光OFDM与PON结合的关键技术研究
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摘要
光通信与无线通信的融合是未来通信的发展方向。在未来的无线宽带接入以及4G移动通信系统中,OFDM技术已经被确定为核心技术。将OFDM技术引入到光传送网中具有独特的优势：1)通过把高速率的数据流转换成多个低速数据流,使得每个子信道上的数据符号持续时间相对增加,这样既实现了高速的数据传输,又有效减少了由光纤非线性、色散导致的时延所带来的符号间干扰(ISI)。2)由于OFDM各个子载波之间存在正交性,OFDM系统可以最大限度地利用频谱资源。3)由于各个子信道中的正交调制和解调可以通过采用IFFT和FFT来实现,随着DSP技术的发展,运算实现容易,计算复杂度较低。4)OFDM系统可以维持发送符号周期远远大于时延,因而不需要复杂的信道均衡。5)OFDM具有很强的抗干扰能力、很高的频谱利用率以及低的建网与维护成本。6)OFDM适用于高速率宽带通信系统,且不需要反馈信道,只需在接收端进行均衡与同步,简化了数字信号处理。
PON当前已成为解决光网络瓶颈的主要方案。TDM-PON当前应用较多,但是它的上行链路的分时传送需要应用动态带宽分配算法(DBA)。 WDM-PON因为具有高传送容量、单一用户高带宽的特点而在近期得到较大发展,但高代价限制了它的应用。下一代光接入网要求同时给多个用户传送多类业务,并要求新的鲁棒性和高效调制技术。
OFDMA-PON以动态方式分配各子载波给多个用户,它可以同时对时域和频域资源进行分割。与WDM-PON相比,它只需一个光接收机,而且在上行方向不需要进行WDM复用,同时它可以在各ONU之间动态地分配波长,增减ONU也不需要重新配置硬件。与TDM-PON相比,OFDMA-PON利用了多个波长传送,具有更大容量和更远的传输距离。因此,其优势在于：1)在处理带宽资源共享与隔离时具有独特的灵活性,带宽可以以不同模式在不同的应用中进一步被共享。各ONU可以以不同的数据速率共享同一个子信道；2)带宽效率得到了改进。例如10Gb/s可以通过4bit/s/Hz、16QAM调制和3.5GHz带宽实现；3)可以实现业务透明传送和独立协议。子载波的子集可以以不同的QoS要求同时支持数字和模拟信号。
本论文针对光OFDM技术与PON结合的关键问题进行研究。第一章简要叙述了OFDM和光接入网技术的背景与发展。第二章描述了基于DSP的、直接上变频的相干光OFDM系统框图设计,并阐述了光OFDM系统中的信号流程及公式推导。对现有文献中融合OFDM技术的各种PON进行了分析讨论。同时也针对结合极化复用、ONU无光源、最小移位键控(MSK)等技术进行了分析。第三章先介绍了前期光接入网研究中,参与完成的基于异构8B10B编码和WDM的多P2P并联架构FTTH系统设计与实现技术研究,接着介绍了独立设计的基于分光器单向环网的终端节点自动保护机制。第四章研究了光OFDM系统优化设计的思路和子载波数NSC的优化选择。第五章对OFDMA-PON与其它PON技术进行了性能比较,探讨了系统设计方法和网络拓扑研究,并重点设计了基于ONU问单纤桥接对、双纤桥接对、单纤桥接环这3种适用于OFDMA-PON的分支光缆(DF)故障保护机制。
论文的主要创新完成了以下创新性工作：
1、提出一种基于分光器单向环网的终端节点自动保护机制,设计了保护结构、保护规则和保护切换流程,并分析了不同场景下的生存性。该机制保护了数据完整性,并明显地提高了网络的生存性和连接可用性。相关研究工作并已发表在European Transactions on Telecommunications(ETT)杂志上(SCI已检索)。
2、首次就光OFDM系统中子载波数的最优化选取进行了探讨,探讨了保护间隔、数据吞吐量、峰均功率比、运算复杂度、频带效率、抽样可实现性等多个限制条件对子载波数的影响。
3、提出并研究了OFDMA-PON中保护问题,设计了基于ONU间单纤桥接对、双纤桥接对、单纤桥接环3种适用于OFDMA-PON的分布光纤(DF)故障保护机制,并以线路保护尤其是DF保护为重点进行了分析。
4、设计并实现了一种点到点(P2P)型FTTH系统的设计与开发。光线路终端(OLT)和光网络单元(ONU)使用“语音数据汇聚／分离器”芯片,把语音信号复用成时分复用(TDM)信号E1(2.048Mb/s)后,再通过基于私有协议的8B10B编码汇聚在百兆以太网信号上即成为可进行时钟恢复和数据再生(CDR)的125Mb/s信号。采用了媒质转换器(MC)方式。将有线电视和CDR信号经波分复用(WDM)技术单纤双向传输。1部OLT可接入8路光网络单元(ONU),1个ONU可提供100Mb/s以太网、视频和4个E1接口。集中式网管系统可对全部ONU和OLT的机盘进行查询告警、实时监控和管理,实现了G.985中简单规范而传统光以太网不具备的OAM功能。
The combination of optical communication and wireless communication stands for the development direction of future communication. OFDM has been confirmed as a core technology for future wireless broadband access as well as the fourth generation mobile communication system. Thus the introduction of OFDM scheme to optical transmission network has special merits:1) Converting higher rate data stream into multiple data streams with lower rate relatively extends the symbol duration in each sub channel. In this case, high rate transmission is completed while the inter-symbol interference (ISI), caused by delay which is induced by fiber nonlinearity and chromatic dispersion, is effectively and efficiently alleviated.2) Due to the orthogonality between each other subcarriers, OFDM system could utilize the spectrum resource up to its maximum.3) Owing to the fact that IFFT as well as FFT could be adopted to implement the orthogonal modulation and demodulation in each sub channel, it is likely to implement these operations with low computational complexity.4) Because of the duration of each symbol is far longer than that of delay, complicated channel equilibrium is not required.5) OFDM system could provide robust capacity of interference cancellation, high spectrum efficiency as well as low cost of deployment and maintenance.6) OFDM is applicable to high date rate broadband communication system, simply requires equilibrium and synchronization at the receiver instead of any feedback channel, thereby simplifying the complexity of the digital signal processing (DSP).
PON is a major scheme to combat the current bottleneck of optical network. The widely utilized TDM-PON requires dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm (DBA) for time division transmission in uplink. Though WDM-PON has recently found its way in application for high transport capacity as well as high broadband for each user, its popularization is limited for its high cost. The next generation optical access network requires transporting multiple kinds of service for subscribers at the same time and new robustness and high efficient modulation techniques.
OFDMA-PON dynamically allocates subcarriers to each user. OFDMA-PON could split resources synchronously in time domain and frequency domain. Compared with WDM-PON, OFDMA-PON only requires an optical receiver without multiplexing in uplink, dynamically allocates wavelengths among ONUs. In the meantime, hardware configuration is not required while adding/dropping ONU. In comparison with TDM-PON, OFDMA-PON takes advantage of multiple wavelengths transmission, thereby enabling greater capacity and farther transmission distance. It has, therefore, the following merits:1) Unique flexibility in coping with the sharing and isolating of bandwidth resource. Bandwidth could be further shared in different scenarios with distinct mode. Thus each ONU could share a single sub channel with different data rate.2) Bandwidth efficiency is improved. For instance, a10Gb/s transmission system could be realized via16QAM modulation with4bit/s/Hz within3.5GHz bandwidth.3) Transparent transmission and independent protocol. That is, the subset of subcarriers could support digital and analog signal for different QoS demand.
This dissertation focuses on the key problems of the combination of OFDM techniques and PON. Chapter1briefly introduces the background and development of OFDM and optical access technology. Chapter2presents the design for coherent OFDM system diagram on the basis of DSP and frequency directly up-conversion, and elaborates signal flows and derivations of related equations. This chapter includes analysis on various PON combined with OFDM technology in current literatures, as well as analysis on polarization-multiplexing (POLMUX), source-free ONU (i.e., centralized lightwave), minimum shift keying (MSK). Chapter3firstly presents the system design and realization of the multi-P2P parallel architecture FTTH system based on isomeric8B10B coding and WDM technologies which the author has completed in earlier research on optical access network. This is followed by terminal node self-protection scheme by using unidirectional splitter-based ring. Chapter4focuses on the methodology of optimal design of OFDM system and the optimal selection on the number of subcarriers. Chapter5compares the performance between OFDMA-PON and other PON-based technologies, explores the method of system design and network topology and focuses on the failure protection mechanism of distribution fiber (DF) on the basis of the single fiber bridging connection, dual fiber bridging connection and single fiber bridging ring, which are applicable to OFDMA-PON.
In this thesis, following innovative researches are introduced.
Firstly, we introduced a splitter-based non-break-self-protection unidirectional ring which contains three nodes and is designed to protect the terminal nodes.The architecture, protection rules, protection switching flow and survivability analyzing in different scenes are introduced too. Calculation results showed that this proposed scheme could keep data integrity and has very high survivability and connection availability.The research works has published on SCI-indexed European Transactions on Telecommunications (ETT).
Secondly, the optimal selection on the number of subcarriers of OFDM system is researched for first time. The influence on the number of subcarriers is researched from limits such as guard interval, data throughput, PAPR, operation complexity, frequency band efficiency, and sampling realizability.
Thirdly, this thesis puts forward and researches on the protection of OFDMA-PON, and designs the self-protection mechanisms of DF on the basis of the single fiber bridging interconnection pair, dual fiber bridging interconnection pair and single fiber bridging interconnection ring, which are applicable to OFDMA-PON, and analyzes performance focused on the line protection and especially on the DF.
Fourthly, the design and realization technologies of the point-to-point (P2P) type for fiber to the home (FTTH) system are introduced. The optical line terminal (OLT) and optical network unit (ONU) use the "aggregator and separator of audio and data" chip. Firstly the chip lets the speech signals multiplexed to the time division multiplex (TDM) E1(2.048Mb/s) signal. Then by private protocol-based8B10B coding, the El signals are converged with the100Mb/s (FE) Ethernet data signal and change to be the125Mb/s clock recover and data retiming (CDR) signal via TDM multiplexer over100Base-FX Ethernet functions. It adopts the media converting (MC) mode. It is such a single fiber wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) bidirectional transmission system that it can transfer the video signal such as CATV with the CDR signal in same fiber. Each OLT can connect with8ONUs in the system. Each ONU can provide4E1ports, a100Mb/s port and a video signal port to the subscribers. The central network manage system can inquire real time warning signals via the bus-mastering, monitor and manage round all the units of OLT and ONU. This design realized the operation, administration and maintenance (OAM) functions which are only defined in ITU Rec.G.985simply and are not included in the traditional optical Ethernet.
PON当前已成为解决光网络瓶颈的主要方案。TDM-PON当前应用较多,但是它的上行链路的分时传送需要应用动态带宽分配算法(DBA)。 WDM-PON因为具有高传送容量、单一用户高带宽的特点而在近期得到较大发展,但高代价限制了它的应用。下一代光接入网要求同时给多个用户传送多类业务,并要求新的鲁棒性和高效调制技术。
OFDMA-PON以动态方式分配各子载波给多个用户,它可以同时对时域和频域资源进行分割。与WDM-PON相比,它只需一个光接收机,而且在上行方向不需要进行WDM复用,同时它可以在各ONU之间动态地分配波长,增减ONU也不需要重新配置硬件。与TDM-PON相比,OFDMA-PON利用了多个波长传送,具有更大容量和更远的传输距离。因此,其优势在于：1)在处理带宽资源共享与隔离时具有独特的灵活性,带宽可以以不同模式在不同的应用中进一步被共享。各ONU可以以不同的数据速率共享同一个子信道；2)带宽效率得到了改进。例如10Gb/s可以通过4bit/s/Hz、16QAM调制和3.5GHz带宽实现；3)可以实现业务透明传送和独立协议。子载波的子集可以以不同的QoS要求同时支持数字和模拟信号。
本论文针对光OFDM技术与PON结合的关键问题进行研究。第一章简要叙述了OFDM和光接入网技术的背景与发展。第二章描述了基于DSP的、直接上变频的相干光OFDM系统框图设计,并阐述了光OFDM系统中的信号流程及公式推导。对现有文献中融合OFDM技术的各种PON进行了分析讨论。同时也针对结合极化复用、ONU无光源、最小移位键控(MSK)等技术进行了分析。第三章先介绍了前期光接入网研究中,参与完成的基于异构8B10B编码和WDM的多P2P并联架构FTTH系统设计与实现技术研究,接着介绍了独立设计的基于分光器单向环网的终端节点自动保护机制。第四章研究了光OFDM系统优化设计的思路和子载波数NSC的优化选择。第五章对OFDMA-PON与其它PON技术进行了性能比较,探讨了系统设计方法和网络拓扑研究,并重点设计了基于ONU问单纤桥接对、双纤桥接对、单纤桥接环这3种适用于OFDMA-PON的分支光缆(DF)故障保护机制。
论文的主要创新完成了以下创新性工作：
1、提出一种基于分光器单向环网的终端节点自动保护机制,设计了保护结构、保护规则和保护切换流程,并分析了不同场景下的生存性。该机制保护了数据完整性,并明显地提高了网络的生存性和连接可用性。相关研究工作并已发表在European Transactions on Telecommunications(ETT)杂志上(SCI已检索)。
2、首次就光OFDM系统中子载波数的最优化选取进行了探讨,探讨了保护间隔、数据吞吐量、峰均功率比、运算复杂度、频带效率、抽样可实现性等多个限制条件对子载波数的影响。
3、提出并研究了OFDMA-PON中保护问题,设计了基于ONU间单纤桥接对、双纤桥接对、单纤桥接环3种适用于OFDMA-PON的分布光纤(DF)故障保护机制,并以线路保护尤其是DF保护为重点进行了分析。
4、设计并实现了一种点到点(P2P)型FTTH系统的设计与开发。光线路终端(OLT)和光网络单元(ONU)使用“语音数据汇聚／分离器”芯片,把语音信号复用成时分复用(TDM)信号E1(2.048Mb/s)后,再通过基于私有协议的8B10B编码汇聚在百兆以太网信号上即成为可进行时钟恢复和数据再生(CDR)的125Mb/s信号。采用了媒质转换器(MC)方式。将有线电视和CDR信号经波分复用(WDM)技术单纤双向传输。1部OLT可接入8路光网络单元(ONU),1个ONU可提供100Mb/s以太网、视频和4个E1接口。集中式网管系统可对全部ONU和OLT的机盘进行查询告警、实时监控和管理,实现了G.985中简单规范而传统光以太网不具备的OAM功能。
The combination of optical communication and wireless communication stands for the development direction of future communication. OFDM has been confirmed as a core technology for future wireless broadband access as well as the fourth generation mobile communication system. Thus the introduction of OFDM scheme to optical transmission network has special merits:1) Converting higher rate data stream into multiple data streams with lower rate relatively extends the symbol duration in each sub channel. In this case, high rate transmission is completed while the inter-symbol interference (ISI), caused by delay which is induced by fiber nonlinearity and chromatic dispersion, is effectively and efficiently alleviated.2) Due to the orthogonality between each other subcarriers, OFDM system could utilize the spectrum resource up to its maximum.3) Owing to the fact that IFFT as well as FFT could be adopted to implement the orthogonal modulation and demodulation in each sub channel, it is likely to implement these operations with low computational complexity.4) Because of the duration of each symbol is far longer than that of delay, complicated channel equilibrium is not required.5) OFDM system could provide robust capacity of interference cancellation, high spectrum efficiency as well as low cost of deployment and maintenance.6) OFDM is applicable to high date rate broadband communication system, simply requires equilibrium and synchronization at the receiver instead of any feedback channel, thereby simplifying the complexity of the digital signal processing (DSP).
PON is a major scheme to combat the current bottleneck of optical network. The widely utilized TDM-PON requires dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm (DBA) for time division transmission in uplink. Though WDM-PON has recently found its way in application for high transport capacity as well as high broadband for each user, its popularization is limited for its high cost. The next generation optical access network requires transporting multiple kinds of service for subscribers at the same time and new robustness and high efficient modulation techniques.
OFDMA-PON dynamically allocates subcarriers to each user. OFDMA-PON could split resources synchronously in time domain and frequency domain. Compared with WDM-PON, OFDMA-PON only requires an optical receiver without multiplexing in uplink, dynamically allocates wavelengths among ONUs. In the meantime, hardware configuration is not required while adding/dropping ONU. In comparison with TDM-PON, OFDMA-PON takes advantage of multiple wavelengths transmission, thereby enabling greater capacity and farther transmission distance. It has, therefore, the following merits:1) Unique flexibility in coping with the sharing and isolating of bandwidth resource. Bandwidth could be further shared in different scenarios with distinct mode. Thus each ONU could share a single sub channel with different data rate.2) Bandwidth efficiency is improved. For instance, a10Gb/s transmission system could be realized via16QAM modulation with4bit/s/Hz within3.5GHz bandwidth.3) Transparent transmission and independent protocol. That is, the subset of subcarriers could support digital and analog signal for different QoS demand.
This dissertation focuses on the key problems of the combination of OFDM techniques and PON. Chapter1briefly introduces the background and development of OFDM and optical access technology. Chapter2presents the design for coherent OFDM system diagram on the basis of DSP and frequency directly up-conversion, and elaborates signal flows and derivations of related equations. This chapter includes analysis on various PON combined with OFDM technology in current literatures, as well as analysis on polarization-multiplexing (POLMUX), source-free ONU (i.e., centralized lightwave), minimum shift keying (MSK). Chapter3firstly presents the system design and realization of the multi-P2P parallel architecture FTTH system based on isomeric8B10B coding and WDM technologies which the author has completed in earlier research on optical access network. This is followed by terminal node self-protection scheme by using unidirectional splitter-based ring. Chapter4focuses on the methodology of optimal design of OFDM system and the optimal selection on the number of subcarriers. Chapter5compares the performance between OFDMA-PON and other PON-based technologies, explores the method of system design and network topology and focuses on the failure protection mechanism of distribution fiber (DF) on the basis of the single fiber bridging connection, dual fiber bridging connection and single fiber bridging ring, which are applicable to OFDMA-PON.
In this thesis, following innovative researches are introduced.
Firstly, we introduced a splitter-based non-break-self-protection unidirectional ring which contains three nodes and is designed to protect the terminal nodes.The architecture, protection rules, protection switching flow and survivability analyzing in different scenes are introduced too. Calculation results showed that this proposed scheme could keep data integrity and has very high survivability and connection availability.The research works has published on SCI-indexed European Transactions on Telecommunications (ETT).
Secondly, the optimal selection on the number of subcarriers of OFDM system is researched for first time. The influence on the number of subcarriers is researched from limits such as guard interval, data throughput, PAPR, operation complexity, frequency band efficiency, and sampling realizability.
Thirdly, this thesis puts forward and researches on the protection of OFDMA-PON, and designs the self-protection mechanisms of DF on the basis of the single fiber bridging interconnection pair, dual fiber bridging interconnection pair and single fiber bridging interconnection ring, which are applicable to OFDMA-PON, and analyzes performance focused on the line protection and especially on the DF.
Fourthly, the design and realization technologies of the point-to-point (P2P) type for fiber to the home (FTTH) system are introduced. The optical line terminal (OLT) and optical network unit (ONU) use the "aggregator and separator of audio and data" chip. Firstly the chip lets the speech signals multiplexed to the time division multiplex (TDM) E1(2.048Mb/s) signal. Then by private protocol-based8B10B coding, the El signals are converged with the100Mb/s (FE) Ethernet data signal and change to be the125Mb/s clock recover and data retiming (CDR) signal via TDM multiplexer over100Base-FX Ethernet functions. It adopts the media converting (MC) mode. It is such a single fiber wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) bidirectional transmission system that it can transfer the video signal such as CATV with the CDR signal in same fiber. Each OLT can connect with8ONUs in the system. Each ONU can provide4E1ports, a100Mb/s port and a video signal port to the subscribers. The central network manage system can inquire real time warning signals via the bus-mastering, monitor and manage round all the units of OLT and ONU. This design realized the operation, administration and maintenance (OAM) functions which are only defined in ITU Rec.G.985simply and are not included in the traditional optical Ethernet.
引文
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[3]W. Shieh and C. Athaudage. Coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. Electronics Letters 42(10) 11th May 2006.
[4]W. Shieh, X. Yi, and Y. Tang. Experimental Demonstration of Transmission of Coherent Optical OFDM Systems. OFC/NFOEC 2007. Paper OMP2
[5]Markus Mayrock, Herbert Haunstein. Impact of Implementation Impairments on the Performance of an Optical OFDM Transmission System ECOC2006.Paper Th3.2.1
[6]Arthur James Lowery, Liang Du and Jean Armstrong. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing for Adaptive Dispersion Compensation in Long Haul WDM Systems. OFC 2006. Paper PDP39
[7]William Shieh, Ivan Djordjevic光通信中的OFDM[M] (?)匕京：电子工业出版社2011.11-12
[8]Zheng Zhihua, Zongjue Qian, Guochu Shou, Yihong Hu. Next-Generation Passive Optical Network Based on OFDM Transmission.2009 WASE International Conference on Information Engineering (ICIE2009).
[9]Neda Cvijetic, Dayou Qian, Junqiang Hu.100 Gb/s Optical Access Based on Optical Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing. IEEE Communications Magazine, July 2010.
[10]Dayou Qian, Neda Cvijetic, Junqiang Hu, Ting Wang.108 Gb/s OFDMA-PON with Polarization Multiplexing and Direct-Detection. OFC/NFOEC 2009. Paper PDPD5.
[11]Dayou Qian, Tyrone Tai-On Kwok, Neda Cvijetic, Junqiang Hu, Ting Wang.41.25 Gb/s Real-Time OFDM Receiver for Variable Rate WDM-OFDMA-PON Transmission. OFC/NFOEC 2010. Paper PDPD9.
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[7]Lei Xu, Dayou Qian, Junqiang Hu, Wei Wei, Ting Wang.OFDMA-based Passive Optical Networks (PON). IEEE/LEOS Summer Topical Meetings (LEOSST.2008). TuE3.1
[8]Wei Wei, Ting Wang, Chunming Qiao. Resource Provisioning for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)-based Virtual Passive Optical Networks (VPON). OFC/NFOEC 2008. OTuI1.
[9]Dayou Qian, Neda Cvijetic, Junqiang Hu, Ting Wang.Optical OFDM Transmission in Metro/Access Networks.OFC/NFOEC 2009.paperOMV1
[10]Dayou Qian, Junqiang Hu, Philip Nan Ji, Ting Wang.10.8-Gb/s OFDMA-PON Transmission Performance Study.OFC/NFOEC 2009. paperNME6
[11]Dayou Qian, Tyrone Tai-On Kwok, Neda Cvijetic, Junqiang Hu, Ting Wang.41.25 Gb/s Real-Time OFDM Receiver for Variable Rate WDM-OFDMA-PON Transmission. OFC/NFOEC 2010.PDPD9.
[12]Jianjun Yu, Ming-Fang Huang, Dayou Qian, Lin Chen, and Gee-Kung Chang. Centralized Lightwave WDM-PON Employing 16-QAM Intensity Modulated OFDM Downstream and OOK Modulated Upstream Signals.IEEE Photinics Technology Letters,2008,20(18):1545-1547
[13]Ming-Fang Huang, Jianjun Yu, Dayou Qian, Neda Cvijetic, Gee-Kung Chang. Lightwave Centralized WDM-OFDM-PON Network Employing Cost-effective Directly Modulated Laser. OFC/NFOEC 2009.OMV5
[14]Lin Chen, J. G. Yu, Shuangchun Wen, J. Lu, Z. Dong, M. Huang, G. K. Chang. A Novel Scheme for Seamless Integration of ROF With Centralized Lightwave OFDM-WDM-PON System. Journal of Lightwave Technology, July 15,2009,27(14)
[15]Bo Liu, Xiangjun Xin, Lijia Zhang, Kun Zhao, Chongxiu Yu. Broad Convergence of 32QAM-OFDM ROF and WDM-OFDM-PON System Using an Integrated Modulator for Bidirectional Access Networks. OFC/NFOEC 2010 JThA26
[16]Lijia Zhang, Xiangjun Xin, Bo Liu, Kun Zhao, Chongxiu Yu. A Novel WDM-OFDM-PON Architecture with Centralized Lightwave and PolSK-assisted Multicast Overlay OFC/NFOEC 2010 JThA25
[17]Yufeng Shao, Bo huang, Nan Chi, Junwen Zhang, Wuliang Fang, Bo Liu, Xiangjun Xin. A Novel Subcarrier OFDM-MSK WDM Passive Optical Network.OFC/NFOEC 2010. OTuO4.
[18]Chien-Hung Yeh、Chi-Wai Chow,Chih-Hung Hsu.40Gb/s Time-Division-Multiplexed Passive Optical Networks Using Downstream OOK and Upstream OFDM Modulationsv. IEEE Photinics Technology Letters,22(2):118-120.
[19]Wei Wei, Ting Wang, Dayou Qian, Junqiang Hu.MAC Protocols for Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)-based Passive Optical Networks. OFC/NFOEC2008.JWA82.
[20]Chonggang Wang, Wei Wei, Ting Wang. Multiple Channel Scheduling Algorithms for WDM PONs and OFDMA PONs.OFC/NFOEC 2009. OMV6.
[21]ITU-T Rec.G.982Optical access networks to support services up to the ISDN primary rate or equivalent bit rates.(11/96):15
[22]ITU-T Rec.G.983.3Amendment 2(07/2005)A broadband optical access system with increased service capability by wavelength allocation
[23]ITU-T Rec.G.984.2Amendment 2(03/2008) Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (GPON):Physical Media Dependent (PMD) layer specification.
[24]Dayou Qian, Neda Cvijetic, Junqiang Hu, Ting Wang.108 Gb/s OFDMA-PON with Polarization Multiplexing and Direct-Detection. OFC/NFOEC 2009.PDPD5.
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[4]P.W. Shumate. "Fiber-to-the-Home:1977-2007," [J], J. Lightwave Technol.,2008, 26(9):1093-1103
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[2]Doucette J, Grover WD, Giese PA. Physical-layer p-cycles adapted for router-level node protection:a multi-layer design and operation strategy. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 2007; 25:963-973.
[3]Onguetou DP, Grover WD. A new insight and approach to node failure protection with ordinary p-cycles. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC2008), IEEE 2008; 5145-5149.
[4]Zhang F, Zhong WD, Jin YH. Optimizations of p-cycle-based protection of optical multicast sessions. IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology 2008; 26: 3298-3306.
[5]Doucette J, Giese PA, Grover WD. Combined node and span protection strategies with node-encircling p-cycles. In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on the Design of Reliable Communication Networks (DRCN 2005),2005; 213-221.
[6]Shen GX, Grover WD. Extending the p-cycle concept to path segment protection for span and node failure recovery. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 2003; 21:1306-1319.
[7]Zhang F, Zhong WD. Performance evaluation of optical multicast protection approaches for combined node and link failure recovery. IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology 2009; 27:4017-4025.
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[12]Chen JJ, Wosinska L. Analysis of protection schemes in PON compatible with smooth migration from TDM-PON to hybrid WDM/TDM PON. Journal of Optical Networking 2007; 6:514-526.
[13]Hossain AD, Erkan H, Dorsinville R, Ali M, Shami A, Assi C. Protection for a ring-based EPON architecture. In Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Broadband Networks (BROADNETS 2005), IEEE,2005; 626-631.
[14]Wang ZX, Sun XF, Lin CL, Chan CK, Chen LK. A novel centrally controlled protection scheme for traffic restoration in WDM passive optical networks. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 2005; 17:717-719.
[15]Yeh CH, Lee CS, Chi S. Simply self-restored ring-based time-divisionmultiplexed passive optical network. Journal of Optical Networking 2008; 7:288-293.
[16]Wosinska L, Chen JJ. Reliability performance of passive optical networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON'07) (IEEE,2007), Paper Tu. C3.1,121-124.
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[1]Chan TJ, Chan CK, Chen LK, Tong F. A self-protected architecture for wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical networks. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 2003; 15:1660-1662.
[2]Wang ZX, Sun XF, Lin CL, Chan CK, Chen LK. A novel centrally controlled protection scheme for traffic restoration in WDM passive optical networks. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 2005; 17:717-719.
[3]Sun XF, Chan CK, Chen LK. A survivable WDM-PON architecture with centralized alternative-path protection switching for traffic restoration. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 2006; 18:631-633.
[4]Xiaofeng Sun, Chun-Kit Chan, and Lian Kuan Chen. Erratum to "A Survivable WDM-PON Architecture With Centralized Alternate-Path Protection Switching for Traffic Restoration" IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol.18, No.6, MARCH 15, 2006:794-795
[5]Chen JJ, Wosinska L. Analysis of protection schemes in PON compatible with smooth migration from TDM-PON to hybrid WDM/TDM PON. Journal of Optical Networking 2007; 6:514-526.
[6]Sue Chuan-Ching. A Novel 1:N Protection Scheme for WDM Passive Optical Networks. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol.18, No.13, July 1,2006
[7]Yeh CH, Lee CS, Chi S. Simply self-restored ring-based time-division multiplexed passive optical network. Journal of Optical Networking 2008; 7:288-293.
[8]Xiaofeng SUN, Zhaoxin WANG, Chun-Kit CHAN, and Linn-Kuan CHEN. A novel star-ring protection architecture scheme for WDM passive optical access networks.OFC/NFOEC2004.JWA53
[9]Wei Wei, Ting Wang, Chunming Qiao. Resource Provisioning for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)-based Virtual Passive Optical Networks (VPON). OFC/NFOEC 2008. OTuI1.
[10]Dayou Qian, Neda Cvijetic, Yue-Kai Huang, Jianjun Yu, Ting Wang.100km Long Reach Upstream 36Gb/s-OFDMA-PON over a Single Wavelength with Source-Free ONUs. ECOC 2009
[11]Neda Cvijetic, Dayou Qian, Junqiang Hu. 100Gb/s Optical Access Based on Optical Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing. IEEE Communications Magazine, July 2010.
[12]Chen JJ, Wosinska L. Analysis of protection schemes in PON compatible with smooth migration from TDM-PON to hybrid WDM/TDM PON. Journal of Optical Networking 2007; 6:514-526.
[13]Nadarajah N, Nirmalathas A, Wong E. Self-protected Ethernet passive optical networks using coarse wavelength division multiplexed transmission.Electronics Letters 2005; 41: 866-867.
[14]Chan TJ, Chan CK, Chen LK, Tong F. A self-protected architecture for wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical networks. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 2003; 15:1660-1662.
[15]Chen JJ, Wosinska L, He SL. High utilization of wavelengths and simple interconnection between users in a protection scheme for passive optical networks. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 2008; 20:389-391.
[16]IEEE Std.802.3-2005. IEEE Standard for Information Technology-Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems-Local and Metropolitan Area NetworkslSpecific Requirements, Part 3:Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications, Section 5, February 2005; 129-131.
[2]王文博.宽带无线通信OFDM技术[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2003.
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[4]W. Shieh, X. Yi, and Y. Tang. Experimental Demonstration of Transmission of Coherent Optical OFDM Systems. OFC/NFOEC 2007. Paper OMP2
[5]Markus Mayrock, Herbert Haunstein. Impact of Implementation Impairments on the Performance of an Optical OFDM Transmission System ECOC2006.Paper Th3.2.1
[6]Arthur James Lowery, Liang Du and Jean Armstrong. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing for Adaptive Dispersion Compensation in Long Haul WDM Systems. OFC 2006. Paper PDP39
[7]William Shieh, Ivan Djordjevic光通信中的OFDM[M] (?)匕京：电子工业出版社2011.11-12
[8]Zheng Zhihua, Zongjue Qian, Guochu Shou, Yihong Hu. Next-Generation Passive Optical Network Based on OFDM Transmission.2009 WASE International Conference on Information Engineering (ICIE2009).
[9]Neda Cvijetic, Dayou Qian, Junqiang Hu.100 Gb/s Optical Access Based on Optical Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing. IEEE Communications Magazine, July 2010.
[10]Dayou Qian, Neda Cvijetic, Junqiang Hu, Ting Wang.108 Gb/s OFDMA-PON with Polarization Multiplexing and Direct-Detection. OFC/NFOEC 2009. Paper PDPD5.
[11]Dayou Qian, Tyrone Tai-On Kwok, Neda Cvijetic, Junqiang Hu, Ting Wang.41.25 Gb/s Real-Time OFDM Receiver for Variable Rate WDM-OFDMA-PON Transmission. OFC/NFOEC 2010. Paper PDPD9.
[1]周炯槃等.通信原理[M].北京：北京邮电大学出版社,2008.201-205,238
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[4]Yan Tang, William Shieh, Xingwen Yi, and Rob Evans.Optimum Design for RF-to-Optical Up-Converter in Coherent Optical OFDM Systems.IEEE Photinics Technology Letters,19(7), April 1,2007.483-385.
[5]Neda Cvijetic, Dayou Qian, Junqiang Hu.100 Gb/s Optical Access Based on Optical Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing. IEEE Communications Magazine, July 2010.
[6]Dayou Qian, Junqiang Hu, Philip Nan Ji, Ting Wang 10Gb/s OFDMA-PON for Delivery of Heterogeneous Services.OSA OFC/NFOEC 2008.OWH4.
[7]Lei Xu, Dayou Qian, Junqiang Hu, Wei Wei, Ting Wang.OFDMA-based Passive Optical Networks (PON). IEEE/LEOS Summer Topical Meetings (LEOSST.2008). TuE3.1
[8]Wei Wei, Ting Wang, Chunming Qiao. Resource Provisioning for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)-based Virtual Passive Optical Networks (VPON). OFC/NFOEC 2008. OTuI1.
[9]Dayou Qian, Neda Cvijetic, Junqiang Hu, Ting Wang.Optical OFDM Transmission in Metro/Access Networks.OFC/NFOEC 2009.paperOMV1
[10]Dayou Qian, Junqiang Hu, Philip Nan Ji, Ting Wang.10.8-Gb/s OFDMA-PON Transmission Performance Study.OFC/NFOEC 2009. paperNME6
[11]Dayou Qian, Tyrone Tai-On Kwok, Neda Cvijetic, Junqiang Hu, Ting Wang.41.25 Gb/s Real-Time OFDM Receiver for Variable Rate WDM-OFDMA-PON Transmission. OFC/NFOEC 2010.PDPD9.
[12]Jianjun Yu, Ming-Fang Huang, Dayou Qian, Lin Chen, and Gee-Kung Chang. Centralized Lightwave WDM-PON Employing 16-QAM Intensity Modulated OFDM Downstream and OOK Modulated Upstream Signals.IEEE Photinics Technology Letters,2008,20(18):1545-1547
[13]Ming-Fang Huang, Jianjun Yu, Dayou Qian, Neda Cvijetic, Gee-Kung Chang. Lightwave Centralized WDM-OFDM-PON Network Employing Cost-effective Directly Modulated Laser. OFC/NFOEC 2009.OMV5
[14]Lin Chen, J. G. Yu, Shuangchun Wen, J. Lu, Z. Dong, M. Huang, G. K. Chang. A Novel Scheme for Seamless Integration of ROF With Centralized Lightwave OFDM-WDM-PON System. Journal of Lightwave Technology, July 15,2009,27(14)
[15]Bo Liu, Xiangjun Xin, Lijia Zhang, Kun Zhao, Chongxiu Yu. Broad Convergence of 32QAM-OFDM ROF and WDM-OFDM-PON System Using an Integrated Modulator for Bidirectional Access Networks. OFC/NFOEC 2010 JThA26
[16]Lijia Zhang, Xiangjun Xin, Bo Liu, Kun Zhao, Chongxiu Yu. A Novel WDM-OFDM-PON Architecture with Centralized Lightwave and PolSK-assisted Multicast Overlay OFC/NFOEC 2010 JThA25
[17]Yufeng Shao, Bo huang, Nan Chi, Junwen Zhang, Wuliang Fang, Bo Liu, Xiangjun Xin. A Novel Subcarrier OFDM-MSK WDM Passive Optical Network.OFC/NFOEC 2010. OTuO4.
[18]Chien-Hung Yeh、Chi-Wai Chow,Chih-Hung Hsu.40Gb/s Time-Division-Multiplexed Passive Optical Networks Using Downstream OOK and Upstream OFDM Modulationsv. IEEE Photinics Technology Letters,22(2):118-120.
[19]Wei Wei, Ting Wang, Dayou Qian, Junqiang Hu.MAC Protocols for Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)-based Passive Optical Networks. OFC/NFOEC2008.JWA82.
[20]Chonggang Wang, Wei Wei, Ting Wang. Multiple Channel Scheduling Algorithms for WDM PONs and OFDMA PONs.OFC/NFOEC 2009. OMV6.
[21]ITU-T Rec.G.982Optical access networks to support services up to the ISDN primary rate or equivalent bit rates.(11/96):15
[22]ITU-T Rec.G.983.3Amendment 2(07/2005)A broadband optical access system with increased service capability by wavelength allocation
[23]ITU-T Rec.G.984.2Amendment 2(03/2008) Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (GPON):Physical Media Dependent (PMD) layer specification.
[24]Dayou Qian, Neda Cvijetic, Junqiang Hu, Ting Wang.108 Gb/s OFDMA-PON with Polarization Multiplexing and Direct-Detection. OFC/NFOEC 2009.PDPD5.
[25]Wei Wei, Junqiang Hu, Lane Zeng, Dayou Qian, Ting Wang.Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)-based Optical Access/Metro Ring Networks. OFC/NFOEC2008.JWA123.
[26]Wei Wei, Dahai Xu, Dayou Qian, Philip Nan Ji, Ting Wang, Chunming Qiao. Demonstration of an Optical OFDMA Metro Ring Network with Dynamic Sub-carrier Allocation. OFC/NFOEC2009.NTuA3.
[1]ITU-T Rec. G.985 100 Mb/s point-to-point Ethernet based opticalaccess system[S], 2003
[2]ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 A broadband optical access system withenhanced survivability[S], 2002
[3]ITU-T Rec. G.982 Optical access networks to support services up to the ISDN primary rate or equivalent bit rates[S],1996
[4]P.W. Shumate. "Fiber-to-the-Home:1977-2007," [J], J. Lightwave Technol.,2008, 26(9):1093-1103
[5]C.Y. Lee, "A Comprehensive Methodology for Comparing Different FTTP Solutions," [A], OFC/NFOEC 2008, NThD3
[6]S.Verbruggel, "FTTH Deployment and its Impact onNetwork Maintenance and Repair Costs," [A], ICTON 2008, Mo.B3.2
[7]H.Mukai, "Rapid Growth of FTTH by Use of PON in Japan," [A], Globecom Workshops,2007 IEEE, Nov.2007:1-3
[8]P. Cochrane, "Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) Costs Are Now In!"[A] Vol.96, No.2, February 2008| Proceedings of the IEEE[C]:195-197
[9]C.C.Li, M.T.Zhou, X. Luo, et al. "Design and Implementation of FTTH Network Management System Based on SNMP,"[J],计算机应用研究,2005,(9)：245-246.
[10]陈雪.无源光网络技术 [M].Beijing:Beijing University of Posts and Communications Press,2006.238-244,247-249. (in Chinese)
[1]Manral A, Praveen C.3 fiber line switched ring. In Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communication and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, (Optical Society of America), Paper JWA90,2007;4348482.
[2]Doucette J, Grover WD, Giese PA. Physical-layer p-cycles adapted for router-level node protection:a multi-layer design and operation strategy. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 2007; 25:963-973.
[3]Onguetou DP, Grover WD. A new insight and approach to node failure protection with ordinary p-cycles. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC2008), IEEE 2008; 5145-5149.
[4]Zhang F, Zhong WD, Jin YH. Optimizations of p-cycle-based protection of optical multicast sessions. IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology 2008; 26: 3298-3306.
[5]Doucette J, Giese PA, Grover WD. Combined node and span protection strategies with node-encircling p-cycles. In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on the Design of Reliable Communication Networks (DRCN 2005),2005; 213-221.
[6]Shen GX, Grover WD. Extending the p-cycle concept to path segment protection for span and node failure recovery. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 2003; 21:1306-1319.
[7]Zhang F, Zhong WD. Performance evaluation of optical multicast protection approaches for combined node and link failure recovery. IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology 2009; 27:4017-4025.
[8]Rak J, Molisz W. A new approach to provide the differentiated levels of network survivability under a double node failure. In Proceedings of International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON'09), IEEE 2009, Paper Mo.B4.5,1-4.
[9]Liu Y, Tipper D. Successive survivable routing for node failures.In Proceedings of the of Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM'01) (IEEE,2001),4, 2093-2097.
[10]Pandi Z, Tacca M, Fumagalli A, Wosinska L. Dynamic provisioning of availability-constrained optical circuits in the presence of optical node failures. IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology 2006; 24:3268-3279.
[11]Yeh CH, Lee SC, Chi S. A protection method for ring-type TDMPONs against fiber fault. In Optical Fiber communication and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (Optical Society of America,2007), Paper JThA76,4348372.
[12]Chen JJ, Wosinska L. Analysis of protection schemes in PON compatible with smooth migration from TDM-PON to hybrid WDM/TDM PON. Journal of Optical Networking 2007; 6:514-526.
[13]Hossain AD, Erkan H, Dorsinville R, Ali M, Shami A, Assi C. Protection for a ring-based EPON architecture. In Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Broadband Networks (BROADNETS 2005), IEEE,2005; 626-631.
[14]Wang ZX, Sun XF, Lin CL, Chan CK, Chen LK. A novel centrally controlled protection scheme for traffic restoration in WDM passive optical networks. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 2005; 17:717-719.
[15]Yeh CH, Lee CS, Chi S. Simply self-restored ring-based time-divisionmultiplexed passive optical network. Journal of Optical Networking 2008; 7:288-293.
[16]Wosinska L, Chen JJ. Reliability performance of passive optical networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON'07) (IEEE,2007), Paper Tu. C3.1,121-124.
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[1]Chan TJ, Chan CK, Chen LK, Tong F. A self-protected architecture for wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical networks. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 2003; 15:1660-1662.
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[10]Dayou Qian, Neda Cvijetic, Yue-Kai Huang, Jianjun Yu, Ting Wang.100km Long Reach Upstream 36Gb/s-OFDMA-PON over a Single Wavelength with Source-Free ONUs. ECOC 2009
[11]Neda Cvijetic, Dayou Qian, Junqiang Hu. 100Gb/s Optical Access Based on Optical Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing. IEEE Communications Magazine, July 2010.
[12]Chen JJ, Wosinska L. Analysis of protection schemes in PON compatible with smooth migration from TDM-PON to hybrid WDM/TDM PON. Journal of Optical Networking 2007; 6:514-526.
[13]Nadarajah N, Nirmalathas A, Wong E. Self-protected Ethernet passive optical networks using coarse wavelength division multiplexed transmission.Electronics Letters 2005; 41: 866-867.
[14]Chan TJ, Chan CK, Chen LK, Tong F. A self-protected architecture for wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical networks. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 2003; 15:1660-1662.
[15]Chen JJ, Wosinska L, He SL. High utilization of wavelengths and simple interconnection between users in a protection scheme for passive optical networks. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 2008; 20:389-391.
[16]IEEE Std.802.3-2005. IEEE Standard for Information Technology-Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems-Local and Metropolitan Area NetworkslSpecific Requirements, Part 3:Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications, Section 5, February 2005; 129-131.