东亚“全球经济新增长极”的形成及中国的战略选择
|
摘要
目前,美国金融动荡导致全球经济下滑,东亚已越来越成为世界经济的“增长极”,形成抗衡世界经济增长放缓的主要力量。而中国则成为东亚乃至全球经济发展的核心动力,越来越多的国家和地区从中国经济发展中受益,特别是具有地缘优势的东亚诸国。因此,研究东亚“全球经济新增长极”的形成及中国的战略选择具有重要的现实意义。
论文基于区域经济发展理论、分散性区位选择理论、产业集聚理论以及法人企业内部化理论,开创性的引用二维分散性区位选择理论进行研究。二维分散性区位选择理论较为完整的解释了东亚国际生产·流通网络的形成机理,此理论强调,分散化生产充分利用区位优势,降低生产成本的同时,生产的分散和非控制力也增加了服务连接成本。二维分散性区位选择理论为研究东亚“全球经济新增长极”的形成及中国的战略选择提供了理论指导。
东亚“全球经济新增长极”形成的本质是东亚国际生产·流通网络的形成和发展。不论是从总体经济增长和生产能力,还是从消费市场容量来看,东亚都呈现出强大实力,通过扩散和回流效应拉动了世界经济发展。同时,区域内经济关系日益深化,特别是域内贸易迅速发展,中间产品贸易比重持续增加,说明了东亚国际分工正不断广化与深化,并逐渐形成自主的功能性经济发展体系,进一步证明了生产·流通网络促成了东亚“全球经济新增长极”的形成。
中国作为东亚“全球经济新增长极”的核心动力,主要体现在加工贸易和外资利用上,这也是中国实现经济发展以及技术进步的重要途径。但是,中国的加工贸易和高新技术贸易中,海外企业控制了大部分,严重制约着其对国民经济的带动作用,影响着产业结构优化和技术升级。根据二维分散性区位选择理论,中国必须适应时代要求,作出新的战略选择。首先,要积极吸引外资,优化引进外资结构,使海外直接投资与加工贸易形成良好互动;其次,要培育本土企业,实现外资与本土企业有效结合,形成国民生产能力;再次,要形成产业集群。在此基础上,实现三者的有机结合,充分利用外资,以本土企业为中心,培育产业集聚,充分发挥集群效应,作为一种新的竞争优势参与东亚国际生产·流通网络,形成东亚“全球经济新增长极”核心动力。同时,通过集聚效应,在降低生产成本的同时,有效降低服务连接成本,克服东亚生产·流通网络产生的新问题,进一步实现网络的活性化。
The unprecedented financial crisis has caused a severe damage to the world. The economic growth prospects for both developed and developing countries have deteriorated substantially, and the possibility of a very deep global recession cannot be ruled out. However, the new emerging markets in East Asia will become a new growth pole in the global economy and grow to be the countervailing power to the slowdown of the major industrial economies. Especially, China is relatively well positioned to weather the financial crisis and it will be the core impulse of the "Global Economic New Growth Pole" in East Asia. More and more countries/regions have been, and will continue to, benefit from China's development, especially the countries/regions in East Asia, given their geographical advantage. Therefore, to study the development of the "Global Economic New Growth Pole" in East Asia and China's strategy choice has great realistic significance.
Based on the regional economic growth theories, the fragmentation theories, the industrial clusters theories and the internalization theory of business corporation, this paper initiatively introduces the two-dimensional fragmentation theory to make a systematical and comprehensive analysis of the international production/distribution networks in East Asia. The two-dimensional fragmentation theory explains the reduction of production costs comes along location advantages and the counterparts' ownership advantages, and thus it is regarded by this paper to have significant meaning to conduct this research.
The essence of the development of the "Global Economic New Growth Pole" in East Asia is the international production/distribution networks. East Asia has the powerful strength in both the economic growth and the market growth, and thus promotes the development of the world economy through the diffusing effect and the circumfluent effect. The intra-regional integration in East Asia is increasingly deepened, such as the intra-regional trade growth, the intermediate product trade growth, the dedicated international division of labour, and the deepened autonomously functional economic system, which further proves that the international production/distribution networks is the mechanism to promote the development of the "Global Economic New Growth Pole" in East Asia.
China is the core impulse of the "Global Economic New Growth Pole" in East Asia. China's function comes mainly from its processing trade and FDI, which also are the major instruments to develop China's economy and to raise the level of technologies. But we should not under-estimate the effect induced by the fact that foreign firms control the most part of the processing trade and high-tech trade in China, which has hindered the promotion of industrial structure and the upgrading of the technologies. Based on the two-dimensional fragmentation theory, this paper proposes that China should make a timely adjustment to the direction of the macro-economic policy and enact new strategies. Firstly, China should optimize the FDI attraction structure and intrigue the optimization of interaction between processing trade and FDI; Secondly, China should promote the cultivation of local enterprises, and effectively integrate FDI with local enterprises, thus develop the national production capacity; Thirdly, China should promote the development of high-tech industrial clusters and cultivate new economic growth zones. The effective integration of FDI, local enterprises and industrial clusters is pretty important. Through the concentration effect intrigued by the effective integration of FDI, local enterprises and industrial clusters, China will be better positioned to take part in the international production/distribution networks, and further to act as the core impulse of the "Global Economic New Growth Pole" in East Asia. In addition, the concentration effect will reduce the production cost and the service link cost, thus further promotes the international production/distribution networks.
论文基于区域经济发展理论、分散性区位选择理论、产业集聚理论以及法人企业内部化理论,开创性的引用二维分散性区位选择理论进行研究。二维分散性区位选择理论较为完整的解释了东亚国际生产·流通网络的形成机理,此理论强调,分散化生产充分利用区位优势,降低生产成本的同时,生产的分散和非控制力也增加了服务连接成本。二维分散性区位选择理论为研究东亚“全球经济新增长极”的形成及中国的战略选择提供了理论指导。
东亚“全球经济新增长极”形成的本质是东亚国际生产·流通网络的形成和发展。不论是从总体经济增长和生产能力,还是从消费市场容量来看,东亚都呈现出强大实力,通过扩散和回流效应拉动了世界经济发展。同时,区域内经济关系日益深化,特别是域内贸易迅速发展,中间产品贸易比重持续增加,说明了东亚国际分工正不断广化与深化,并逐渐形成自主的功能性经济发展体系,进一步证明了生产·流通网络促成了东亚“全球经济新增长极”的形成。
中国作为东亚“全球经济新增长极”的核心动力,主要体现在加工贸易和外资利用上,这也是中国实现经济发展以及技术进步的重要途径。但是,中国的加工贸易和高新技术贸易中,海外企业控制了大部分,严重制约着其对国民经济的带动作用,影响着产业结构优化和技术升级。根据二维分散性区位选择理论,中国必须适应时代要求,作出新的战略选择。首先,要积极吸引外资,优化引进外资结构,使海外直接投资与加工贸易形成良好互动;其次,要培育本土企业,实现外资与本土企业有效结合,形成国民生产能力;再次,要形成产业集群。在此基础上,实现三者的有机结合,充分利用外资,以本土企业为中心,培育产业集聚,充分发挥集群效应,作为一种新的竞争优势参与东亚国际生产·流通网络,形成东亚“全球经济新增长极”核心动力。同时,通过集聚效应,在降低生产成本的同时,有效降低服务连接成本,克服东亚生产·流通网络产生的新问题,进一步实现网络的活性化。
The unprecedented financial crisis has caused a severe damage to the world. The economic growth prospects for both developed and developing countries have deteriorated substantially, and the possibility of a very deep global recession cannot be ruled out. However, the new emerging markets in East Asia will become a new growth pole in the global economy and grow to be the countervailing power to the slowdown of the major industrial economies. Especially, China is relatively well positioned to weather the financial crisis and it will be the core impulse of the "Global Economic New Growth Pole" in East Asia. More and more countries/regions have been, and will continue to, benefit from China's development, especially the countries/regions in East Asia, given their geographical advantage. Therefore, to study the development of the "Global Economic New Growth Pole" in East Asia and China's strategy choice has great realistic significance.
Based on the regional economic growth theories, the fragmentation theories, the industrial clusters theories and the internalization theory of business corporation, this paper initiatively introduces the two-dimensional fragmentation theory to make a systematical and comprehensive analysis of the international production/distribution networks in East Asia. The two-dimensional fragmentation theory explains the reduction of production costs comes along location advantages and the counterparts' ownership advantages, and thus it is regarded by this paper to have significant meaning to conduct this research.
The essence of the development of the "Global Economic New Growth Pole" in East Asia is the international production/distribution networks. East Asia has the powerful strength in both the economic growth and the market growth, and thus promotes the development of the world economy through the diffusing effect and the circumfluent effect. The intra-regional integration in East Asia is increasingly deepened, such as the intra-regional trade growth, the intermediate product trade growth, the dedicated international division of labour, and the deepened autonomously functional economic system, which further proves that the international production/distribution networks is the mechanism to promote the development of the "Global Economic New Growth Pole" in East Asia.
China is the core impulse of the "Global Economic New Growth Pole" in East Asia. China's function comes mainly from its processing trade and FDI, which also are the major instruments to develop China's economy and to raise the level of technologies. But we should not under-estimate the effect induced by the fact that foreign firms control the most part of the processing trade and high-tech trade in China, which has hindered the promotion of industrial structure and the upgrading of the technologies. Based on the two-dimensional fragmentation theory, this paper proposes that China should make a timely adjustment to the direction of the macro-economic policy and enact new strategies. Firstly, China should optimize the FDI attraction structure and intrigue the optimization of interaction between processing trade and FDI; Secondly, China should promote the cultivation of local enterprises, and effectively integrate FDI with local enterprises, thus develop the national production capacity; Thirdly, China should promote the development of high-tech industrial clusters and cultivate new economic growth zones. The effective integration of FDI, local enterprises and industrial clusters is pretty important. Through the concentration effect intrigued by the effective integration of FDI, local enterprises and industrial clusters, China will be better positioned to take part in the international production/distribution networks, and further to act as the core impulse of the "Global Economic New Growth Pole" in East Asia. In addition, the concentration effect will reduce the production cost and the service link cost, thus further promotes the international production/distribution networks.
引文
[1]在此,产品的总成本包括产品本身的生产成本和服务连接成本。服务连接成本不同于服务产品的生产产品,在此不涉及服务贸易,而只限于产品生产过程分散化相伴随的各生产区位之间相互连接而产生的成本。
[2]典型的南-北单向贸易指不发达国家出口自然资源型和劳动密集型制造产品,而发达国家倾向于生产、出口技术含量较高、资本(人力资本和物质资本)密集型产品。
[3]#12
[1]罗丽娜.东亚“雁阵模式”式微原因新析及启示[J].特区经济,2006(7):167-169.
[2]魏燕慎.“雁行模式”式微,多元分工格局初现[J].当代亚太,2002(7):29-32.
[1]聂华林,王成勇.区域经济通论[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006.
[1]聂华林,王成勇.区域经济通论[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006.
[1]详见Arndt and Kierzkowski(2001),Cheng and Kierzkowski(2001),and Deardorff(2001)关于分
[1]Fukunari Kimura.International Production and Distribution Networks in East Asia:Eighteen facts,Mechanics,and Policy Implication[J].Asian Economic Policy Review,2006,Vol.1,Issue2(December):326-344.The former version is in www.coe-econbus.keio.ac.Jp /data/ DP2006-008.pdf.
[2]Fukunari Kimura,Mitsuyo Ando.Two-dimensional fragmentation in East Asia:Conceptual framework and empirics[J].International Review of Economics and Finance 14(2005)317-348.
[3]Mitsuyo Ando,Fukunari Kimura.Fragmentation in East Asia:Further Evidence.KUMQRP(Keio University Market Quality Research Project)Discussion Paper Series DP2006-23,2008.Keio University Japan.
[4]Mitsuyo Ando,Fukunari Kimura.The Formation of International Production Networks in East Asia,Forthcoming in Takatoshi Ito and Andrew Rose,eds,International trade.(NBER-East Asia Seminar on Economics,Volume 14).Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.The former version was appeared in NBER working paper 10167.
[5]自东放.东亚经济合作与中国的战略选择[J].经济理论与经济管理,2006(2):70-74.
[6]Fukunari Kimura,Yuya Takahashi,Kazunobu Hayakawa.Fragmentation and parts and components trade:Comparison between East Asia and Europe [J].North American Journal of Economics and Finance 18(2007) 23-40.Available online at www.sciencedirect.com.
[7]#12
[8]曹玉华.东亚经济一体化的必要性与进程缓慢原因分析[J].东南亚纵横,2008(1):50-52.
[9]伊丹敬之,松島茂,橘川武郎.產業集積の本質:柔軟な分業、集積の条件[M].株式会社有斐閣,1998.
[10]#12
[11]#12
[12]#12
[13]竹野忠弘.產業集積地連携型ァジァ地域体制の提起[R].国際經濟学会報告要旨,2006年10月14日(土曜日).
[14]Fujita,M.P,Krugman,A.J.Venables.The Spatial Economy:Cities,Regions and International Trade[J].MIT Press,1999.
[15]Fujita,M.P,Krugman.The New Economic Geography:Past,Present and the Future[J].Regional Science,2004 Vol.83:139-164.
[16]Alan V.Deardorff.Fragmentation on Simple Trade Models.Recent Seminar in International Economics Discussion Paper No.422.Revised,January 8,1998.
[17]Ronald W.Jones,Henryk Kierzkowski.A Framework for Fragmentation [M],Forthcoming in S.Arndt and H.Kierzkowski(eds.) Fragmentation and International Trade,Oxford University Press.
[18]S.Arndt,H.Kierzkowski.Fragmentation and International Trade[M],Oxford University Press.
[19]Sven W.Arndt,Henryk Kierzkowski.Fragmentation:New Production Pattern in the Word Economy[J],Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press.2001.ISBN 0-19-924331-X.
[20]David Hummels.The Reviews of "Fragmentation:New Production Pattern in the Global Economy(Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press.2000.ISBN 0-19-924331-X.)".
[21]KEI - Mi Yi.The Reviews of "Fragmentation:New Production Pattern in the Word Economy(Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press.2001. ISBN 0-19-924331-X.)".
[22]Leonard K.Cheng,Henryk Kierzkowski.Global Production and Trade in East Asia[M],Norwell,MA:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2001,pp.xx.360;index.
[23]Hartmut Egger.The Reviews of "Global Production and Trade in East Asia,(Norwell,MA:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2001,pp.xx.360;index.)".
[24]Masaru Umemoto.Fragmentation Production in East Asia:The Impact of Economic Integration and Network Quality.Center for International Trade Studies(CITS) Working Paper 2005-13.
[25]Robert C.Feenstra.Integration of Trade and Disintegration of Production,Revised,April 1998,Forthcoming,Journ.
[26]David Hummels,Jun Ishii,Kei-Mu Yi.The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade[J].Journal of International Economics 54(2001) 75-96,www.elsevier.nl/locate/econbase.
[27]Fukunari Kimura,Mitsuyo Ando.Fragmentation and Agglomeration Matter:Japanese Multinationals in Latin American and Asia.The former version was appeared in LAEBA working paper no.12 March 2003.
[28]Kei - Mu Yi.Can Vertical Specialization Explain the Growth of Word Trade[J].December 1999,Revised in September 2001,International Research,Federal Reserve Bank of New York,33 Liberty St.,New York,NY 10045.
[29]蔡抒音.东亚经济的合作之路--论东亚区域经济一体化与中国的战略选择[J].东南学术,2003(2):164-168.
[30]Peter A.Petri.Is East Asia becoming more interdependent?[J].Journal of Asian Economics 17(2006) 381394.
[31]潘慧明,李必强.基于生态学理论的产业集群理论研究[J].合肥工业大学学报(社会科学版),2007,(6):37-40.
[32]梁琦.论资源空间配置观[J].广东社会科学,2007,(3):7-11.
[33]盖文启,朱华晟,张辉国.国外产业集群理论探析[J].国际经贸探索,2006, (7):44-47.
[34]王坤,王文利.产业集群的理论发展及我国对产业集群的研究[J].内蒙古大学学报(人文社会科学版),2007,(1):22-25.
[35]王缉慈.创新的空间-企业集群与区域发展[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.
[36]杨兴云.珠三角:政企爱怨一年间[N].经济观察报,2008-12-15(11).
[37]Guillaume GAULIER,Francoise LEMOINE,Deniz(U|¨)NAL-KESENCI.China' s Integration in Asian Production Networks and Its Implications.CEPII 9,rue Georges Pitard- 75740 Paris Cedex 15,Paper prepared for the conference《 Resolving New Global and Regional Imbalances in an Era of Asian Integration》Tokyo,17-18,June 2004.
[38]Francoise LemoineDeniz(U|¨)nal-Kesenci.China in the International Segmentation of Production Processes.CEPII,Working Paper No.2002-02.
[39]Alessia Amighini.China in the international fragmentation of production:Evidence from the ICT industry[J].The European Journal of Comparative Economics,Vol.2,n.2,pp.203-219,ISSN 1824-2979.
[40]Francoise Lemoine.FDI and the Opening Up of China' s Economy,CEPII Document de travail n° 00-11.
[41]Sanjaya Lall,Manuel Albaladejo.China's Competitive Performance:A Threat To East Asian Manufactured Exports?.QEH Working Paper Series QEHWPS110,October 2003.
[42]宋养琰.前30年与后30年:破解“中国奇迹”[EB/OL].http://business.sohu.com/20080901/n259316151.shtml,2008-09-01.
[43]Guillaume Gaulier,Francoise Lemoine,Deniz(U|¨)nal-Kesenci.China' s Integration in East Asia:Production Sharing,FDI & High-Tech Trade.CEPII,Working Paper No.2005-09.
[44]卓钦锐.第十届高交会部长论坛全程速记稿[EB/OL].http://exhibition.tech110.net/html/r_140438.html,2008-10-14.
[45]金融海啸第二波突袭全球-从信贷危机到实体经济危机[N].中国经营 报,2008-9-15(A9).
[46]高鸿业.西方经济学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2000.
[47]张东辉.现代西方经济学[M].济南:山东大学出版社,1996.
[48]《劳动合同法》的负面效应是如何产生的[N].经济观察报,2008-9-15(44).
[49]井手策夫.地域と產業集積,產業集積の地域研究[M].大明堂,2002.
[50]植田浩史.“縮小”時代の產業集積[M].創風社,2004.
[51]小田宏信.現代日本の機械工業集積[M].古今書院,2005.
[52]加藤秀夫.地域中小企業上產業集積[M].新評論,2003.
[53]財团法人中小企業総合研究機構.產業集積的新たな胎動[M].同友館,2003.
[54]渡辺幸男.日本機械工業社会的分業構造:階層構造·產業集積からの請制把握[M].株式会社有斐閣,2004.
[55]#12
[56]#12
[57]#12
[58]三浦敏.新しい產業集積の動向[J].商工金融,第52卷第1号,2002年1月号,pp.28-62.
[59]#12
[60]竹野忠弘.產業集積地連協型アジア地域体制の提起.国際經濟学会報告要旨,2006年10月14日.
[61]松尾昌宏.產業集積と経済発展[M].多賀出版,1999.
[62]小出博之訳.空間經濟学-都市·地域·国際貿易の新しい分析[M].東洋経 済新報社,2000.
[63]赤松要.世界経済論[M].国元書房,1965.
[64]小島清.雁行型経済発展論第Ⅰ卷-日本経済·アジア経済·世界经济-[M].株式会社文真堂,2003.
[65]小島清.雁行型経済発展論第Ⅱ卷-アジアと世界の新秩序-[M].株式会社文真堂,2004.
[66]#12
[67]#12
[68]#12
[69]#12
[70]#12
[71]#12
[72]#12
[73]#12
[74]日本経済産業省.通商白書2008年版[R].経瀏産業省通商政策局企画調查室,http://www.meti.go.jp/.
[75]日本经济産業省.通商白書2007年版[R].经济産業省通商政策局企画調查室,http://www.meti.go.jp/.
[76]日本经济産業省.通商白書2006年版[R].经济産業省通商政策局企画調查室,http://www.meti.go.jp/.
[77]日本経済産業省.通商白書2005年版[R].経済産業省通商政策局企画調查室,http://www.meti.go.jp/.
[78]日本経済産業省.通商白書2004年版[R].経済産業省通商政策局企画調查 室,http://www.meti.go.jp/.
[79]Paul Krugman.Increasing Returns and Economic Geography[J].Journal of Political Economy,1991,vol.99.no.8.
[80]Kyoji Fukao,Hikari Ishido,Keiko Ito.Vertical Intra-Industry Trade and Foreign Direct Investment in East Asia.RIETI Discussion Paper Series 03-E-001.Revised Version,January 2003.
[81]Mona Haddad.Trade Integration in East Asia:The Role of China and Production Networks.Word Bank Policy Research Working Paper4160,March 2007.
[82]Shahid Yusuf,Kaoru Nabeshima,Shoichi Yamashita.Growing Industrial Clusters in Asia.The Word Bank 2008.www.wordbank.org.
[83]梁琦.产业集聚论[M].北京:商务印书馆,2004.
[84]马歇尔.经济学原理[M].北京:商务印书馆,1991.
[85]迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002.
[86]朱丽燕.谈银川产业集聚向产业集群的演化[J].商业时代,2006,(30):83-84.
[87]Michael E.Porter.Clusters and the New Economics of Competition[J].Harvard Business Review,November-December 1998.
[88]Fukunari Kimura,Mitsuyo Ando.The Economic Analysis of International Production/Distribution Networks in East Asia and Latin America:The Implication of Regional Trade Arrangements.Revised in January 2004,Re-revised in May 2004.The former version of this paper was presented at the international conference organized by the Integration and Regional Programs Department,Inter-American Development Bank.
[89]Francis Ng,Alexander Yeats.Production Sharing in East Asia:Who Does What for Whom,and Why?.Produced by the Policy Research Dissemination Center,Policy Research Working Paper 2197.
[90]Anthony.J.Venables.Fragmentation and Multinational Production[J].European Economic Review 43(1999)935-945.
[91]梁琦.产业集聚的均衡性和稳定性[J].世界经济,2004,(6):11-18.
[92]梁琦.产业集聚的市场因素考察[J].江苏行政学院学报,2005,(5):51-57.
[93]魏守华,王缉慈,赵雅沁.产业集群:新型区域经济发展理论[J].经济经纬,2002,(2):18-21.
[94]梁琦.从空间集聚要素看距离的影响[J]。南开经济研究,2003,(3):21-25.
[95]梁琦.分工、专业化与集聚[J].管理科学学报,2006,(12):13-22.
[96]梁琦.高技术产业集聚的新理论解释[J].广东社会科学,2004,(2):46-51.
[97]王缉慈.关于创新性产业集群的培育问题[J].中国科技产业,2005,(12):34-37.
[98]王缉慈.关于在外向型区域发展本地企业集群的一点思考--墨西哥和我国台湾外向型加工区域的对比分析[J].世界地理研究2001,(9):15-19.
[99]王缉慈.关于中国产业集群研究的若干概念辨析[J].地理学报,2004,(10):47-52.
[100]梁琦.空间集聚的基本因素考察[J].衡阳师范学院学报(社会科学),2003,(10):23-28.
[101]梁琦.空间经济学:过去、现在与未来-兼评《空间经济学:城市、区域与国际贸易》[J].经济学(季刊),2005,(7):1067-1086.
[102]梁琦.跨国公司海外投资与产业集聚[J].世界经济,2003,(9):29-37.
[103]王缉慈,童昕.论全球化背景下的地方产业群--地方竞争优势的源泉[J].战略与管理,2001,(6):28-36.
[104]朱华晟,王缉慈.论柔性生产与产业集聚[J].世界地理研,2001,(2):39-46.
[105]盖文启,王缉慈.全球化浪潮中的区域发展问题[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2001,(6):23-31.
[106]童昕,王缉慈.全球商品链中的地方产业群-以东莞的“商圈”现象为例[J].地域研究与开发,2003,(2):36-39.
[107]梁琦,钱学锋.外部性与集聚:一个文献综述[J].世界经济,2007,(2):84-96.
[108]王缉慈,王敬甯.中国产业集群研究中的概念性问题[J].世界地理研究,2007,(12):89-97.
[109]王缉慈.中国地方产业集群及其对发展中国家的意义[J].地域研究与开 发,2004,(8):1-4.
[110]魏后凯.对产业集群与竞争力关系的考察[J].经济管理,2003,(6):4-11.
[111]阿尔弗雷德·韦伯,工业区位论[M].北京:商务印书馆,1997。
[112]保罗·克鲁格曼.地理和贸易[M].北京:北京大学出版社、中国人民大学出版社,2000。
[113]迈克尔·波特.竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2001.
[114]魏守华,石碧华.论企业集群的竞争优势[J].中国工业经济,2002,(1):59-64.
[115]朱英明.产业集聚研究述评[J].经济评论,2003,(3):117-121.
[116]李敏,云倩,俞裕兰.我国加工贸易发展路径探究——基于产品内分工视角[J].全国商情经济理论研究,2008(22):103-104.
[117]中国产业集群网,http://www.chinacluster.org/.
[118]地方产业集群研究网,http://www.Cluster study.com/.
[119]中华人民共和国商务部网站,http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/.
[120]中华人民共和国国家统计局网站,http://www.stats.gov.cn/.
[121]加工贸易---中国国际电子商务网,http://jm.ec.com.cn/.
[122]中国海关网站,http://www.customs.gov.cn/.
[123]アジア研究所,http://www.ide.go.jp/Japanese/.
[124]http://WWW.unctad.org/.
[125]梁小萌.珠三角加工贸易转型升级与产业集群.岭南学刊[J],2008(6):60-63.
[126]陈柳钦.专业化分工理论与产业集群的演进[J].北华大学学报:社会科学版,2007(4):23-30.
[127]罗丽娜.东亚“雁阵模式”式微原因新析及启示[J].特区经济,2006(7):167-169.
[128]魏燕慎.“雁行模式”式微,多元分工格局初现[J].当代亚太,2002(7):29-32.
[129]张玉明,李凯,聂艳华.技术溢出、企业集聚与区域经济增长[J].东北大学学报(社会科学版),2008(1):26-31.
[130]孙祖荣,施萍.产业集聚与区域经济发展[J].生产力研究,2006(7):202.
[131]李红锦.区域经济增长理论述评[J].生产力研究,2007(1):138.
[132]聂华林,王成勇.区域经济通论[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006.
[133]Fukunari Kimura,Mitsuyo Ando.Fragmentation and Agglomeration Matter:Japanese Multinationals in Latin American and Asia,The former version was appeared in LAEBA working paper no.12(2003).
[134]Peter A.Petri.ls East Asia becoming more interdependent?[J].Journal of Asian Economics,17(2006)381-394.
[135]自东放,黄真.东亚经济一体化与中国的战略选择[J].中国国情国力,2005(11):55-57.
[136]陈廷根.我国在东亚经济一体化进程中的战略选择[J].商讯商业经济文荟,2006(2):83-85.
[137]叶国际.中国崛起与东亚经济一体化的未来[J].法制与经济,2006(5):64-66.
[138]http://www.cs.com.cn/jrbznew/html/2006-04/25/content_1312358.htm.中国证券报,2006-4-25.
[139]新华网.http://news.xinhuanet.com.
[140]郭立伟,杨哲,饶宝红.区位集聚与产业集群的互动关系研究[J].经济问题探索,2006(11):40-45.
[141]黄梅波.世界经济学[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2007.
[142]国研室.如何优化利用外资结构和布局?http://www.gov.cn,2008-03-19。
[143]单忠东.宏观经济政策三大失误[N].经济观察报,2009-03-09(16).
[144]罗薇.我国吸引外资下降近三成.http://www.sinotf.com/GB/Trade_Finance/1l81/2009-3-17/1NMDAwMDAxNzclNQ.html.2009-03-17.
[2]典型的南-北单向贸易指不发达国家出口自然资源型和劳动密集型制造产品,而发达国家倾向于生产、出口技术含量较高、资本(人力资本和物质资本)密集型产品。
[3]#12
[1]罗丽娜.东亚“雁阵模式”式微原因新析及启示[J].特区经济,2006(7):167-169.
[2]魏燕慎.“雁行模式”式微,多元分工格局初现[J].当代亚太,2002(7):29-32.
[1]聂华林,王成勇.区域经济通论[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006.
[1]聂华林,王成勇.区域经济通论[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006.
[1]详见Arndt and Kierzkowski(2001),Cheng and Kierzkowski(2001),and Deardorff(2001)关于分
[1]Fukunari Kimura.International Production and Distribution Networks in East Asia:Eighteen facts,Mechanics,and Policy Implication[J].Asian Economic Policy Review,2006,Vol.1,Issue2(December):326-344.The former version is in www.coe-econbus.keio.ac.Jp /data/ DP2006-008.pdf.
[2]Fukunari Kimura,Mitsuyo Ando.Two-dimensional fragmentation in East Asia:Conceptual framework and empirics[J].International Review of Economics and Finance 14(2005)317-348.
[3]Mitsuyo Ando,Fukunari Kimura.Fragmentation in East Asia:Further Evidence.KUMQRP(Keio University Market Quality Research Project)Discussion Paper Series DP2006-23,2008.Keio University Japan.
[4]Mitsuyo Ando,Fukunari Kimura.The Formation of International Production Networks in East Asia,Forthcoming in Takatoshi Ito and Andrew Rose,eds,International trade.(NBER-East Asia Seminar on Economics,Volume 14).Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.The former version was appeared in NBER working paper 10167.
[5]自东放.东亚经济合作与中国的战略选择[J].经济理论与经济管理,2006(2):70-74.
[6]Fukunari Kimura,Yuya Takahashi,Kazunobu Hayakawa.Fragmentation and parts and components trade:Comparison between East Asia and Europe [J].North American Journal of Economics and Finance 18(2007) 23-40.Available online at www.sciencedirect.com.
[7]#12
[8]曹玉华.东亚经济一体化的必要性与进程缓慢原因分析[J].东南亚纵横,2008(1):50-52.
[9]伊丹敬之,松島茂,橘川武郎.產業集積の本質:柔軟な分業、集積の条件[M].株式会社有斐閣,1998.
[10]#12
[11]#12
[12]#12
[13]竹野忠弘.產業集積地連携型ァジァ地域体制の提起[R].国際經濟学会報告要旨,2006年10月14日(土曜日).
[14]Fujita,M.P,Krugman,A.J.Venables.The Spatial Economy:Cities,Regions and International Trade[J].MIT Press,1999.
[15]Fujita,M.P,Krugman.The New Economic Geography:Past,Present and the Future[J].Regional Science,2004 Vol.83:139-164.
[16]Alan V.Deardorff.Fragmentation on Simple Trade Models.Recent Seminar in International Economics Discussion Paper No.422.Revised,January 8,1998.
[17]Ronald W.Jones,Henryk Kierzkowski.A Framework for Fragmentation [M],Forthcoming in S.Arndt and H.Kierzkowski(eds.) Fragmentation and International Trade,Oxford University Press.
[18]S.Arndt,H.Kierzkowski.Fragmentation and International Trade[M],Oxford University Press.
[19]Sven W.Arndt,Henryk Kierzkowski.Fragmentation:New Production Pattern in the Word Economy[J],Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press.2001.ISBN 0-19-924331-X.
[20]David Hummels.The Reviews of "Fragmentation:New Production Pattern in the Global Economy(Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press.2000.ISBN 0-19-924331-X.)".
[21]KEI - Mi Yi.The Reviews of "Fragmentation:New Production Pattern in the Word Economy(Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press.2001. ISBN 0-19-924331-X.)".
[22]Leonard K.Cheng,Henryk Kierzkowski.Global Production and Trade in East Asia[M],Norwell,MA:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2001,pp.xx.360;index.
[23]Hartmut Egger.The Reviews of "Global Production and Trade in East Asia,(Norwell,MA:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2001,pp.xx.360;index.)".
[24]Masaru Umemoto.Fragmentation Production in East Asia:The Impact of Economic Integration and Network Quality.Center for International Trade Studies(CITS) Working Paper 2005-13.
[25]Robert C.Feenstra.Integration of Trade and Disintegration of Production,Revised,April 1998,Forthcoming,Journ.
[26]David Hummels,Jun Ishii,Kei-Mu Yi.The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade[J].Journal of International Economics 54(2001) 75-96,www.elsevier.nl/locate/econbase.
[27]Fukunari Kimura,Mitsuyo Ando.Fragmentation and Agglomeration Matter:Japanese Multinationals in Latin American and Asia.The former version was appeared in LAEBA working paper no.12 March 2003.
[28]Kei - Mu Yi.Can Vertical Specialization Explain the Growth of Word Trade[J].December 1999,Revised in September 2001,International Research,Federal Reserve Bank of New York,33 Liberty St.,New York,NY 10045.
[29]蔡抒音.东亚经济的合作之路--论东亚区域经济一体化与中国的战略选择[J].东南学术,2003(2):164-168.
[30]Peter A.Petri.Is East Asia becoming more interdependent?[J].Journal of Asian Economics 17(2006) 381394.
[31]潘慧明,李必强.基于生态学理论的产业集群理论研究[J].合肥工业大学学报(社会科学版),2007,(6):37-40.
[32]梁琦.论资源空间配置观[J].广东社会科学,2007,(3):7-11.
[33]盖文启,朱华晟,张辉国.国外产业集群理论探析[J].国际经贸探索,2006, (7):44-47.
[34]王坤,王文利.产业集群的理论发展及我国对产业集群的研究[J].内蒙古大学学报(人文社会科学版),2007,(1):22-25.
[35]王缉慈.创新的空间-企业集群与区域发展[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.
[36]杨兴云.珠三角:政企爱怨一年间[N].经济观察报,2008-12-15(11).
[37]Guillaume GAULIER,Francoise LEMOINE,Deniz(U|¨)NAL-KESENCI.China' s Integration in Asian Production Networks and Its Implications.CEPII 9,rue Georges Pitard- 75740 Paris Cedex 15,Paper prepared for the conference《 Resolving New Global and Regional Imbalances in an Era of Asian Integration》Tokyo,17-18,June 2004.
[38]Francoise LemoineDeniz(U|¨)nal-Kesenci.China in the International Segmentation of Production Processes.CEPII,Working Paper No.2002-02.
[39]Alessia Amighini.China in the international fragmentation of production:Evidence from the ICT industry[J].The European Journal of Comparative Economics,Vol.2,n.2,pp.203-219,ISSN 1824-2979.
[40]Francoise Lemoine.FDI and the Opening Up of China' s Economy,CEPII Document de travail n° 00-11.
[41]Sanjaya Lall,Manuel Albaladejo.China's Competitive Performance:A Threat To East Asian Manufactured Exports?.QEH Working Paper Series QEHWPS110,October 2003.
[42]宋养琰.前30年与后30年:破解“中国奇迹”[EB/OL].http://business.sohu.com/20080901/n259316151.shtml,2008-09-01.
[43]Guillaume Gaulier,Francoise Lemoine,Deniz(U|¨)nal-Kesenci.China' s Integration in East Asia:Production Sharing,FDI & High-Tech Trade.CEPII,Working Paper No.2005-09.
[44]卓钦锐.第十届高交会部长论坛全程速记稿[EB/OL].http://exhibition.tech110.net/html/r_140438.html,2008-10-14.
[45]金融海啸第二波突袭全球-从信贷危机到实体经济危机[N].中国经营 报,2008-9-15(A9).
[46]高鸿业.西方经济学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2000.
[47]张东辉.现代西方经济学[M].济南:山东大学出版社,1996.
[48]《劳动合同法》的负面效应是如何产生的[N].经济观察报,2008-9-15(44).
[49]井手策夫.地域と產業集積,產業集積の地域研究[M].大明堂,2002.
[50]植田浩史.“縮小”時代の產業集積[M].創風社,2004.
[51]小田宏信.現代日本の機械工業集積[M].古今書院,2005.
[52]加藤秀夫.地域中小企業上產業集積[M].新評論,2003.
[53]財团法人中小企業総合研究機構.產業集積的新たな胎動[M].同友館,2003.
[54]渡辺幸男.日本機械工業社会的分業構造:階層構造·產業集積からの請制把握[M].株式会社有斐閣,2004.
[55]#12
[56]#12
[57]#12
[58]三浦敏.新しい產業集積の動向[J].商工金融,第52卷第1号,2002年1月号,pp.28-62.
[59]#12
[60]竹野忠弘.產業集積地連協型アジア地域体制の提起.国際經濟学会報告要旨,2006年10月14日.
[61]松尾昌宏.產業集積と経済発展[M].多賀出版,1999.
[62]小出博之訳.空間經濟学-都市·地域·国際貿易の新しい分析[M].東洋経 済新報社,2000.
[63]赤松要.世界経済論[M].国元書房,1965.
[64]小島清.雁行型経済発展論第Ⅰ卷-日本経済·アジア経済·世界经济-[M].株式会社文真堂,2003.
[65]小島清.雁行型経済発展論第Ⅱ卷-アジアと世界の新秩序-[M].株式会社文真堂,2004.
[66]#12
[67]#12
[68]#12
[69]#12
[70]#12
[71]#12
[72]#12
[73]#12
[74]日本経済産業省.通商白書2008年版[R].経瀏産業省通商政策局企画調查室,http://www.meti.go.jp/.
[75]日本经济産業省.通商白書2007年版[R].经济産業省通商政策局企画調查室,http://www.meti.go.jp/.
[76]日本经济産業省.通商白書2006年版[R].经济産業省通商政策局企画調查室,http://www.meti.go.jp/.
[77]日本経済産業省.通商白書2005年版[R].経済産業省通商政策局企画調查室,http://www.meti.go.jp/.
[78]日本経済産業省.通商白書2004年版[R].経済産業省通商政策局企画調查 室,http://www.meti.go.jp/.
[79]Paul Krugman.Increasing Returns and Economic Geography[J].Journal of Political Economy,1991,vol.99.no.8.
[80]Kyoji Fukao,Hikari Ishido,Keiko Ito.Vertical Intra-Industry Trade and Foreign Direct Investment in East Asia.RIETI Discussion Paper Series 03-E-001.Revised Version,January 2003.
[81]Mona Haddad.Trade Integration in East Asia:The Role of China and Production Networks.Word Bank Policy Research Working Paper4160,March 2007.
[82]Shahid Yusuf,Kaoru Nabeshima,Shoichi Yamashita.Growing Industrial Clusters in Asia.The Word Bank 2008.www.wordbank.org.
[83]梁琦.产业集聚论[M].北京:商务印书馆,2004.
[84]马歇尔.经济学原理[M].北京:商务印书馆,1991.
[85]迈克尔·波特.国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002.
[86]朱丽燕.谈银川产业集聚向产业集群的演化[J].商业时代,2006,(30):83-84.
[87]Michael E.Porter.Clusters and the New Economics of Competition[J].Harvard Business Review,November-December 1998.
[88]Fukunari Kimura,Mitsuyo Ando.The Economic Analysis of International Production/Distribution Networks in East Asia and Latin America:The Implication of Regional Trade Arrangements.Revised in January 2004,Re-revised in May 2004.The former version of this paper was presented at the international conference organized by the Integration and Regional Programs Department,Inter-American Development Bank.
[89]Francis Ng,Alexander Yeats.Production Sharing in East Asia:Who Does What for Whom,and Why?.Produced by the Policy Research Dissemination Center,Policy Research Working Paper 2197.
[90]Anthony.J.Venables.Fragmentation and Multinational Production[J].European Economic Review 43(1999)935-945.
[91]梁琦.产业集聚的均衡性和稳定性[J].世界经济,2004,(6):11-18.
[92]梁琦.产业集聚的市场因素考察[J].江苏行政学院学报,2005,(5):51-57.
[93]魏守华,王缉慈,赵雅沁.产业集群:新型区域经济发展理论[J].经济经纬,2002,(2):18-21.
[94]梁琦.从空间集聚要素看距离的影响[J]。南开经济研究,2003,(3):21-25.
[95]梁琦.分工、专业化与集聚[J].管理科学学报,2006,(12):13-22.
[96]梁琦.高技术产业集聚的新理论解释[J].广东社会科学,2004,(2):46-51.
[97]王缉慈.关于创新性产业集群的培育问题[J].中国科技产业,2005,(12):34-37.
[98]王缉慈.关于在外向型区域发展本地企业集群的一点思考--墨西哥和我国台湾外向型加工区域的对比分析[J].世界地理研究2001,(9):15-19.
[99]王缉慈.关于中国产业集群研究的若干概念辨析[J].地理学报,2004,(10):47-52.
[100]梁琦.空间集聚的基本因素考察[J].衡阳师范学院学报(社会科学),2003,(10):23-28.
[101]梁琦.空间经济学:过去、现在与未来-兼评《空间经济学:城市、区域与国际贸易》[J].经济学(季刊),2005,(7):1067-1086.
[102]梁琦.跨国公司海外投资与产业集聚[J].世界经济,2003,(9):29-37.
[103]王缉慈,童昕.论全球化背景下的地方产业群--地方竞争优势的源泉[J].战略与管理,2001,(6):28-36.
[104]朱华晟,王缉慈.论柔性生产与产业集聚[J].世界地理研,2001,(2):39-46.
[105]盖文启,王缉慈.全球化浪潮中的区域发展问题[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2001,(6):23-31.
[106]童昕,王缉慈.全球商品链中的地方产业群-以东莞的“商圈”现象为例[J].地域研究与开发,2003,(2):36-39.
[107]梁琦,钱学锋.外部性与集聚:一个文献综述[J].世界经济,2007,(2):84-96.
[108]王缉慈,王敬甯.中国产业集群研究中的概念性问题[J].世界地理研究,2007,(12):89-97.
[109]王缉慈.中国地方产业集群及其对发展中国家的意义[J].地域研究与开 发,2004,(8):1-4.
[110]魏后凯.对产业集群与竞争力关系的考察[J].经济管理,2003,(6):4-11.
[111]阿尔弗雷德·韦伯,工业区位论[M].北京:商务印书馆,1997。
[112]保罗·克鲁格曼.地理和贸易[M].北京:北京大学出版社、中国人民大学出版社,2000。
[113]迈克尔·波特.竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社,2001.
[114]魏守华,石碧华.论企业集群的竞争优势[J].中国工业经济,2002,(1):59-64.
[115]朱英明.产业集聚研究述评[J].经济评论,2003,(3):117-121.
[116]李敏,云倩,俞裕兰.我国加工贸易发展路径探究——基于产品内分工视角[J].全国商情经济理论研究,2008(22):103-104.
[117]中国产业集群网,http://www.chinacluster.org/.
[118]地方产业集群研究网,http://www.Cluster study.com/.
[119]中华人民共和国商务部网站,http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/.
[120]中华人民共和国国家统计局网站,http://www.stats.gov.cn/.
[121]加工贸易---中国国际电子商务网,http://jm.ec.com.cn/.
[122]中国海关网站,http://www.customs.gov.cn/.
[123]アジア研究所,http://www.ide.go.jp/Japanese/.
[124]http://WWW.unctad.org/.
[125]梁小萌.珠三角加工贸易转型升级与产业集群.岭南学刊[J],2008(6):60-63.
[126]陈柳钦.专业化分工理论与产业集群的演进[J].北华大学学报:社会科学版,2007(4):23-30.
[127]罗丽娜.东亚“雁阵模式”式微原因新析及启示[J].特区经济,2006(7):167-169.
[128]魏燕慎.“雁行模式”式微,多元分工格局初现[J].当代亚太,2002(7):29-32.
[129]张玉明,李凯,聂艳华.技术溢出、企业集聚与区域经济增长[J].东北大学学报(社会科学版),2008(1):26-31.
[130]孙祖荣,施萍.产业集聚与区域经济发展[J].生产力研究,2006(7):202.
[131]李红锦.区域经济增长理论述评[J].生产力研究,2007(1):138.
[132]聂华林,王成勇.区域经济通论[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006.
[133]Fukunari Kimura,Mitsuyo Ando.Fragmentation and Agglomeration Matter:Japanese Multinationals in Latin American and Asia,The former version was appeared in LAEBA working paper no.12(2003).
[134]Peter A.Petri.ls East Asia becoming more interdependent?[J].Journal of Asian Economics,17(2006)381-394.
[135]自东放,黄真.东亚经济一体化与中国的战略选择[J].中国国情国力,2005(11):55-57.
[136]陈廷根.我国在东亚经济一体化进程中的战略选择[J].商讯商业经济文荟,2006(2):83-85.
[137]叶国际.中国崛起与东亚经济一体化的未来[J].法制与经济,2006(5):64-66.
[138]http://www.cs.com.cn/jrbznew/html/2006-04/25/content_1312358.htm.中国证券报,2006-4-25.
[139]新华网.http://news.xinhuanet.com.
[140]郭立伟,杨哲,饶宝红.区位集聚与产业集群的互动关系研究[J].经济问题探索,2006(11):40-45.
[141]黄梅波.世界经济学[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2007.
[142]国研室.如何优化利用外资结构和布局?http://www.gov.cn,2008-03-19。
[143]单忠东.宏观经济政策三大失误[N].经济观察报,2009-03-09(16).
[144]罗薇.我国吸引外资下降近三成.http://www.sinotf.com/GB/Trade_Finance/1l81/2009-3-17/1NMDAwMDAxNzclNQ.html.2009-03-17.