 kg/667m2,平均为5.05kg/667m2。淮南砂土土壤麦季土壤供氮量为2.33-5.53kg/667m2 ,平均为3.70kg/667m2 ,其中低地力为2.33-3.4 kg/667m2 ,平均为2.92kg/667m2,中地力为3.19-4.09 kg/667m2,平均为3.65kg/667m2,高地力为4.08-5.53 kg/667m2,平均为4.51kg/667m2。同种肥力条件下粘土土壤大于砂土。(2)麦季土壤供氮量与小麦基础地力产量、前茬水稻产量、土壤全氮含量、土壤碱解氮含量呈极显著或显著正相关关系,得到了不同麦区、土壤类型、地力水平等条件下的回归方程,提出了确定麦季土壤供氮量的实用方法。(3)不同品种及其品种基因型小麦对麦季土壤供氮量有显著影响。(4)随前茬水稻施氮量的增加,麦季土壤供氮量呈显著增加趋势。综合表明麦季土壤供氮量在不同田块间的差异较大,应综合考虑地区、土壤类型、地力水平、前茬水稻施肥情况以及采用的小麦品种类型等因素进行合理确定。
3、小麦氮肥当季利用率合理确定的研究。(1)在相同品种、施氮量及氮肥运筹比例条件下进行的5年高产定位试验表明,氮肥当季利用率与小麦产量呈极显著线性正相关,明确了江苏麦区不同土壤类型、地力水平、产量水平等条件下氮肥当季利用率的适宜取值。淮北麦区氮肥当季利用率变化范围为33.31%～50.05%,平均42.36%,高产、中产、低产氮肥当季利用率平均分别为45.28%、39.71%、35.60%;高、中、低地力氮肥当季利用率平均分别为44.25%、40.49%、35.60%。淮南麦区粘土土壤氮肥当季利用率变化范围为30.96%～51.00%,平均40.52%,高产、中产、低产水平氮肥当季利用率平均分别为44.66%、40.21%、35.20%;高、中、低地力氮肥当季利用率平均分别为45.73%、42.68%、39.05%。(2)施氮量对36个基因型小麦氮肥当季利用率有显著影响,9、12、15kg/667m2处理平均分别为52.93%、48.11%、43.25%。相同施氮量下,三类品种的氮肥当季利用率表现为弱筋小麦<中筋小麦<强筋小麦,但三者间差异不显著。不同品种的产量与氮肥当季利用率均呈显著或极显著线性正相关。(3)在不同地力水平上,小麦氮肥当季利用率随施氮量增加呈逐渐下降趋势。在淮北麦区施氮量12.5～22.5kg、淮南麦区施氮量12.5～22.5kg条件下,极差为7～10个百分点。相同条件下,砂土土壤上高于粘土土壤。(4)在施氮量(淮北麦区施氮量为17.5kg/667m2、淮南麦区为15 kg/667m2)条件下与氮肥追肥时期(拔节期)相同条件下,小麦氮肥当季利用率与拔节期追氮比例呈极显著二次抛物线关系,均以全基施处理最低。在氮肥基追比例10:0～3:7条件下,淮北麦区基追比5:5处理最高,陕农229氮肥当季利用率变化范围为28.37%～50.05%,济南17为33.07%～52.33。淮南麦区,基追比6:4处理最高,在施氮量10～20kg/667m2条件下扬麦11号氮肥当季利用率变化范围为30.73%～50.20%,宁麦9号为27.13%～47.67%。(5)在施氮量(淮北、淮南麦区分别为5:5、6:4)相同条件下,不同时期追施氮肥对小麦氮肥当季利用率的影响表现为拔节期>剑叶期>返青期>越冬期>3叶1心>1叶1心>全施基,各处理间差异均达显著水平。拔节期追施氮肥是追氮的最大效率期。在基追比10:0～3:7条件下宁麦9号变化范围为27.87%～49.78%,扬麦10号为28～51.96%,济南17为30.33%～57.44kg。(6)宁麦9号和扬麦10号条播方式氮肥当季利用率显著高于套播方式,平均高约5个百分点。(7)小麦氮肥当季利用率随稻季氮肥施用量的增加呈下降趋势,R20W15处理比R0W15 R10W15、R15W15处理分别下降约6.7、5.1、1.8个百分点,约17.45%、12.75%、4.16%。
4、小麦精确定量施氮的应用与验证。在东海县(粘土)、姜堰市镇梅垛乡(砂土)和沈高镇(粘土)利用已取得的三个参数值进行目标产量氮肥施用量精确定量计算,并进行了试验验证。同时进行了大面积示范应用验证。结果表明,所有试验田块的产量均达到或接近目标值,差异小于5%。除了少数实际值与目标值差异大于5%外,多数实际值与目标值差异小于5%,示范取得了显著的增产、节氮效果。与农户常规施肥法相比,精确施肥在不减产的情况下,可以较大幅度减少氮肥施用量,平均减少7.65%,肥料利用率提高10%以上。表明获得的参数值与实际值之间具有较好的一致性,所求得参数值有较强的适用性和稳定性。通过上述研究,提出了小麦目标产量施氮量精确定量技术。
To obtain high wheat yield and quality with the least fertilizers and to receive results of saving fertilizers amount, high efficiency and friendly to environments, the precise and quantitative N application technologies should be established, which was one of the most important duties for wheat modernized planting. The systemic experiments were conducted in Huaibei and Huainan wheat zones in Jiangsu province to study the effect of the different soil types, fertility, variety types, N application amount, N topdressing ratios, N application period, planting models, indigenous N supply of soil, etc. on N supply amount of soil in wheat season, N requirement amount for target yields and N use efficiency of Stanford equation. The change characteristic of the three parameters were confirmed and proper values were also presented, which resulted in the precise and quantitative N application technologies for Jiangsu wheat zone.
The mail results were as follows:
1. Study on the proper N requirement amount for target yields. (1)The high yielding and site-specific experiments results within five years showed that wheat yields had an obviously positive linearity correlation with basal fertility levels, and the same trend varied in the different soil fertility levels. The wheat yields had a significantly secondary parabola correlation with N application amounts in the high and medium soil fertility levels zone, from which the high yields values could be obtained. Wheat yields in low fertility zone had a significantly linearity correlation with N amounts, and the highest target yields ranked as sand soil
3. Study on the proper N use efficiency at season. (1)The site-specific experiments under the same varieties, N amounts and N managements within five years showed that wheat yields had a significantly linearity correlation with N use efficiency. In Huaibei wheat zone, the N use efficiency varied with the range of 33.31%～50.05%( 42.36%, averagely). The N use efficiency in high, medium and low yield level was 45.28%, 40.71%, 35.73% respectively, whereas 44.25%, 40.58%, 36.89% in high, medium and low soil fertility level. In Huainan wheat zone, the N use efficiency varied with the range of 30.75%～51.60%(40.52% averagely), N use efficiency in high, medium and low yields level was 44.66%, 40.21%, 35.20%, whereas 45.73%,42.68%,39.05% in high, medium and low soil fertility. (2)N application amounts had an obviously effect on N use efficiency of 36 wheat varieties, it was respectively 52.93%, 48.11%, 43.25% in 9, 12, 15kg/667m2 treatments. Under the same N application amounts, N use efficiency of 3 wheat varieties types ranked as weak-gluten wheat
4. Application and verification of precise and quantitative nitrogen fertilizer application in wheat. In order to investigate the stability and applicability of the three parameters of precise nitrogen application in wheat cultivation, verification experiments were conducted in Donghai County (clay), Meiduo township (sand) and Shengao town (clay) in Jiangyan city with the amount of nitrogen fertilizer calculating from the three parameters. It was also applied and demonstrated in large area of wheat production. Results shown that the yield of experimental wheat reached to or close to the target value, the difference was less than 5%. Most of the differences between actual values and target values were less than 5%. And it also achieved high yield and saving fertilizer by using the technology of precise nitrogen fertilizer application. Compared with farmers’traditional fertilization management,the precise nitrogen fertilizer application method can greatly reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, averagely by 7.65%, and increased nitrogen use efficiency more than 10% without any loss of yield. Those were indicated that the parameter value was consistent with the actual value and the parameter value was applicable. Thus the results of our research could be applied in large area of wheat production.
引文
1. Aulakh M S, et al. Gaseous nitrogen losses from cropped and summer fallowed soils. Can. J. Soil Sci.,1982,62:187-195
2. Aulakh M S, et al. The influence of plant residues on denitrificalion rates in conventional and zero tilled soil . Soil Sci. Soc.Am. J.,1984,48 :790-794
3. Balasubramanian V, Morales A C, et al. On-farm adaptation of knowledge-intensive nitrogen management technologies for rice system. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 1999, 53(1):59-69
4. Barneix A J, Amozis P A, Guitman M R. The regulation of nitrogen accumulation in the grain of wheat plants. Physiol. plant, 1992, 86: 609
5. Berbi D K,Biswas C R,Kalkat J S.Nitrate distribution an accumulation in and ustochrept soil profile a long-termfertilizer experiment. Fertilizer Research,1991,28(2):173-177
6. Blackmer A M, Pottker D, et al. Correlations between soil nitrate concentrations in late spring and corn yields in Iowa. J Prod Agric,1989,(2):103-109
7. Blevins D W, et al. Movement of nitrate fertilizer to glacial till and runoff from a clay-pan soil . J. Environ. Qual.,1996,25 :584-593
8. Bremner J m. Nitrogen availability indexes. In: Black C A(ed.). Methods of soil analysis. Part
2. Am. Soc. Of Agro, Wisconsin, USA. 1965. 1324-1345
9. Bufogle A, et al. Rice variety differences in dry matter and nitrogen accumulation as related to plant stature and maturity group. J. Plant Nutri., 1997, 20 :1203-1224
10. Cabon F G & Ledoux E.Modelling of the nitrogen cycle in farmland areas. In: Groot J J R,Willigen P D and Verberne(eds) E L J,et al. Nitrogen turn over in the soil-crop system. The Netherland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.161-171
11. Chichester F W, et al. Sediment and nutrient loss from clay soils as affected by tillage. J. Environ. Qual.,1992,21:587-590
12. Comfort S D, Malzer G L, Busch R H. Nitrogen fertilization of spring wheat genotypes: influence on root growth and soil water depletion. Agronomy Journal, 1988, 80: 114-120
13. Cornfield A H. Ammonia released on treating soils with nitrogen sodium hydroxide as a possible means of predicting the nitrogen-supplying power of soils. Nature.,1960,187:260-261
14. Cox M C,Qualset C O,Rains D W. Genetic variation for nitrogen as simulation and translocation in wheat:Ⅱ.Nitrogen assimilation in relation to grain yield and protein. Crop Science,1985,25:435-440
15. Darusm M, Stone L R, Whitney K A. Soil properties after twenty years of fertilization with different nitrogen sources. Soil Science Society of Amercia Journal,1991,55(4):1097-1110
16. Debaeke P, Aussenac T, Fabre J L, Hilaire A. Grain nitrogen content of winter bread wheat(Triticum aestium L.)as related to crop management and to the previous crop. European Journal of Agronomy, 1996, 5 (3-4):273-286
17. Dhugga K S, Waines J G. Analysis of nitrogen accumulation and use in bread and durum wheat. Crop Science, 1939, 29: 1232-1239.
18. Fitts J W, W V Barthlomew, H Heidel. Predicting nitrogen fertilization Iowa soils. Soil Sci.Soc. Am. Proc., 1955,19: 69-73
19. Frank J Stevenson. Nitrogen in agricultural soils(农业土壤中的氮).北京:科学出版社,1989
20. Gianello C, T M Bremner. A simple method of assessing potentially available organic nitrogen in soils. Commn. in Soil Sci. Plant. Anal., 1986,17(2):195-214
21. Grime J P. Stress, competition,rescurse dynamics and vegetation processes[A].In:Fowden L, Mansfield T and Stoddart J(eds.).Plant adaptation to environmental stress[C]. London:James & James(science publishers),1993
22. Grime J P.Towards a functional description of vegetation[A].In:White J(ed).The population structure of vegetation[C].Junk:Dordrecht,1985.503-514
23. Hanway J, Dumenil. Predicting nitrogen fertilizer needs of Iowa soils.Ⅲ. Use of nitrate production, together with other information, as a basis for making nitrogen fertilizer recommendations for core in Iowa. Soil Sci.Soc. Am. Proc., 1955,19: 77-80
24. Harper L A, et al. Nitrogen cycling in a wheat crop: soil,plant,and aerial nitrogen transport . Agron. J.,1987,79:965-973
25. Hoveland C S. ASA. CSSA. Madison Wisconsin. ASA. 1980:108
26. Hussain F, Bronson K F, Yadvinder-Singh, et al. Use of chlorophyll meter sufficiency indices for nitrogen management of irrigated rice in Asia. Agronomy Journal, 2000,92:875-879
27. Jenner C F, Ugalde T D, Aspinal D. The physiology of starch and protein in deposition in the endosperm of wheat. Aust J Plant Physiol, 1991, 18: 211-226
28. Johnson J W et al. Crop Science, 1984.24:904-906
29. Kanampiu F K, et al. Effect of nitrogen rate on plant nitrogen loss in winter varieties. J. Plant Nutr., 1997,20 :389-404
30. Keeney D R. Nitrogen availability indices. In: Page AL(ed.). Methods of soil analysis. Part 2(2nded.), Am. Soc. Of Agro, Wisconsin, USA, 1982.711-733
31. King L D, Burns J C, Westerman P W. Long-term swine lagoon effluent applications on coastal Bermudgrass, I:Effect on nutrient accumulation in soil.The Journal of Environmental Quality, 1990,19(4):756-760
32. Li C K, et al. Ammonium bicarbonate used as a nitrogen fertilizer in China. Fert. Res., 1980,1: 125-136
33. Loffler C M,et al. Selection for grain protein,yield and nitrogen partitioning efficiency in hard red spring wheat. Crop Sci, 1982, 22:591-595
34. Marschner H.曹一平,等译.高等植物的矿质营养.北京:北京农业大学出版社,1991
35. Moll R H, Kamprath E J, Jackson W A. Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Agronomy Journal 1982, 7: 526-564
36. Olson R V, et al. Fate of labeled nitrogen fertilizer applied to winter wheat fox five years CJJ. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,1984,48:583-586
37. Peng S, Garcia F V, Laza R C, et al. Increased N-use efficiency using a chlorophyll meter on highyielding irrigated rice, Field Crops Research,1996,47:243-252
38. Rao S C,et al. Nitrogen placement and tillage effects on dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and redistribution in winter wheat . Agron. J., 1996,88 :365-371
39. Raun W R, et al. Soil-plant buffering of inorganic nitrogen in continuous winter wheat . Agron. J. , 1995, 87 :827-834
40. Roth G W, Fox R H, et al. Plant tissue test for predicting nitrogen fertilizer requirement of winter wheat. Agron J,1989,(81):502-507
41. Skjemstad J O, Vallis I, et al. Decomposition of soil organic nitrogen. In: Wilson J R(ed.). Advances in nitrogen cycling in agricultural ecosystems. International Wallingford, Oxon, UK, 1988.134-144
42. Smith S J, G Stanford. Evaluation of soil nitrogen availability. Soil Sci., 1971, 111:228-232
43. Soper R J, Racz, P I Fehr. Nitrate nitrogen in the soil as a means of predicting the fertilizer nitrogen requirements of barley. Can. J. Soil Sci., 1971, 51:45-49
44. Stanford G, J N Carter, S J Smoth. Estimates of potentially mineralizable soil nitrogen based of short-incubations. Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 1974, 38:99-102
45. Stanford G, Smith S J. Nitrogen mineralization potentials of soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 1972, 36:465-472
46. Stanford G. Effect of partial removal of soil organic nitrogen with sodium pyrophosphate or sulfuric acid solution on subsequent mineralization of nitrogen. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 1968,32:679-682
47. Stanford G. Rational for optimum N fertilization in corn production. Journal of Environment Quality, 1973(2):159-166
48. Stewart, B. A. 1977. The effects of fertilizers and leather agricultural inputs on quality criteria of wheat needed for milling and baking. In Fertilizer using production of carbohydrates and lipids. Proc. Colloq. Int. Potash Inst. 13:243-250
49. Strong. W. M. Effects of late application of nitrogen on the yield and protein content of wheat Aust. J. Experi. Agric. And Ani. Husb.1982,22:54-61
50. Truog E, H H Hull, M M Shihata. A new soil test for available nitrogen. Memo. University of Wiscosin, Madison.1951
51. Truog, E., Fifty years of soil testing. 7th Inter. Congr. Soil Sci. 1960,IV.7:46-53
52. Vlek P L G, et al. Effect of N source and management on ammonia volatilization losses fromflooded rice-soil systems. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,1979,43:352-358
53. Von Rheinbaben W. Nitrogen losses from agricultural soils through denitrification: A critical evaluation. Zeitschrift fur pflanzener nahrung and Bodenkunde,1990,153:157-166
54. Whitehead D C. An improved chemical extraction method for predicting the supply of available soil nitrogen. J.Sci. Food. Agric., 1981,32:359-365
55. Wuest S B, et al. Fertilize-nitrogen use efficiency of irrigated wheat: I. Uptake efficiency of pre-plant versus late-season application . Agron. J.,1992,84 :682-688.
56.安靖.基于“3414”试验的目标产量法配方施肥参数的建立及影响因素的研究.2008,内蒙古农业大学硕士论文,p33
57.蔡大同,等.氮肥不同时期施用对优质小麦产量和加工品质的影响.土壤肥料,1994,2,19-21
58.曹学昌.应用15N研究小麦氮素吸氮动态及不同时期追施氮肥的作用.山东农业科学,1988(5):11-13
59.陈祥,同延安,等.氮肥后移对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及氮素吸收的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(3):450-455
60.陈新平,周金池,等.小麦—玉米轮作制中氮肥效应模型的选择—经济和环境效益分析.土壤学报,2000,37(3):346-354
61.陈新平,周金池,等.应用土壤无机氮测试进行冬小麦氮肥推荐的研究.土壤肥料,1997,(5):19-21
62.褚天泽,林继雄,等.化肥科学施用指南.北京:金盾出版社,2002
63.戴廷波,曹卫星,等.作物增铵营养的生理效应.植物生理学通讯,1998,34(6):488-493
64.杜永.黄淮地区稻麦周年超高产群体特征与调控技术的研究.扬州大学博士论文,2007,132-137
65.杜金哲,李文雄,等.春小麦不同品质类型氮的吸收、转化利用及与籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的关系.作物学报,2001, 27(2):253-260
66.樊小林,李玲.氮肥、干早胁迫、基因型差异对冬小麦吸氮量的效应.植物营养与肥料学报,1998, 4(2):131-137
67.付国占,等.前氮后移施肥对小麦旗叶生理功能及产量的影响.河南农业科学,1998,1:3-5
68.葛鑫,张洪程,等.施氮方式对强筋小麦济南17产量和品质的影响.麦类作物学报,2003(4):12-16
69.郭天财,宋晓,等.施氮水平对2种穗型冬小麦品种产量及氮素吸收利用的影响.西北植物学报,2008,28(3):554-558
70.韩晓日,邹德乙,等.长期施肥条件下土壤微生物氮的动态及其调控氮素营养的作用.植物营养与肥料学报,1996,2(1):16-22
71.韩燕来,介晓磊,等.超高产冬小麦氮磷钾吸收、分配与运转规律的研究.作物学报,1998,24(6):908-915
72.何文寿,等.不同基因型小麦氮营养效率的差异.宁夏农学院学报,1997,18(4):30-34
73.何绪生,李素霞,等.控效肥料的研究进展.植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(2):97-106
74.贺明荣.氮肥对小麦籽粒营养品质的影响.山东农业大学学报,1988,19(3):23-30.
75.侯彦林.“生态平衡施肥”的理论基础和技术体系.生态学报,2000,20(4):653-658
76.黄德明,俞仲林,等.淮北地区高产小麦植株吸氮及土壤供氮特性.中国农业科学,1998,21(5):59-67
77.黄德明.冬小麦矿质营养和施肥的研究Ⅱ:NPK肥对小麦养分吸收积累分配的影响.北京农业科学,1989 (4):15-18
78.黄德明.十年来我国测土施肥的进展.植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(4):495-499
79.黄德明.小麦营养特性与施肥技术.江苏省农学会编,江苏麦作科学.南京:江苏科技出版社,1994,287-320
80.黄高宝,张恩和,等.不同玉米品种氮素营养效率差异的生态生理机制.植物营养与肥料学报,2001,7(3):293-297
81.黄生斌,陈新平,等.不同品种冬小麦土壤及植株测试氮肥推荐指标的研究.中国农业大学学报,2002, 7(5):26-31
82.霍中洋,葛鑫,等.施氮方式对不同专用小麦氮素吸收及氮肥利用率的影响.作物学报,2004,30(5):449-454
83.贾振华,等.施氮量对产量与蛋白质同步形成的影响.河南职技师范学报,1990,18(3-4):110-116
84.贾振华,等.小麦产量与品质同步形成的研究.Ⅰ追氮时期对产量与蛋白质同步形成的影响.北京农业科学,1988,3,15-18
85.江苏省农学会编.江苏麦作科学,江苏科技出版社,1994
86.蒋纪芸,张宝军,等.硬粒小麦灌浆期间营养器官对籽粒蛋白质积累的影响.国外农学—麦类作物,1996, 12(1):22-23
87.介晓磊,等.不同肥力和土壤质地条件下麦田氮肥利用率的研究.作物学报,1998,24(6) :884-888
88.金善宝,主编.中国小麦学.北京:中国农业出版社,1994
89.巨晓棠,等.土壤氮素矿化的温度水分效应.植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(1):37-42
90.李生秀,高亚军,等.澄城低肥力田块小麦的水肥耦合效应.见汪德水主编.旱地肥水关系原理与调控技术.北京:中国农业科技出版社.1995,221-234
91.李生秀.我国土壤—植物营养研究的进展、现状及展望.土壤—植物营养研究文集.西安:陕西科学技术出版社.1999,19
92.李士敏,张书华.尿素深施对作物产量及氮素利用率影响效果浅析.耕作与栽培,1999(5):52-53,62
93.李志宏,刘宏斌,等.应用叶绿素仪诊断冬小麦氮营养状况的研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(4):401-405
94.李志宏,王兴仁,等.我国北方地区几种主要作物氮营养诊断及追肥推荐研究.I.几种主要作物氮磷钾施用量研究,植物营养与肥料学报,1997,3(3):262-267
95.李志宏,王兴仁,等.我国北方地区几种主要作物氮营养诊断及追肥推荐研究.IV.冬小麦-夏玉米轮作制度下氮素诊断及追肥推荐研究,植物营养与肥料学报,1997,3(4):357-362
96.李志宏,张福锁,等.我国北方地区几种主要作物氮营养诊断及追肥推荐研究.III.春小麦氮营养诊断及追肥推荐体系的研究,植物营养与肥料学报,1997,3(4):349-356
97.李志宏,张福锁,等.我国北方地区几种主要作物氮营养诊断及追肥推荐研究.II植株硝酸盐快速测定施肥研究,植物营养与肥料学报,1997,3(3):268-274
98.梁红霞,赵春江.利用光谱指数进行冬小麦变量施肥的可行性及效益分析.遥感技术与应用,2005,20(5):469-473
99.凌励.高产小麦养分吸收特点及高效施肥技术研究初报.江苏土肥科技与农业可持续发展,河海大学出版社,1997,163-170
100.凌启鸿,等著.水稻精确定量栽培理论与技术.北京:中国农业出版社,2006
101.凌启鸿,彭永欣,等.小麦叶龄模式及其应用.稻麦研究新进展.南京:东南大学出版社,1991,49-61
102.凌启鸿,张洪程,等.水稻精确定量施氮研究.中国农业科学,2005,38(12):2457-2467
103.凌启鸿,张洪程,等.小麦“小群体、壮个体、高积累”高产栽培途径的研究.江苏农学院学报,1983,4(1):1-6
104.凌启鸿等著.作物群体质量.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2000,1-100
105.刘芳,于振文,等.应用15N示踪法对旱地冬小麦施肥与氮素吸收利用的研究.土壤肥料,1997,(2):30-31
106.刘成祥,周鸣铮.对Truog-Ramamoorthy测土施肥方法的研究与讨论.土壤学报,1986,23(3):285-289
107.刘殿英,石立岩,等.不同时期追施肥水对冬小麦根系、根系活性和植株性状的影响.作物学报,1993,(2):149-155.
108.刘发魁,马平民,等.高水肥土壤小麦前氮后移对其生育及产量构成因素的影响.河南农业科学,1998,3:3-7
109.刘国栋,等.植物营养与作物育种.作物杂志,2000,3:4-7
110.刘洪斌,周则芳,等.冬小麦生育期间紫色土氮素转化与移动的研究.见:陈子明主编.氮素-产量-环境.北京:中国农业科技出版社,1996.111-118
111.刘建安,米国华,等.不同基因型玉米氮效率差异的比较研究.农业生物技术学报,1999, 7(3):248-254
112.刘立军,桑大志,等.实时实地氮肥管理对水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响.中国农业科学,2003,36(12):1456-1461
113.刘晓冰,李文雄.春小麦籽粒灌浆过程中淀粉和蛋白质积累规律的初步研究.作物学报,1996, 22(6):736-740
114.刘学军,赵紫娟,等.基施氮肥对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及氮平衡的影响.生态学报,2002,22(7):1122-1128
115.刘艳阳.不同地力对水稻产量、品质及精确施氮参数影响的研究.扬州大学博士论文,2006
116.卢少源,王增裕.小麦品质遗传—生理研究概述.河北农业大学学报,1989,(1):135-139
117.鲁如坤.土壤一植物营养学原理和施肥.北京:化学工业出版社,1998,112-146
118.陆允甫,周鸣铮,等.浙江省红土壤地区玉米的估产测土施肥研究.土壤通报,15(3):117-120
119.吕殿青,杨学云,等.陕西娄土中NO3-N运移特点及影响因素研究.见:陈子明主编.氮素-产量-环境.北京:中国农业科技出版社,1996.63-78
120.马传喜,等.同一面包小麦品种烘烤品质变化规律的研究.作物学报,1998,24(6):751-755
121.马元喜主编.小麦的根.北京:中国农业出版社,1999
122.米国华,张福锁,等.小麦超高产生理基础探讨-小麦后期碳氮代谢互作与粒重形成.中国农业大学学报,1997,2(5):73-78
123.苗艳芳,等.氮肥分配比例对小麦产量及群体质量的影响.麦类作物学报,1999,19(4):43-45
124.潘庆民,于振文,等.公顷产9000kg小麦氮素吸收分配的研究.作物学报,1999,25(5):541-547
125.裴雪霞,王秀斌,等.氮肥后移对土壤氮素供应和冬小麦氮素吸收利用的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(1):9-15
126.彭永欣,等.氮素对小麦籽粒产量、粒重及容重的调节效应.稻麦研究新进展.凌启鸿主编.东南大学出版社
127.彭永欣,主编.氮素营养对小麦籽粒产量与品质调节效应的研究.小麦栽培与生理.东南大学出版社,1992,127-14
128.秦武发,李宗智.氮素供应对小麦品质的影响.河北农业大学学报,1989,12(3):1-7
129.曲善功,李怀军,等.冬小麦不同配方施肥处理的参数及对土壤养分利用的影响.山东农业科学,2006,(3):49-50
130.山东省农科院.高产小麦营养吸收特性的研究.土壤肥料,1980,(6):27-32
131.申建波,张福锁,等.植物矿质营养的生态意义.生态农业研究,1997,(1):22-26.(2):11-14
132.沈其荣,王岩,等.土壤微生物量和土壤固定态铵的变化及水稻对残留N的利用.土壤学报,2000,37(3):330-337
133.宋晓宇,王纪华.利用航空成像光谱数据研究土壤供氮量及变量施肥对冬小麦长的影响.农业工程学报,2004,20(4):45-49
134.宋永林,姚造华,等.不同肥料配施对土壤主要养分含量及作物氮、磷、钾表观利用率的影响.土壤肥料,2002,3:22-25
135.苏正义,韩晓日.氮肥深施对作物产量和氮肥利用率的影响.沈阳农业大学学报,1997,28(4):292-296
136.孙敏.不同基因型小麦氮肥生产效率差异的机理研究.扬州大学博士论文,2007,55-58
137.孙传范.小麦氮素利用效率的生理生态与氮肥调控研究.南京农业大学博士论文,2002,88-93
138.孙德芳,霍现英,等.冬小麦应用长效尿素的增产效果及施用技术.山东农业科学,1993,(6)42-46
139.孙义祥,郭跃升,等.应用“3414”试验建立冬小麦测土配方施肥指标体系.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(l):197-203
140.唐建阳,翁伯琦,等.提高稻田尿素利用率若干方法与机理探讨.植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(3):242-248
141.唐耀先,张继宏,等.土壤基础供氮能力和肥料氮素利用率及其应用的研究.土壤通报,1986,27(5):204-208
142.田纪春,等.氮素追肥后移对小麦籽粒产量和旗叶光合特性的影响.中国农业科学,2001,34(1):1-4
143.田纪春,张忠义,等.高蛋白和低蛋白小麦品种的氮素吸收和运转分配差异的研究.作物学报,1994, 20(1):76-83
144.田纪春,邹琦,等.小麦的氮素营养与籽粒蛋白质含量.山东农业大学学报,1992,23(4):453-456
145.童依平,李继云,等.不同小麦品种(系)吸收利用氮素的差异及有关机理研究.II.影响吸收效率的因素分析.西北植物学报,1999, 19(3):393-401
146.童依平,李继云,等.不同小麦品种(系)吸收利用氮素的差异及有关机理研究I.吸收和利用效率对产量的影响.西北植物学报,1999, 19(2):270-277
147.王岩,蔡大同,等.肥料残留氮的有效性及其与形态分布的关系.土壤学报,1993,30(1):19-2
148.王晨阳,朱云集,等.氮肥后移对超高产小麦产量及生理特性的研究.作物学报,1998,24(6):978-983
149.王绍中,等.小麦超高产主攻穗粒重研究.小麦穗粒重研究,北京:中国农业出版社,1995,197-204
150.王树亮,田奇卓,等.不同小麦品种对氮素吸收利用差异及其分类研究.华北农学报,2008,23(增刊):213-219
151.王小燕,褚鹏飞,等.水氮互作对小麦土壤硝态氮运移及水、氮利用效率的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(5): 992 -1002
152.王兴仁,陈新平,等.施肥模型在我国推荐施肥中的应用.植物营养与肥料学报,1998.4(1):61-74
153.王月福,姜东,等.高低土壤肥力下小麦基施和追施氮肥的利用效率和增产效应.作物学报,2003,29(4):491-495
154.魏秀梅,左东峰.冬小麦氮肥深浅追施对氮素利用率和磷钾吸收量的影响.核农学通报,1996,17(5):233-235
155.文启孝,程励励,等.我国一些耕地土壤的固定态铵含量和最大固铵量.土壤,1996,(3):168
156.吴敬民,陈永芳.水稻基肥机械深施及肥料运筹方式效果研究.土壤通报,1999,30(3):110-112
157.吴敬民,姚月明.水稻氮肥机械化深施效果初探.土壤肥料,1997(4):17-19
158.徐恒永,赵振东,等.氮肥对优质专用小麦产量和品质的影响Ⅰ氮肥对产量及产量形成的影响.山东农业科学,2000,5,27-30.
159.徐恒永,赵振东,等.氮肥对优质专用小麦产量和品质的影响Ⅱ氮肥对优质小麦品质的影响.山东农业科学,2001,2,13-17
160.徐明岗,张一平.土壤养分扩散的影响因素及其相互关系.土壤学进展,1995,23(3):13-20
161.徐阳春,蒋廷惠,等.不同面包小麦品种的产量及蛋白质含量对氮肥用量的反应.作物学报,1998,24(6):731-737
162.徐兆飞,张惠叶,等编著.小麦品质及其改良.北京:气象出版社,7-9
163.许轲,张洪程,等.超高产小麦吸氮特性与氮肥运筹的初步研究.作物学报,1998,24(6):935-940
164.许轲,张洪程,等.冬小麦不同生长类型群体超高产的中期栽培调控.作物学报,2002,28(6):760-766
165.严六零,彭永欣,等.小麦根群质量的初步研究.见:彭永欣等编著.小麦栽培与生理.南京:东南大学出版社,1992.96-104.
166.杨根海,等.用15N示踪研究小麦品质.Ⅰ后期氮肥对冬小麦产量和蛋白质含量的影响.北京农业大学学报,1986,1,39-46
167.杨洪宾,黄九柏,等.大穗型小麦产量600kg/667m2最佳氮磷钾配比与施肥量研究.山东农业科学,1999,3:15-18
168.于振文,潘庆民,等.9000 kg/公顷小麦施氮量与生理特性分析.作物学报,2003,29(1):37-43
169.于振文,田奇卓,等.黄淮麦区冬小麦超高产栽培的理论与实践.作物学报,2002,28(5):577-585
170.于振文,主编.作物栽培学各论(北方本).中国农业出版社,2003,56-58
171.余松烈,亓新华,等,高产冬小麦对三要素的吸收和供应特点研究.土壤肥料,1982,(11):31-34
172.余松烈,主编.中国小麦栽培理论与实践.上海:上海科技出版社,2006,66
173.张宁,等.小麦、玉米、水稻施肥模型的建立.植物营养与肥料学报,1995,1(1):79-84
174.张夫道.氮素营养研究中几个热点问题.植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(4):331-338
175.张福锁,马文奇,等.养分资源综合管理.2003.北京:中国农业大学出版社
176.张国平,张光恒.小麦氮素利用效率的基因性差异研究.植物营养与肥料学报,1996,2(4):331-335
177.张洪程,等.超高产小麦吸氮特性与氮肥运筹的初步研究.作物学报,1998,24(6):933-939
178.张继林,孙元敏,等.高产小麦营养生理特性与高效施肥技术的研究.中国农业科学,1988,21(4):39-46
179.张军,等.氮肥施用时期对弱筋小麦宁麦9号品质的影响.扬州大学学报,2004,25(2):39-42
180.张军,等.追施氮肥时期对淮南中筋小麦品质的影响.扬州大学学报,2003(2)
181.张庆江,张立言,等.春小麦品种氮的吸收积累和转运特征及与籽粒蛋白质的关系.作物学报,1997, 23(6):712-718
182.张绍林,等.关于太湖地区稻麦上氮肥的适宜施用量.土壤,1988(20):5-9
183.张维理,林葆,等.西欧发达国家提高化肥利用率的途径.土壤肥料,1998,(5):1-7
184.赵广才,等.不同追肥比例对小麦产量和品质的影响.北京农业科学,2000,5,7-9
185.赵广才,等.小麦生育后期不同施肥方法对产量和品质的影响.耕作与栽培,1991,4,54-55
186.赵广才,等.不同施氮比例和时期对冬小麦氮素利用的影响.华北农学报,2000,15(3):99-102
187.赵振达,张金盛.提高氮肥利用率的研究.II土壤水分状况与作物氮肥利用的关系.土壤通报,1979,(5):39
188.周琴,姜东,等.不同基因型小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累与碳氮转运的关系.南京农业大学学报,2002, 25(3):1-4
189.周米平.推荐施肥配方的优化方法研究.吉林农业大学学报,1999,21(3):77-80
190.周鸣铮,王竺美.浙江省水稻土“因产定氮”基本公式及其有关参数的探讨.土壤学报,1987,24(2):127-133
191.周鸣铮.测土施肥的科学基础。土壤通报,1984,15(4):156-160
192.朱新开,等.不同类型专用小麦氮肥施用参数研究.麦类作物学报,2009,29(2):308-313
193.朱新开,郭文善,等.不同类型专用小麦氮素吸收积累差异研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(2):148-154
194.朱新开,郭文善,等.不同类型专用小麦优质高产群体氮素积累特征分析.扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2007,28(3):58-63
195.朱新开,盛海君,等.应用SPAD值预测小麦叶片叶绿素和氮含量的初步研究.麦类作物学报,2005,25(2):46-50
196.朱新开.不同类型专用小麦氮素吸收利用特性与调控.扬州大学博士论文,2006,44-46
197.朱兆良,文启孝.中国土壤氮素.南京:江苏科技出版社,1992,464-486
198.朱兆良.农田中氮肥的损失与对策.土壤与环境,2000,9(1):1-6
199.朱兆良.推荐氮肥适宜施用量的方法论刍议.植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(1):1-4
200.朱兆良.中国土壤的氮素肥力与农业中的氮素管理.沈善敏主编.中国土壤肥力.北京:农业出版社,1998.160-211
201.庄舜尧,孙秀廷.肥料氮在蔬菜地中的走向和平衡.土壤,1997,(2):80-83
1.邹琦,主编。植物生理学实验指导。北京:中国农业出版社,2000
2.中国科学院上海植物生理研究所,上海市植物生理学会,编。现代植物生理学实验指南。北京:科学出版社,1999
3.张宪政,主编。作物生理研究法。北京:农业出版社,1992
1.许轲,张洪程,等.超高产小麦吸氮特性与氮肥运筹的初步研究.作物学报,1998,24(6):935-940
2.黄德明.冬小麦矿质营养和施肥的研究Ⅱ:NPK肥对小麦养分吸收积累分配的影响.北京农业科学,1989 (4):15-18
3.黄德明,俞仲林,等.淮北地区高产小麦植株吸N及土壤供N特性.中国农业科学,1988,21(5):59-67
4.余松烈,亓新华,等,高产冬小麦对三要素的吸收和供应特点研究.土壤肥料,1982,(11):31-34
5.潘庆民,于振文,等.公顷产9000kg小麦氮素吸收分配的研究.作物学报,1999 25(5):541-547
6.张继林,孙元敏,等.高产小麦营养生理特性与高效施肥技术的研究.中国农业科学,1988,21(4):39-46
7.山东省农科院.高产小麦营养吸收特性的研究.土壤肥料,1980,(6): 27-32
8.凌励.高产小麦养分吸收特点及高效施肥技术研究初报.见:江苏土肥科技与农业可持续发展,河海大学出版社,1997,163-170
9.凌启鸿编著.作物群体质量,上海科学技术出版社,2000
10.米国华,张福锁,等.小麦超高产生理基础探讨-小麦后期碳氮代谢互作与粒重形成.中国农业大学学报,1997,2(5): 73-78
11.于振文,田奇卓,等.黄淮麦区冬小麦超高产栽培的理论与实践.作物学报,2002,28(5):577-585
12.鲁如坤.土壤一植物营养学原理和施肥[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1998,112-146.
13.朱新开.不同类型专用小麦氮素吸收利用特性与调控.扬州大学博士论文,2006,43-46
14.曲善功,李怀军,等.冬小麦不同配方施肥处理的参数及对土壤养分利用的影响.山东农业科学,2006,3:49-50
15.朱新开,郭文善,等.不同类型专用小麦氮肥施用参数研究.麦类作物学报,2009,29(2):308-313
16.孙敏.不同基因型小麦氮肥生产效率差异的机理研究.扬州大学博士论文,2007.55-58
17.韩燕来,介晓磊,等.超高产冬小麦氮磷钾吸收,分配与运转规律的研究.作物学报,1998,24(6):908-915.
18.Cox M C,Qualset C O,Rains D W. Genetic variation for nitrogen as simulation and translocation in wheat:Ⅱ.Nitrogen assimilation in relation to grain yield and protein[J].Crop Science,1985,25:435-440
19.Loffler C M,et al. Selection for grain protein,yield and nitrogen partitioning efficiency in hardred spring wheat. Crop Sci, 1982, 22:591~595
20.王小燕,于振文.不同冬小麦品种氮素吸收运转特性及其与子粒蛋白质含量的关系.植物营养与肥料学报2006,12(3):301-306
21.田纪春,张忠义,等.高蛋白和低蛋白小麦品种的氮素吸收和运移分配差异的研究.作物学报,1994,20(1):76-81
22.许轲,张洪程,等.冬小麦不同生长类型群体超高产的中期栽培调控.作物学报,2002,28(5):760-766
23.曲善功,李怀军,等.冬小麦不同配方施肥处理的参数及对土壤养分利用的影响.山东农业科学,2006,(3):49-50
24.杨洪宾,黄九柏,等.大穗型小麦产量600kg/667m2最佳氮磷钾配比与施肥量研究.山东农业科学,1999,3:15-18
25.于振文主编.作物栽培学各论(北方本).中国农业出版社,2003,56-58
26.余松烈主编.中国小麦栽培理论与实践.上海科技出版社,2006,66
27.余松烈,亓新华.冬小麦精确高产栽培.北京:农业出版社,1987
28.于振文,潘庆民,等.9000 kg/公顷小麦施氮量与生理特性分析.作物学报,2003,29(1):37-43
29.郭天财,宋晓等.施氮水平对2种穗型冬小麦品种产量及氮素吸收利用的影响.西北植物学报,2008,28(3):553-558
30.朱兆良.推荐氮肥适宜施用量的方法论刍议.植物营养与肥料学报2006,12(1): 1-4
31.周鸣铮,王竺美。浙江省水稻土“因产定氮”基本公式及其有关参数的探讨。土壤学报,1987,24(2):127-133
32.陆允甫,周鸣铮,等。浙江省红土壤地区玉米的估产测土施肥研究。土壤通报,15(3):117-120
1.朱兆良.我国土壤供氮和化肥氮去向研究的进展.土壤,1985,17(1):1-9
2.唐耀先,张继宏,等.土壤基础供氮能力和肥料氮素利用率及其应用的研究.土壤通报,1986,27(5):204-208
3.佩德罗,A桑切兹,约翰,J尼科雷迪斯.发展中国家植物营养与土壤限制因素.联合国粮食及农业组织技术咨询委员会秘书处,1983,1-17
4. Bremner J m. Nitrogen availability indexes. In: Black C A(ed.). Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Am. Soc. Of Agro, Wisconsin, USA. 1965. 1324~1345
5.Keeney D R. Nitrogen availability indices. In: Page AL(ed.). Methods of soil analysis. Part 2(2nded.),Am. Soc. Of Agro, Wisconsin, USA, 1982.711~733
6.Skjemstad J O, Vallis I, Myers R K J. Decomposition of soil organic nitrogen. In: Wilson J R(ed.). Advances in nitrogen cycling in agricultural ecosystems. International Wallingford, Oxon, UK, 1988.134~144
7.王涌清,洛德梅H,里尔特J.我国黄土、褐土和潮土土壤中的氮素矿化潜力.土壤学报,1986,23(1):1~9
8.白志坚,赵更生.陕西省主要耕种土壤的氮矿化势.土壤通报,1981,12(4):26~29
9.朱兆良.土壤氮素的矿化和土壤氮素有效性指标的评价.中国土壤氮素.南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1992
10.巨晓棠,等.土壤氮素矿化的温度水分效应.植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(1):37~42
11.Stanford G, Smith S J. Nitrogen mineralization potentials of soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 1972, 36:465~472
12.李生秀,等.几种测氮方法在反映土壤供氮能力方面的效果.土壤,1990,22(4):194-197.
13.邵则瑶,杨海顺,等.作物根层土壤剖面无机态氮的研究.北京农业大学学报,1988,(4):420-429.
14.邵则瑶,杨海顺,等.小麦根层土壤剖面残留无机态氮的研究.土壤,1988,20(2):97-98.
15. Smith S J, G Stanford. Evaluation of soil nitrogen availability. Soil Sci., 1971,111:228-232.
16. Soper R J, Racz, P I Fehr. Nitrate nitrogen in the soil as a means of predicting the fertilizer nitrogen requirements of barley[J]. Can. J. Soil Sci., 1971, 51:45-49.
17. Stanford G. Effect of partial removal of soil organic nitrogen with sodium pyrophosphate or sulfuric acid solution on subsequent mineralization of nitrogen. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 1968,32:679-682.
18. Fitts J W, W V Barthlomew, H Heidel. Predicting nitrogen fertilization Iowa soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 1955,19: 69-73.
19. Hanway J, Dumenil. Predicting nitrogen fertilizer needs of Iowa soils.Ⅲ. Use of nitrate production, together with other information, as a basis for making nitrogen fertilizer recommendations for core in Iowa. Soil Sci.Soc. Am. Proc., 1955,19: 77-80.
20. Stanford G, J N Carter, S J Smoth. Estimates of potentially mineralizable soil nitrogen based of short-incubations. Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 1974, 38:99-102.
21. Gianello C, T M Bremner. A simple method of assessing potentially available organic nitrogen in soils. Commn. in Soil Sci. Plant. Anal., 1986,17(2):195-214.
22. Whitehead D C. An improved chemical extraction method for predicting the supply of available soil nitrogen. J.Sci. Food. Agric., 1981,32:359-365.
23. Cornfield A H. Ammonia released on treating soils with nitrogen sodium hydroxide as a possible means of predicting the nitrogen-supplying power of soils. Nature., 1960, 187:260-261.
24. Truog E, H H Hull, M M Shihata. A new soil test for available nitrogen . Memo . University of Wiscosin, Madison.1951.
25. Blackmer A M, Pottker D, et al. Correlations between soil nitrate concentrations in late spring and corn yields in Iowa. J Prod Agric,1989,(2):104-109.
26. Roth G W,Fox R H, et al. Plant tissue test for predicting nitrogen fertilizer requirement of winter wheat[J]. Agron J,1989,(81):502-507.
27. Truog, E., Fifty years of soil testing. 7th Inter. Congr. Soil Sci. 1960,IV.7:46-53.
28.周鸣铮.中国的测土施肥.土壤通报,1987,18(1):7-13
29.凌启鸿,张洪程,等.水稻精确定量施氮研究.中国农业科学,2005,38(12):2457-2467
30.刘成祥,周鸣铮.对Truog-Ramamoorthy测土施肥方法的研究与讨论.土壤学报,1986,23(3):285-289
31.张士昌,张树泽,等.玉米经济施肥的研究.土壤通报,1986,17(1):22-26
32.计钟程.春小麦测土施肥.土壤通报,1986,17(2):68-71.
33.陆允甫,等.红壤旱地速测钾测定方法与指标的研究.浙江农业科学,1986,4:162-166.
34.陆允甫,等.红壤旱地速测磷测定方法与指标的研究.土壤学报,1987,24(4):325-334.
35.阙金华.水稻优质高产氮肥精量确定技术的研究.扬州大学硕士论文,2003.
36.刘艳阳.不同地力对水稻产量、品质及精确施氮参数影响的研究.扬州大学博士论文,2006
37.朱兆良,蔡贵信,徐银华,等。太湖地区水稻土的氮素矿化及土壤供氮量的预测.土壤学报,1984,21(1):29-35
38.朱新开,郭文善,等.不同类型专用小麦优质高产群体氮素积累特征分析.扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2007,28(3):58-63
1.朱兆良,文启孝.中国土壤氮素.南京:江苏科技出版社,1992,464-486
2.曹学昌.应用15N研究小麦氮素吸氮动态及不同时期追施氮肥的作用.山东农业科学,1988(5):11-13
3.江苏省农学会编.江苏麦作科学,江苏科技出版社,1994
4.黄德明.小麦营养特性与施肥技术.江苏省农学会编,江苏麦作科学.南京:江苏科技出版社,1994,287-320
5.霍中洋,葛鑫,张洪程,等.施氮方式对不同专用小麦氮素吸收及氮肥利用率的影响.作物学报,2004,30(5):449-454
6.赵广才,李春喜,等.不同施氮比例和时期对冬小麦氮素利用的影响.华北农学报,2000,15(3):99-102
7.魏秀梅,左东峰.冬小麦氮肥深浅追施对氮素利用率和磷钾吸收量的影响.核农学通报,1996,17(5):233-235
8.许轲,张洪程,等.冬小麦不同生长类型群体超高产的中期栽培调控。作物学报,2002,28(6):760-766
9.朱新开,郭文善,等.不同类型专用小麦氮肥施用参数研究.麦类作物学报,2009,29(2):308-313
10.童依平,李继云,等.不同小麦品种吸收利用氮素效率的差异及有关机理研究I吸收和利用效率对产量的影响。西北植物学报,1999,19(2):270-277。III影响利用效率的因素分析。西北植物学报,1999,l9 (4 ) :598-604
11.张国平,张光恒.小麦氮素利用效率的基因性差异研究.植物营养与肥料学报,1996,2(4):331-335
12.何文寿,储燕宁,等.不同基因型小麦氮营养效率的差异.宁夏农学院学报,1997,18(4):30-34
13.朱新开,郭文善,等.不同类型专用小麦氮素吸收积累差异研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(2):148-154
14.王小燕,于振文.不同冬小麦品种氮素吸收运转特性及其与子粒蛋白质含量的关系.植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(3):301-306.
15.Stanford G. Rational for optimum N fertilization in corn production. Journal of Environment Quality, 1973(2):159-166.
16.Dhugga K S, Waines J G. Analysis of nitrogen accumulation and use in bread and durum wheat. Crop Science, 1939, 29: 1232-1239.
17.Debaeke P, Aussenac T, Fabre J L, Hilaire A. Grain nitrogen content of winter breadwheat(Triticum aestium L.)as related to crop management and to the previous crop. European Journal of Agronomy, 1996, 5 (3-4):273-286.
18.Moll R H, Kamprath E J, Jackson W A. Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Agronomy Journal 1982, 7: 526-564.
19.鲁如坤等著.土壤-植物营养学原理和施肥.北京:化学工业出版社,1998,1-100
20.凌启鸿等著.作物群体质量.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2000,1-100
21.江苏省农学会著.江苏麦作科学.南京:江苏科技出版社,1994,1-113
22.杜永.黄淮地区稻麦周年超高产群体特征与调控技术的研究.扬州大学博士论文,2007,97-143
23.王月福,姜东,等.高低土壤肥力下小麦基施和追施氮肥的利用效率和增产效应.作物学报,2003,29(4):491-495
24.介晓磊,韩燕来,等。不同肥力和土壤质地条件下麦田氮肥利用率的研究.作物学报,1998,24(6): 884-888
25.裴雪霞,王秀斌,等.氮肥后移对土壤氮素供应和冬小麦氮素吸收利用的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(1):9-15
26.郭天财,宋晓,等.施氮水平对2种穗型冬小麦品种产量及氮素吸收利用的影响.西北植物学报,2008,28(3):554-558
27.刘芳,于振文,等.应用15N示踪法对旱地冬小麦施肥与氮素吸收利用的研究.土壤肥料,1997,(2):30-31
28.刘学军,赵紫娟,等.基施氮肥对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及氮平衡的影响.生态学报,2002,22(7):1122-1128
29.张绍林,等.关于太湖地区稻麦上氮肥的适宜施用量.土壤,1988(20): 5-9
30.王小燕,褚鹏飞,等.水氮互作对小麦土壤硝态氮运移及水、氮利用效率的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(5): 992 -1002
31.宋永林,姚造华,等.不同肥料配施对土壤主要养分含量及作物氮、磷、钾表观利用率的影响.土壤肥料,2002,3:22-25
32.孙传范.小麦氮素利用效率的生理生态与氮肥调控研究.南京农业大学博士论文,2002,88-93
33.王树亮,田奇卓,等.不同小麦品种对氮素吸收利用差异及其分类研究.华北农学报,2008,23(增刊):213-219
34.陈祥,同延安,等.氮肥后移对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及氮素吸收的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(3):450-455
1.凌启鸿,等著.水稻精确定量栽培理论与技术.北京:中国农业出版社,2006
2.凌启鸿,张洪程,等.水稻精确定量施氮研究.中国农业科学,2005,38(12):2457-2467
3.孙义祥,郭跃升,等.应用“3414”试验建立冬小麦测土配方施肥指标体系.植物营养与肥料学报2009,15(l):197-203
4.宋晓宇,王纪华,等.利用航空成像光谱数据研究土壤供氮量及变量施肥对冬小麦长的影响.农业工程学报,2004,20(4):45-49
5.梁红霞,赵春江.利用光谱指数进行冬小麦变量施肥的可行性及效益分析.遥感技术与应用,2005,20(5):469-473
6.刘立军,桑大志,等.实时实地氮肥管理对水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响.中国农业科学,2003,36(12):1456-1461
7.杜永.黄淮地区稻麦周年超高产群体特征与调控技术的研究.扬州大学博士论文,2007,132-137
8.朱新开,盛海君,等.应用SPAD值预测小麦叶片叶绿素和氮含量的初步研究.麦类作物学报,2005,25(2):46-50
9.李志宏,刘宏斌,等.应用叶绿素仪诊断冬小麦氮营养状况的研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(4):401-405
10.Peng S, Garcia F V, Laza R C, et al. Increased N-use efficiency using a chlorophyll meter on highyielding irrigated rice, Field Crops Research,1996,47:243-252
11.Hussain F, Bronson K F, Yadvinder-Singh, et al. Use of chlorophyll meter sufficiency indices for nitrogen management of irrigated rice in Asia. Agronomy Journal, 2000,92:875-879
12.Balasubramanian V, Morales A C, Cruz R T,et al. On-farm adaptation of knowledge-intensive nitrogen management technologies for rice system. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 1999,53(1):59-69
13.王晨阳,朱云集,等.氮肥后移对超高产小麦产量及生理特性的研究.作物学报,1998,24(6):978-983
14.凌启鸿,彭永欣,等.小麦叶龄模式及其应用.稻麦研究新进展.南京:东南大学出版社,1991,49-61
15.凌启鸿,张洪程,等.小麦“小群体、壮个体、高积累”高产栽培途径的研究.江苏农学院学报,1983,4(1):1-6
16.许轲,张洪程,等.超高产小麦吸氮特性与氮肥运筹的初步研究.作物学报,1998,24(6):935-940
17.张宁,金继运。小麦、玉米、水稻施肥模型的建立.植物营养与肥料学报,1995,1(1):79 -84
18.张福锁,马文奇,等.养分资源综合管理.2003.北京:中国农业大学出版社
19.许轲,张洪程,等.冬小麦不同生长类型群体超高产的中期栽培调控.作物学报,2002,28(5):760-766
20.裴雪霞,王秀斌,等.氮肥后移对土壤氮素供应和冬小麦氮素吸收利用的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(1):9-15
21.陈祥,同延安,等.氮肥后移对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及氮素吸收的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(3):450-455
2. Aulakh M S, et al. The influence of plant residues on denitrificalion rates in conventional and zero tilled soil . Soil Sci. Soc.Am. J.,1984,48 :790-794
3. Balasubramanian V, Morales A C, et al. On-farm adaptation of knowledge-intensive nitrogen management technologies for rice system. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 1999, 53(1):59-69
4. Barneix A J, Amozis P A, Guitman M R. The regulation of nitrogen accumulation in the grain of wheat plants. Physiol. plant, 1992, 86: 609
5. Berbi D K,Biswas C R,Kalkat J S.Nitrate distribution an accumulation in and ustochrept soil profile a long-termfertilizer experiment. Fertilizer Research,1991,28(2):173-177
6. Blackmer A M, Pottker D, et al. Correlations between soil nitrate concentrations in late spring and corn yields in Iowa. J Prod Agric,1989,(2):103-109
7. Blevins D W, et al. Movement of nitrate fertilizer to glacial till and runoff from a clay-pan soil . J. Environ. Qual.,1996,25 :584-593
8. Bremner J m. Nitrogen availability indexes. In: Black C A(ed.). Methods of soil analysis. Part
2. Am. Soc. Of Agro, Wisconsin, USA. 1965. 1324-1345
9. Bufogle A, et al. Rice variety differences in dry matter and nitrogen accumulation as related to plant stature and maturity group. J. Plant Nutri., 1997, 20 :1203-1224
10. Cabon F G & Ledoux E.Modelling of the nitrogen cycle in farmland areas. In: Groot J J R,Willigen P D and Verberne(eds) E L J,et al. Nitrogen turn over in the soil-crop system. The Netherland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.161-171
11. Chichester F W, et al. Sediment and nutrient loss from clay soils as affected by tillage. J. Environ. Qual.,1992,21:587-590
12. Comfort S D, Malzer G L, Busch R H. Nitrogen fertilization of spring wheat genotypes: influence on root growth and soil water depletion. Agronomy Journal, 1988, 80: 114-120
13. Cornfield A H. Ammonia released on treating soils with nitrogen sodium hydroxide as a possible means of predicting the nitrogen-supplying power of soils. Nature.,1960,187:260-261
14. Cox M C,Qualset C O,Rains D W. Genetic variation for nitrogen as simulation and translocation in wheat:Ⅱ.Nitrogen assimilation in relation to grain yield and protein. Crop Science,1985,25:435-440
15. Darusm M, Stone L R, Whitney K A. Soil properties after twenty years of fertilization with different nitrogen sources. Soil Science Society of Amercia Journal,1991,55(4):1097-1110
16. Debaeke P, Aussenac T, Fabre J L, Hilaire A. Grain nitrogen content of winter bread wheat(Triticum aestium L.)as related to crop management and to the previous crop. European Journal of Agronomy, 1996, 5 (3-4):273-286
17. Dhugga K S, Waines J G. Analysis of nitrogen accumulation and use in bread and durum wheat. Crop Science, 1939, 29: 1232-1239.
18. Fitts J W, W V Barthlomew, H Heidel. Predicting nitrogen fertilization Iowa soils. Soil Sci.Soc. Am. Proc., 1955,19: 69-73
19. Frank J Stevenson. Nitrogen in agricultural soils(农业土壤中的氮).北京:科学出版社,1989
20. Gianello C, T M Bremner. A simple method of assessing potentially available organic nitrogen in soils. Commn. in Soil Sci. Plant. Anal., 1986,17(2):195-214
21. Grime J P. Stress, competition,rescurse dynamics and vegetation processes[A].In:Fowden L, Mansfield T and Stoddart J(eds.).Plant adaptation to environmental stress[C]. London:James & James(science publishers),1993
22. Grime J P.Towards a functional description of vegetation[A].In:White J(ed).The population structure of vegetation[C].Junk:Dordrecht,1985.503-514
23. Hanway J, Dumenil. Predicting nitrogen fertilizer needs of Iowa soils.Ⅲ. Use of nitrate production, together with other information, as a basis for making nitrogen fertilizer recommendations for core in Iowa. Soil Sci.Soc. Am. Proc., 1955,19: 77-80
24. Harper L A, et al. Nitrogen cycling in a wheat crop: soil,plant,and aerial nitrogen transport . Agron. J.,1987,79:965-973
25. Hoveland C S. ASA. CSSA. Madison Wisconsin. ASA. 1980:108
26. Hussain F, Bronson K F, Yadvinder-Singh, et al. Use of chlorophyll meter sufficiency indices for nitrogen management of irrigated rice in Asia. Agronomy Journal, 2000,92:875-879
27. Jenner C F, Ugalde T D, Aspinal D. The physiology of starch and protein in deposition in the endosperm of wheat. Aust J Plant Physiol, 1991, 18: 211-226
28. Johnson J W et al. Crop Science, 1984.24:904-906
29. Kanampiu F K, et al. Effect of nitrogen rate on plant nitrogen loss in winter varieties. J. Plant Nutr., 1997,20 :389-404
30. Keeney D R. Nitrogen availability indices. In: Page AL(ed.). Methods of soil analysis. Part 2(2nded.), Am. Soc. Of Agro, Wisconsin, USA, 1982.711-733
31. King L D, Burns J C, Westerman P W. Long-term swine lagoon effluent applications on coastal Bermudgrass, I:Effect on nutrient accumulation in soil.The Journal of Environmental Quality, 1990,19(4):756-760
32. Li C K, et al. Ammonium bicarbonate used as a nitrogen fertilizer in China. Fert. Res., 1980,1: 125-136
33. Loffler C M,et al. Selection for grain protein,yield and nitrogen partitioning efficiency in hard red spring wheat. Crop Sci, 1982, 22:591-595
34. Marschner H.曹一平,等译.高等植物的矿质营养.北京:北京农业大学出版社,1991
35. Moll R H, Kamprath E J, Jackson W A. Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Agronomy Journal 1982, 7: 526-564
36. Olson R V, et al. Fate of labeled nitrogen fertilizer applied to winter wheat fox five years CJJ. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,1984,48:583-586
37. Peng S, Garcia F V, Laza R C, et al. Increased N-use efficiency using a chlorophyll meter on highyielding irrigated rice, Field Crops Research,1996,47:243-252
38. Rao S C,et al. Nitrogen placement and tillage effects on dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and redistribution in winter wheat . Agron. J., 1996,88 :365-371
39. Raun W R, et al. Soil-plant buffering of inorganic nitrogen in continuous winter wheat . Agron. J. , 1995, 87 :827-834
40. Roth G W, Fox R H, et al. Plant tissue test for predicting nitrogen fertilizer requirement of winter wheat. Agron J,1989,(81):502-507
41. Skjemstad J O, Vallis I, et al. Decomposition of soil organic nitrogen. In: Wilson J R(ed.). Advances in nitrogen cycling in agricultural ecosystems. International Wallingford, Oxon, UK, 1988.134-144
42. Smith S J, G Stanford. Evaluation of soil nitrogen availability. Soil Sci., 1971, 111:228-232
43. Soper R J, Racz, P I Fehr. Nitrate nitrogen in the soil as a means of predicting the fertilizer nitrogen requirements of barley. Can. J. Soil Sci., 1971, 51:45-49
44. Stanford G, J N Carter, S J Smoth. Estimates of potentially mineralizable soil nitrogen based of short-incubations. Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 1974, 38:99-102
45. Stanford G, Smith S J. Nitrogen mineralization potentials of soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 1972, 36:465-472
46. Stanford G. Effect of partial removal of soil organic nitrogen with sodium pyrophosphate or sulfuric acid solution on subsequent mineralization of nitrogen. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 1968,32:679-682
47. Stanford G. Rational for optimum N fertilization in corn production. Journal of Environment Quality, 1973(2):159-166
48. Stewart, B. A. 1977. The effects of fertilizers and leather agricultural inputs on quality criteria of wheat needed for milling and baking. In Fertilizer using production of carbohydrates and lipids. Proc. Colloq. Int. Potash Inst. 13:243-250
49. Strong. W. M. Effects of late application of nitrogen on the yield and protein content of wheat Aust. J. Experi. Agric. And Ani. Husb.1982,22:54-61
50. Truog E, H H Hull, M M Shihata. A new soil test for available nitrogen. Memo. University of Wiscosin, Madison.1951
51. Truog, E., Fifty years of soil testing. 7th Inter. Congr. Soil Sci. 1960,IV.7:46-53
52. Vlek P L G, et al. Effect of N source and management on ammonia volatilization losses fromflooded rice-soil systems. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.,1979,43:352-358
53. Von Rheinbaben W. Nitrogen losses from agricultural soils through denitrification: A critical evaluation. Zeitschrift fur pflanzener nahrung and Bodenkunde,1990,153:157-166
54. Whitehead D C. An improved chemical extraction method for predicting the supply of available soil nitrogen. J.Sci. Food. Agric., 1981,32:359-365
55. Wuest S B, et al. Fertilize-nitrogen use efficiency of irrigated wheat: I. Uptake efficiency of pre-plant versus late-season application . Agron. J.,1992,84 :682-688.
56.安靖.基于“3414”试验的目标产量法配方施肥参数的建立及影响因素的研究.2008,内蒙古农业大学硕士论文,p33
57.蔡大同,等.氮肥不同时期施用对优质小麦产量和加工品质的影响.土壤肥料,1994,2,19-21
58.曹学昌.应用15N研究小麦氮素吸氮动态及不同时期追施氮肥的作用.山东农业科学,1988(5):11-13
59.陈祥,同延安,等.氮肥后移对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及氮素吸收的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(3):450-455
60.陈新平,周金池,等.小麦—玉米轮作制中氮肥效应模型的选择—经济和环境效益分析.土壤学报,2000,37(3):346-354
61.陈新平,周金池,等.应用土壤无机氮测试进行冬小麦氮肥推荐的研究.土壤肥料,1997,(5):19-21
62.褚天泽,林继雄,等.化肥科学施用指南.北京:金盾出版社,2002
63.戴廷波,曹卫星,等.作物增铵营养的生理效应.植物生理学通讯,1998,34(6):488-493
64.杜永.黄淮地区稻麦周年超高产群体特征与调控技术的研究.扬州大学博士论文,2007,132-137
65.杜金哲,李文雄,等.春小麦不同品质类型氮的吸收、转化利用及与籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的关系.作物学报,2001, 27(2):253-260
66.樊小林,李玲.氮肥、干早胁迫、基因型差异对冬小麦吸氮量的效应.植物营养与肥料学报,1998, 4(2):131-137
67.付国占,等.前氮后移施肥对小麦旗叶生理功能及产量的影响.河南农业科学,1998,1:3-5
68.葛鑫,张洪程,等.施氮方式对强筋小麦济南17产量和品质的影响.麦类作物学报,2003(4):12-16
69.郭天财,宋晓,等.施氮水平对2种穗型冬小麦品种产量及氮素吸收利用的影响.西北植物学报,2008,28(3):554-558
70.韩晓日,邹德乙,等.长期施肥条件下土壤微生物氮的动态及其调控氮素营养的作用.植物营养与肥料学报,1996,2(1):16-22
71.韩燕来,介晓磊,等.超高产冬小麦氮磷钾吸收、分配与运转规律的研究.作物学报,1998,24(6):908-915
72.何文寿,等.不同基因型小麦氮营养效率的差异.宁夏农学院学报,1997,18(4):30-34
73.何绪生,李素霞,等.控效肥料的研究进展.植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(2):97-106
74.贺明荣.氮肥对小麦籽粒营养品质的影响.山东农业大学学报,1988,19(3):23-30.
75.侯彦林.“生态平衡施肥”的理论基础和技术体系.生态学报,2000,20(4):653-658
76.黄德明,俞仲林,等.淮北地区高产小麦植株吸氮及土壤供氮特性.中国农业科学,1998,21(5):59-67
77.黄德明.冬小麦矿质营养和施肥的研究Ⅱ:NPK肥对小麦养分吸收积累分配的影响.北京农业科学,1989 (4):15-18
78.黄德明.十年来我国测土施肥的进展.植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(4):495-499
79.黄德明.小麦营养特性与施肥技术.江苏省农学会编,江苏麦作科学.南京:江苏科技出版社,1994,287-320
80.黄高宝,张恩和,等.不同玉米品种氮素营养效率差异的生态生理机制.植物营养与肥料学报,2001,7(3):293-297
81.黄生斌,陈新平,等.不同品种冬小麦土壤及植株测试氮肥推荐指标的研究.中国农业大学学报,2002, 7(5):26-31
82.霍中洋,葛鑫,等.施氮方式对不同专用小麦氮素吸收及氮肥利用率的影响.作物学报,2004,30(5):449-454
83.贾振华,等.施氮量对产量与蛋白质同步形成的影响.河南职技师范学报,1990,18(3-4):110-116
84.贾振华,等.小麦产量与品质同步形成的研究.Ⅰ追氮时期对产量与蛋白质同步形成的影响.北京农业科学,1988,3,15-18
85.江苏省农学会编.江苏麦作科学,江苏科技出版社,1994
86.蒋纪芸,张宝军,等.硬粒小麦灌浆期间营养器官对籽粒蛋白质积累的影响.国外农学—麦类作物,1996, 12(1):22-23
87.介晓磊,等.不同肥力和土壤质地条件下麦田氮肥利用率的研究.作物学报,1998,24(6) :884-888
88.金善宝,主编.中国小麦学.北京:中国农业出版社,1994
89.巨晓棠,等.土壤氮素矿化的温度水分效应.植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(1):37-42
90.李生秀,高亚军,等.澄城低肥力田块小麦的水肥耦合效应.见汪德水主编.旱地肥水关系原理与调控技术.北京:中国农业科技出版社.1995,221-234
91.李生秀.我国土壤—植物营养研究的进展、现状及展望.土壤—植物营养研究文集.西安:陕西科学技术出版社.1999,19
92.李士敏,张书华.尿素深施对作物产量及氮素利用率影响效果浅析.耕作与栽培,1999(5):52-53,62
93.李志宏,刘宏斌,等.应用叶绿素仪诊断冬小麦氮营养状况的研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(4):401-405
94.李志宏,王兴仁,等.我国北方地区几种主要作物氮营养诊断及追肥推荐研究.I.几种主要作物氮磷钾施用量研究,植物营养与肥料学报,1997,3(3):262-267
95.李志宏,王兴仁,等.我国北方地区几种主要作物氮营养诊断及追肥推荐研究.IV.冬小麦-夏玉米轮作制度下氮素诊断及追肥推荐研究,植物营养与肥料学报,1997,3(4):357-362
96.李志宏,张福锁,等.我国北方地区几种主要作物氮营养诊断及追肥推荐研究.III.春小麦氮营养诊断及追肥推荐体系的研究,植物营养与肥料学报,1997,3(4):349-356
97.李志宏,张福锁,等.我国北方地区几种主要作物氮营养诊断及追肥推荐研究.II植株硝酸盐快速测定施肥研究,植物营养与肥料学报,1997,3(3):268-274
98.梁红霞,赵春江.利用光谱指数进行冬小麦变量施肥的可行性及效益分析.遥感技术与应用,2005,20(5):469-473
99.凌励.高产小麦养分吸收特点及高效施肥技术研究初报.江苏土肥科技与农业可持续发展,河海大学出版社,1997,163-170
100.凌启鸿,等著.水稻精确定量栽培理论与技术.北京:中国农业出版社,2006
101.凌启鸿,彭永欣,等.小麦叶龄模式及其应用.稻麦研究新进展.南京:东南大学出版社,1991,49-61
102.凌启鸿,张洪程,等.水稻精确定量施氮研究.中国农业科学,2005,38(12):2457-2467
103.凌启鸿,张洪程,等.小麦“小群体、壮个体、高积累”高产栽培途径的研究.江苏农学院学报,1983,4(1):1-6
104.凌启鸿等著.作物群体质量.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2000,1-100
105.刘芳,于振文,等.应用15N示踪法对旱地冬小麦施肥与氮素吸收利用的研究.土壤肥料,1997,(2):30-31
106.刘成祥,周鸣铮.对Truog-Ramamoorthy测土施肥方法的研究与讨论.土壤学报,1986,23(3):285-289
107.刘殿英,石立岩,等.不同时期追施肥水对冬小麦根系、根系活性和植株性状的影响.作物学报,1993,(2):149-155.
108.刘发魁,马平民,等.高水肥土壤小麦前氮后移对其生育及产量构成因素的影响.河南农业科学,1998,3:3-7
109.刘国栋,等.植物营养与作物育种.作物杂志,2000,3:4-7
110.刘洪斌,周则芳,等.冬小麦生育期间紫色土氮素转化与移动的研究.见:陈子明主编.氮素-产量-环境.北京:中国农业科技出版社,1996.111-118
111.刘建安,米国华,等.不同基因型玉米氮效率差异的比较研究.农业生物技术学报,1999, 7(3):248-254
112.刘立军,桑大志,等.实时实地氮肥管理对水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响.中国农业科学,2003,36(12):1456-1461
113.刘晓冰,李文雄.春小麦籽粒灌浆过程中淀粉和蛋白质积累规律的初步研究.作物学报,1996, 22(6):736-740
114.刘学军,赵紫娟,等.基施氮肥对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及氮平衡的影响.生态学报,2002,22(7):1122-1128
115.刘艳阳.不同地力对水稻产量、品质及精确施氮参数影响的研究.扬州大学博士论文,2006
116.卢少源,王增裕.小麦品质遗传—生理研究概述.河北农业大学学报,1989,(1):135-139
117.鲁如坤.土壤一植物营养学原理和施肥.北京:化学工业出版社,1998,112-146
118.陆允甫,周鸣铮,等.浙江省红土壤地区玉米的估产测土施肥研究.土壤通报,15(3):117-120
119.吕殿青,杨学云,等.陕西娄土中NO3-N运移特点及影响因素研究.见:陈子明主编.氮素-产量-环境.北京:中国农业科技出版社,1996.63-78
120.马传喜,等.同一面包小麦品种烘烤品质变化规律的研究.作物学报,1998,24(6):751-755
121.马元喜主编.小麦的根.北京:中国农业出版社,1999
122.米国华,张福锁,等.小麦超高产生理基础探讨-小麦后期碳氮代谢互作与粒重形成.中国农业大学学报,1997,2(5):73-78
123.苗艳芳,等.氮肥分配比例对小麦产量及群体质量的影响.麦类作物学报,1999,19(4):43-45
124.潘庆民,于振文,等.公顷产9000kg小麦氮素吸收分配的研究.作物学报,1999,25(5):541-547
125.裴雪霞,王秀斌,等.氮肥后移对土壤氮素供应和冬小麦氮素吸收利用的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(1):9-15
126.彭永欣,等.氮素对小麦籽粒产量、粒重及容重的调节效应.稻麦研究新进展.凌启鸿主编.东南大学出版社
127.彭永欣,主编.氮素营养对小麦籽粒产量与品质调节效应的研究.小麦栽培与生理.东南大学出版社,1992,127-14
128.秦武发,李宗智.氮素供应对小麦品质的影响.河北农业大学学报,1989,12(3):1-7
129.曲善功,李怀军,等.冬小麦不同配方施肥处理的参数及对土壤养分利用的影响.山东农业科学,2006,(3):49-50
130.山东省农科院.高产小麦营养吸收特性的研究.土壤肥料,1980,(6):27-32
131.申建波,张福锁,等.植物矿质营养的生态意义.生态农业研究,1997,(1):22-26.(2):11-14
132.沈其荣,王岩,等.土壤微生物量和土壤固定态铵的变化及水稻对残留N的利用.土壤学报,2000,37(3):330-337
133.宋晓宇,王纪华.利用航空成像光谱数据研究土壤供氮量及变量施肥对冬小麦长的影响.农业工程学报,2004,20(4):45-49
134.宋永林,姚造华,等.不同肥料配施对土壤主要养分含量及作物氮、磷、钾表观利用率的影响.土壤肥料,2002,3:22-25
135.苏正义,韩晓日.氮肥深施对作物产量和氮肥利用率的影响.沈阳农业大学学报,1997,28(4):292-296
136.孙敏.不同基因型小麦氮肥生产效率差异的机理研究.扬州大学博士论文,2007,55-58
137.孙传范.小麦氮素利用效率的生理生态与氮肥调控研究.南京农业大学博士论文,2002,88-93
138.孙德芳,霍现英,等.冬小麦应用长效尿素的增产效果及施用技术.山东农业科学,1993,(6)42-46
139.孙义祥,郭跃升,等.应用“3414”试验建立冬小麦测土配方施肥指标体系.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(l):197-203
140.唐建阳,翁伯琦,等.提高稻田尿素利用率若干方法与机理探讨.植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(3):242-248
141.唐耀先,张继宏,等.土壤基础供氮能力和肥料氮素利用率及其应用的研究.土壤通报,1986,27(5):204-208
142.田纪春,等.氮素追肥后移对小麦籽粒产量和旗叶光合特性的影响.中国农业科学,2001,34(1):1-4
143.田纪春,张忠义,等.高蛋白和低蛋白小麦品种的氮素吸收和运转分配差异的研究.作物学报,1994, 20(1):76-83
144.田纪春,邹琦,等.小麦的氮素营养与籽粒蛋白质含量.山东农业大学学报,1992,23(4):453-456
145.童依平,李继云,等.不同小麦品种(系)吸收利用氮素的差异及有关机理研究.II.影响吸收效率的因素分析.西北植物学报,1999, 19(3):393-401
146.童依平,李继云,等.不同小麦品种(系)吸收利用氮素的差异及有关机理研究I.吸收和利用效率对产量的影响.西北植物学报,1999, 19(2):270-277
147.王岩,蔡大同,等.肥料残留氮的有效性及其与形态分布的关系.土壤学报,1993,30(1):19-2
148.王晨阳,朱云集,等.氮肥后移对超高产小麦产量及生理特性的研究.作物学报,1998,24(6):978-983
149.王绍中,等.小麦超高产主攻穗粒重研究.小麦穗粒重研究,北京:中国农业出版社,1995,197-204
150.王树亮,田奇卓,等.不同小麦品种对氮素吸收利用差异及其分类研究.华北农学报,2008,23(增刊):213-219
151.王小燕,褚鹏飞,等.水氮互作对小麦土壤硝态氮运移及水、氮利用效率的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(5): 992 -1002
152.王兴仁,陈新平,等.施肥模型在我国推荐施肥中的应用.植物营养与肥料学报,1998.4(1):61-74
153.王月福,姜东,等.高低土壤肥力下小麦基施和追施氮肥的利用效率和增产效应.作物学报,2003,29(4):491-495
154.魏秀梅,左东峰.冬小麦氮肥深浅追施对氮素利用率和磷钾吸收量的影响.核农学通报,1996,17(5):233-235
155.文启孝,程励励,等.我国一些耕地土壤的固定态铵含量和最大固铵量.土壤,1996,(3):168
156.吴敬民,陈永芳.水稻基肥机械深施及肥料运筹方式效果研究.土壤通报,1999,30(3):110-112
157.吴敬民,姚月明.水稻氮肥机械化深施效果初探.土壤肥料,1997(4):17-19
158.徐恒永,赵振东,等.氮肥对优质专用小麦产量和品质的影响Ⅰ氮肥对产量及产量形成的影响.山东农业科学,2000,5,27-30.
159.徐恒永,赵振东,等.氮肥对优质专用小麦产量和品质的影响Ⅱ氮肥对优质小麦品质的影响.山东农业科学,2001,2,13-17
160.徐明岗,张一平.土壤养分扩散的影响因素及其相互关系.土壤学进展,1995,23(3):13-20
161.徐阳春,蒋廷惠,等.不同面包小麦品种的产量及蛋白质含量对氮肥用量的反应.作物学报,1998,24(6):731-737
162.徐兆飞,张惠叶,等编著.小麦品质及其改良.北京:气象出版社,7-9
163.许轲,张洪程,等.超高产小麦吸氮特性与氮肥运筹的初步研究.作物学报,1998,24(6):935-940
164.许轲,张洪程,等.冬小麦不同生长类型群体超高产的中期栽培调控.作物学报,2002,28(6):760-766
165.严六零,彭永欣,等.小麦根群质量的初步研究.见:彭永欣等编著.小麦栽培与生理.南京:东南大学出版社,1992.96-104.
166.杨根海,等.用15N示踪研究小麦品质.Ⅰ后期氮肥对冬小麦产量和蛋白质含量的影响.北京农业大学学报,1986,1,39-46
167.杨洪宾,黄九柏,等.大穗型小麦产量600kg/667m2最佳氮磷钾配比与施肥量研究.山东农业科学,1999,3:15-18
168.于振文,潘庆民,等.9000 kg/公顷小麦施氮量与生理特性分析.作物学报,2003,29(1):37-43
169.于振文,田奇卓,等.黄淮麦区冬小麦超高产栽培的理论与实践.作物学报,2002,28(5):577-585
170.于振文,主编.作物栽培学各论(北方本).中国农业出版社,2003,56-58
171.余松烈,亓新华,等,高产冬小麦对三要素的吸收和供应特点研究.土壤肥料,1982,(11):31-34
172.余松烈,主编.中国小麦栽培理论与实践.上海:上海科技出版社,2006,66
173.张宁,等.小麦、玉米、水稻施肥模型的建立.植物营养与肥料学报,1995,1(1):79-84
174.张夫道.氮素营养研究中几个热点问题.植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(4):331-338
175.张福锁,马文奇,等.养分资源综合管理.2003.北京:中国农业大学出版社
176.张国平,张光恒.小麦氮素利用效率的基因性差异研究.植物营养与肥料学报,1996,2(4):331-335
177.张洪程,等.超高产小麦吸氮特性与氮肥运筹的初步研究.作物学报,1998,24(6):933-939
178.张继林,孙元敏,等.高产小麦营养生理特性与高效施肥技术的研究.中国农业科学,1988,21(4):39-46
179.张军,等.氮肥施用时期对弱筋小麦宁麦9号品质的影响.扬州大学学报,2004,25(2):39-42
180.张军,等.追施氮肥时期对淮南中筋小麦品质的影响.扬州大学学报,2003(2)
181.张庆江,张立言,等.春小麦品种氮的吸收积累和转运特征及与籽粒蛋白质的关系.作物学报,1997, 23(6):712-718
182.张绍林,等.关于太湖地区稻麦上氮肥的适宜施用量.土壤,1988(20):5-9
183.张维理,林葆,等.西欧发达国家提高化肥利用率的途径.土壤肥料,1998,(5):1-7
184.赵广才,等.不同追肥比例对小麦产量和品质的影响.北京农业科学,2000,5,7-9
185.赵广才,等.小麦生育后期不同施肥方法对产量和品质的影响.耕作与栽培,1991,4,54-55
186.赵广才,等.不同施氮比例和时期对冬小麦氮素利用的影响.华北农学报,2000,15(3):99-102
187.赵振达,张金盛.提高氮肥利用率的研究.II土壤水分状况与作物氮肥利用的关系.土壤通报,1979,(5):39
188.周琴,姜东,等.不同基因型小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累与碳氮转运的关系.南京农业大学学报,2002, 25(3):1-4
189.周米平.推荐施肥配方的优化方法研究.吉林农业大学学报,1999,21(3):77-80
190.周鸣铮,王竺美.浙江省水稻土“因产定氮”基本公式及其有关参数的探讨.土壤学报,1987,24(2):127-133
191.周鸣铮.测土施肥的科学基础。土壤通报,1984,15(4):156-160
192.朱新开,等.不同类型专用小麦氮肥施用参数研究.麦类作物学报,2009,29(2):308-313
193.朱新开,郭文善,等.不同类型专用小麦氮素吸收积累差异研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(2):148-154
194.朱新开,郭文善,等.不同类型专用小麦优质高产群体氮素积累特征分析.扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2007,28(3):58-63
195.朱新开,盛海君,等.应用SPAD值预测小麦叶片叶绿素和氮含量的初步研究.麦类作物学报,2005,25(2):46-50
196.朱新开.不同类型专用小麦氮素吸收利用特性与调控.扬州大学博士论文,2006,44-46
197.朱兆良,文启孝.中国土壤氮素.南京:江苏科技出版社,1992,464-486
198.朱兆良.农田中氮肥的损失与对策.土壤与环境,2000,9(1):1-6
199.朱兆良.推荐氮肥适宜施用量的方法论刍议.植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(1):1-4
200.朱兆良.中国土壤的氮素肥力与农业中的氮素管理.沈善敏主编.中国土壤肥力.北京:农业出版社,1998.160-211
201.庄舜尧,孙秀廷.肥料氮在蔬菜地中的走向和平衡.土壤,1997,(2):80-83
1.邹琦,主编。植物生理学实验指导。北京:中国农业出版社,2000
2.中国科学院上海植物生理研究所,上海市植物生理学会,编。现代植物生理学实验指南。北京:科学出版社,1999
3.张宪政,主编。作物生理研究法。北京:农业出版社,1992
1.许轲,张洪程,等.超高产小麦吸氮特性与氮肥运筹的初步研究.作物学报,1998,24(6):935-940
2.黄德明.冬小麦矿质营养和施肥的研究Ⅱ:NPK肥对小麦养分吸收积累分配的影响.北京农业科学,1989 (4):15-18
3.黄德明,俞仲林,等.淮北地区高产小麦植株吸N及土壤供N特性.中国农业科学,1988,21(5):59-67
4.余松烈,亓新华,等,高产冬小麦对三要素的吸收和供应特点研究.土壤肥料,1982,(11):31-34
5.潘庆民,于振文,等.公顷产9000kg小麦氮素吸收分配的研究.作物学报,1999 25(5):541-547
6.张继林,孙元敏,等.高产小麦营养生理特性与高效施肥技术的研究.中国农业科学,1988,21(4):39-46
7.山东省农科院.高产小麦营养吸收特性的研究.土壤肥料,1980,(6): 27-32
8.凌励.高产小麦养分吸收特点及高效施肥技术研究初报.见:江苏土肥科技与农业可持续发展,河海大学出版社,1997,163-170
9.凌启鸿编著.作物群体质量,上海科学技术出版社,2000
10.米国华,张福锁,等.小麦超高产生理基础探讨-小麦后期碳氮代谢互作与粒重形成.中国农业大学学报,1997,2(5): 73-78
11.于振文,田奇卓,等.黄淮麦区冬小麦超高产栽培的理论与实践.作物学报,2002,28(5):577-585
12.鲁如坤.土壤一植物营养学原理和施肥[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1998,112-146.
13.朱新开.不同类型专用小麦氮素吸收利用特性与调控.扬州大学博士论文,2006,43-46
14.曲善功,李怀军,等.冬小麦不同配方施肥处理的参数及对土壤养分利用的影响.山东农业科学,2006,3:49-50
15.朱新开,郭文善,等.不同类型专用小麦氮肥施用参数研究.麦类作物学报,2009,29(2):308-313
16.孙敏.不同基因型小麦氮肥生产效率差异的机理研究.扬州大学博士论文,2007.55-58
17.韩燕来,介晓磊,等.超高产冬小麦氮磷钾吸收,分配与运转规律的研究.作物学报,1998,24(6):908-915.
18.Cox M C,Qualset C O,Rains D W. Genetic variation for nitrogen as simulation and translocation in wheat:Ⅱ.Nitrogen assimilation in relation to grain yield and protein[J].Crop Science,1985,25:435-440
19.Loffler C M,et al. Selection for grain protein,yield and nitrogen partitioning efficiency in hardred spring wheat. Crop Sci, 1982, 22:591~595
20.王小燕,于振文.不同冬小麦品种氮素吸收运转特性及其与子粒蛋白质含量的关系.植物营养与肥料学报2006,12(3):301-306
21.田纪春,张忠义,等.高蛋白和低蛋白小麦品种的氮素吸收和运移分配差异的研究.作物学报,1994,20(1):76-81
22.许轲,张洪程,等.冬小麦不同生长类型群体超高产的中期栽培调控.作物学报,2002,28(5):760-766
23.曲善功,李怀军,等.冬小麦不同配方施肥处理的参数及对土壤养分利用的影响.山东农业科学,2006,(3):49-50
24.杨洪宾,黄九柏,等.大穗型小麦产量600kg/667m2最佳氮磷钾配比与施肥量研究.山东农业科学,1999,3:15-18
25.于振文主编.作物栽培学各论(北方本).中国农业出版社,2003,56-58
26.余松烈主编.中国小麦栽培理论与实践.上海科技出版社,2006,66
27.余松烈,亓新华.冬小麦精确高产栽培.北京:农业出版社,1987
28.于振文,潘庆民,等.9000 kg/公顷小麦施氮量与生理特性分析.作物学报,2003,29(1):37-43
29.郭天财,宋晓等.施氮水平对2种穗型冬小麦品种产量及氮素吸收利用的影响.西北植物学报,2008,28(3):553-558
30.朱兆良.推荐氮肥适宜施用量的方法论刍议.植物营养与肥料学报2006,12(1): 1-4
31.周鸣铮,王竺美。浙江省水稻土“因产定氮”基本公式及其有关参数的探讨。土壤学报,1987,24(2):127-133
32.陆允甫,周鸣铮,等。浙江省红土壤地区玉米的估产测土施肥研究。土壤通报,15(3):117-120
1.朱兆良.我国土壤供氮和化肥氮去向研究的进展.土壤,1985,17(1):1-9
2.唐耀先,张继宏,等.土壤基础供氮能力和肥料氮素利用率及其应用的研究.土壤通报,1986,27(5):204-208
3.佩德罗,A桑切兹,约翰,J尼科雷迪斯.发展中国家植物营养与土壤限制因素.联合国粮食及农业组织技术咨询委员会秘书处,1983,1-17
4. Bremner J m. Nitrogen availability indexes. In: Black C A(ed.). Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Am. Soc. Of Agro, Wisconsin, USA. 1965. 1324~1345
5.Keeney D R. Nitrogen availability indices. In: Page AL(ed.). Methods of soil analysis. Part 2(2nded.),Am. Soc. Of Agro, Wisconsin, USA, 1982.711~733
6.Skjemstad J O, Vallis I, Myers R K J. Decomposition of soil organic nitrogen. In: Wilson J R(ed.). Advances in nitrogen cycling in agricultural ecosystems. International Wallingford, Oxon, UK, 1988.134~144
7.王涌清,洛德梅H,里尔特J.我国黄土、褐土和潮土土壤中的氮素矿化潜力.土壤学报,1986,23(1):1~9
8.白志坚,赵更生.陕西省主要耕种土壤的氮矿化势.土壤通报,1981,12(4):26~29
9.朱兆良.土壤氮素的矿化和土壤氮素有效性指标的评价.中国土壤氮素.南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1992
10.巨晓棠,等.土壤氮素矿化的温度水分效应.植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(1):37~42
11.Stanford G, Smith S J. Nitrogen mineralization potentials of soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 1972, 36:465~472
12.李生秀,等.几种测氮方法在反映土壤供氮能力方面的效果.土壤,1990,22(4):194-197.
13.邵则瑶,杨海顺,等.作物根层土壤剖面无机态氮的研究.北京农业大学学报,1988,(4):420-429.
14.邵则瑶,杨海顺,等.小麦根层土壤剖面残留无机态氮的研究.土壤,1988,20(2):97-98.
15. Smith S J, G Stanford. Evaluation of soil nitrogen availability. Soil Sci., 1971,111:228-232.
16. Soper R J, Racz, P I Fehr. Nitrate nitrogen in the soil as a means of predicting the fertilizer nitrogen requirements of barley[J]. Can. J. Soil Sci., 1971, 51:45-49.
17. Stanford G. Effect of partial removal of soil organic nitrogen with sodium pyrophosphate or sulfuric acid solution on subsequent mineralization of nitrogen. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 1968,32:679-682.
18. Fitts J W, W V Barthlomew, H Heidel. Predicting nitrogen fertilization Iowa soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 1955,19: 69-73.
19. Hanway J, Dumenil. Predicting nitrogen fertilizer needs of Iowa soils.Ⅲ. Use of nitrate production, together with other information, as a basis for making nitrogen fertilizer recommendations for core in Iowa. Soil Sci.Soc. Am. Proc., 1955,19: 77-80.
20. Stanford G, J N Carter, S J Smoth. Estimates of potentially mineralizable soil nitrogen based of short-incubations. Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 1974, 38:99-102.
21. Gianello C, T M Bremner. A simple method of assessing potentially available organic nitrogen in soils. Commn. in Soil Sci. Plant. Anal., 1986,17(2):195-214.
22. Whitehead D C. An improved chemical extraction method for predicting the supply of available soil nitrogen. J.Sci. Food. Agric., 1981,32:359-365.
23. Cornfield A H. Ammonia released on treating soils with nitrogen sodium hydroxide as a possible means of predicting the nitrogen-supplying power of soils. Nature., 1960, 187:260-261.
24. Truog E, H H Hull, M M Shihata. A new soil test for available nitrogen . Memo . University of Wiscosin, Madison.1951.
25. Blackmer A M, Pottker D, et al. Correlations between soil nitrate concentrations in late spring and corn yields in Iowa. J Prod Agric,1989,(2):104-109.
26. Roth G W,Fox R H, et al. Plant tissue test for predicting nitrogen fertilizer requirement of winter wheat[J]. Agron J,1989,(81):502-507.
27. Truog, E., Fifty years of soil testing. 7th Inter. Congr. Soil Sci. 1960,IV.7:46-53.
28.周鸣铮.中国的测土施肥.土壤通报,1987,18(1):7-13
29.凌启鸿,张洪程,等.水稻精确定量施氮研究.中国农业科学,2005,38(12):2457-2467
30.刘成祥,周鸣铮.对Truog-Ramamoorthy测土施肥方法的研究与讨论.土壤学报,1986,23(3):285-289
31.张士昌,张树泽,等.玉米经济施肥的研究.土壤通报,1986,17(1):22-26
32.计钟程.春小麦测土施肥.土壤通报,1986,17(2):68-71.
33.陆允甫,等.红壤旱地速测钾测定方法与指标的研究.浙江农业科学,1986,4:162-166.
34.陆允甫,等.红壤旱地速测磷测定方法与指标的研究.土壤学报,1987,24(4):325-334.
35.阙金华.水稻优质高产氮肥精量确定技术的研究.扬州大学硕士论文,2003.
36.刘艳阳.不同地力对水稻产量、品质及精确施氮参数影响的研究.扬州大学博士论文,2006
37.朱兆良,蔡贵信,徐银华,等。太湖地区水稻土的氮素矿化及土壤供氮量的预测.土壤学报,1984,21(1):29-35
38.朱新开,郭文善,等.不同类型专用小麦优质高产群体氮素积累特征分析.扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2007,28(3):58-63
1.朱兆良,文启孝.中国土壤氮素.南京:江苏科技出版社,1992,464-486
2.曹学昌.应用15N研究小麦氮素吸氮动态及不同时期追施氮肥的作用.山东农业科学,1988(5):11-13
3.江苏省农学会编.江苏麦作科学,江苏科技出版社,1994
4.黄德明.小麦营养特性与施肥技术.江苏省农学会编,江苏麦作科学.南京:江苏科技出版社,1994,287-320
5.霍中洋,葛鑫,张洪程,等.施氮方式对不同专用小麦氮素吸收及氮肥利用率的影响.作物学报,2004,30(5):449-454
6.赵广才,李春喜,等.不同施氮比例和时期对冬小麦氮素利用的影响.华北农学报,2000,15(3):99-102
7.魏秀梅,左东峰.冬小麦氮肥深浅追施对氮素利用率和磷钾吸收量的影响.核农学通报,1996,17(5):233-235
8.许轲,张洪程,等.冬小麦不同生长类型群体超高产的中期栽培调控。作物学报,2002,28(6):760-766
9.朱新开,郭文善,等.不同类型专用小麦氮肥施用参数研究.麦类作物学报,2009,29(2):308-313
10.童依平,李继云,等.不同小麦品种吸收利用氮素效率的差异及有关机理研究I吸收和利用效率对产量的影响。西北植物学报,1999,19(2):270-277。III影响利用效率的因素分析。西北植物学报,1999,l9 (4 ) :598-604
11.张国平,张光恒.小麦氮素利用效率的基因性差异研究.植物营养与肥料学报,1996,2(4):331-335
12.何文寿,储燕宁,等.不同基因型小麦氮营养效率的差异.宁夏农学院学报,1997,18(4):30-34
13.朱新开,郭文善,等.不同类型专用小麦氮素吸收积累差异研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(2):148-154
14.王小燕,于振文.不同冬小麦品种氮素吸收运转特性及其与子粒蛋白质含量的关系.植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(3):301-306.
15.Stanford G. Rational for optimum N fertilization in corn production. Journal of Environment Quality, 1973(2):159-166.
16.Dhugga K S, Waines J G. Analysis of nitrogen accumulation and use in bread and durum wheat. Crop Science, 1939, 29: 1232-1239.
17.Debaeke P, Aussenac T, Fabre J L, Hilaire A. Grain nitrogen content of winter breadwheat(Triticum aestium L.)as related to crop management and to the previous crop. European Journal of Agronomy, 1996, 5 (3-4):273-286.
18.Moll R H, Kamprath E J, Jackson W A. Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Agronomy Journal 1982, 7: 526-564.
19.鲁如坤等著.土壤-植物营养学原理和施肥.北京:化学工业出版社,1998,1-100
20.凌启鸿等著.作物群体质量.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2000,1-100
21.江苏省农学会著.江苏麦作科学.南京:江苏科技出版社,1994,1-113
22.杜永.黄淮地区稻麦周年超高产群体特征与调控技术的研究.扬州大学博士论文,2007,97-143
23.王月福,姜东,等.高低土壤肥力下小麦基施和追施氮肥的利用效率和增产效应.作物学报,2003,29(4):491-495
24.介晓磊,韩燕来,等。不同肥力和土壤质地条件下麦田氮肥利用率的研究.作物学报,1998,24(6): 884-888
25.裴雪霞,王秀斌,等.氮肥后移对土壤氮素供应和冬小麦氮素吸收利用的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(1):9-15
26.郭天财,宋晓,等.施氮水平对2种穗型冬小麦品种产量及氮素吸收利用的影响.西北植物学报,2008,28(3):554-558
27.刘芳,于振文,等.应用15N示踪法对旱地冬小麦施肥与氮素吸收利用的研究.土壤肥料,1997,(2):30-31
28.刘学军,赵紫娟,等.基施氮肥对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及氮平衡的影响.生态学报,2002,22(7):1122-1128
29.张绍林,等.关于太湖地区稻麦上氮肥的适宜施用量.土壤,1988(20): 5-9
30.王小燕,褚鹏飞,等.水氮互作对小麦土壤硝态氮运移及水、氮利用效率的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(5): 992 -1002
31.宋永林,姚造华,等.不同肥料配施对土壤主要养分含量及作物氮、磷、钾表观利用率的影响.土壤肥料,2002,3:22-25
32.孙传范.小麦氮素利用效率的生理生态与氮肥调控研究.南京农业大学博士论文,2002,88-93
33.王树亮,田奇卓,等.不同小麦品种对氮素吸收利用差异及其分类研究.华北农学报,2008,23(增刊):213-219
34.陈祥,同延安,等.氮肥后移对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及氮素吸收的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(3):450-455
1.凌启鸿,等著.水稻精确定量栽培理论与技术.北京:中国农业出版社,2006
2.凌启鸿,张洪程,等.水稻精确定量施氮研究.中国农业科学,2005,38(12):2457-2467
3.孙义祥,郭跃升,等.应用“3414”试验建立冬小麦测土配方施肥指标体系.植物营养与肥料学报2009,15(l):197-203
4.宋晓宇,王纪华,等.利用航空成像光谱数据研究土壤供氮量及变量施肥对冬小麦长的影响.农业工程学报,2004,20(4):45-49
5.梁红霞,赵春江.利用光谱指数进行冬小麦变量施肥的可行性及效益分析.遥感技术与应用,2005,20(5):469-473
6.刘立军,桑大志,等.实时实地氮肥管理对水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响.中国农业科学,2003,36(12):1456-1461
7.杜永.黄淮地区稻麦周年超高产群体特征与调控技术的研究.扬州大学博士论文,2007,132-137
8.朱新开,盛海君,等.应用SPAD值预测小麦叶片叶绿素和氮含量的初步研究.麦类作物学报,2005,25(2):46-50
9.李志宏,刘宏斌,等.应用叶绿素仪诊断冬小麦氮营养状况的研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(4):401-405
10.Peng S, Garcia F V, Laza R C, et al. Increased N-use efficiency using a chlorophyll meter on highyielding irrigated rice, Field Crops Research,1996,47:243-252
11.Hussain F, Bronson K F, Yadvinder-Singh, et al. Use of chlorophyll meter sufficiency indices for nitrogen management of irrigated rice in Asia. Agronomy Journal, 2000,92:875-879
12.Balasubramanian V, Morales A C, Cruz R T,et al. On-farm adaptation of knowledge-intensive nitrogen management technologies for rice system. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 1999,53(1):59-69
13.王晨阳,朱云集,等.氮肥后移对超高产小麦产量及生理特性的研究.作物学报,1998,24(6):978-983
14.凌启鸿,彭永欣,等.小麦叶龄模式及其应用.稻麦研究新进展.南京:东南大学出版社,1991,49-61
15.凌启鸿,张洪程,等.小麦“小群体、壮个体、高积累”高产栽培途径的研究.江苏农学院学报,1983,4(1):1-6
16.许轲,张洪程,等.超高产小麦吸氮特性与氮肥运筹的初步研究.作物学报,1998,24(6):935-940
17.张宁,金继运。小麦、玉米、水稻施肥模型的建立.植物营养与肥料学报,1995,1(1):79 -84
18.张福锁,马文奇,等.养分资源综合管理.2003.北京:中国农业大学出版社
19.许轲,张洪程,等.冬小麦不同生长类型群体超高产的中期栽培调控.作物学报,2002,28(5):760-766
20.裴雪霞,王秀斌,等.氮肥后移对土壤氮素供应和冬小麦氮素吸收利用的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(1):9-15
21.陈祥,同延安,等.氮肥后移对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及氮素吸收的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(3):450-455