基于簇的面向数据融合的多跳路由协议研究
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摘要
目前,无线传感器网络技术在军事侦察、环境科学、医疗卫生、工业自动化以及地质灾害等领域得到了广泛的应用。在基于无线传感器网络的农田土壤污染监控系统中,由于传感器节点数量众多,能量有限,分布区域广,而且部署区域环境复杂,所以研究无线传感器网络的节能机制具有非常重要的意义。本文针对系统的低功耗要求,重点研究无线传感器网络中的分簇路由协议,目的是减少网络中节点的能耗,延长监控区域内无线传感器网络的寿命。
主要工作为以下六个方面：
1.对无线传感器网络中分簇路由协议和数据融合技术进行分析,总结现有的研究成果,并对它们进行分类比较。
2.对路由算法的应用对象——农田土壤监测系统的组成部分进行设计。
3.针对区域内簇间通信的不足,提出一种高节能分层路由协议,该协议主要是根据能量因子来选择簇间通信的中间节点,达到减少簇头能耗的目的。
4.针对分簇路由协议中簇头选择算法的不足,提出一种基于神经网络的自适应路山算法,该算法是在基站上采用神经网络的自适应学习来选择簇头,并根据最优权函数值选择最短路径中的下一跳节点,同时添加一个新因子来选择网关节点以进行簇头间的通信,减少了簇头节点导致网络出现瓶颈的概率
5.考虑到前面两种协议只适合静态路由,且构建路由时需知道节点的全部信息,提出一种基于簇势场的数据融合策略,该策略在簇内引入序列势场,同时在簇头与Sink间引入混合势场以进行数据融合,簇头可根据其局部信息快速构建一条路由,因此可大大减少簇头的能耗,延长无线传感器网络的寿命。
6.通过MATLAB和NS2分别对上述三种协议的网络生存期,节点能耗等情况进行仿真。仿真结果表明本文提出的三种节能路由协议提高了无线传感器网络节点的效率,可应用于农田土壤监测系统,并为无线传感器网络节能机制领域的研究提供了有益的探索。
At present, Wireless Sensor Networks have been widely used in military reconnaissance, environmental science, medicine and health, industrial automation, geological disasters and so on. In farmland soil monitor control system based on Wireless Sensor Networks, the numbers of sensor nodes are numerours, in which the energy is limited, and the regional environmen is complex, so the study of the energy-efficiency mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks has been of the vital significance. The thesis focused on the routing protocol based on clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks combinging the low power requirements of the system. The aim was to reduce the energy consumption of nodes and extend the lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks.
The main contributions included the following:
Firstly, the routing protocols based on clustering and the data fusion technologies in Wireless Sensor Networks were analyzed. It summarized researching status in the current, classified and compared them.
Secondly, the farmland soil monitor system was designed.
Thirdly, a highly energy-efficient hierarchical routing protocol was proposed to solve the lack of communication between the cluster heads, which selected candidate nodes according to a new factor.
Fourthly, for the lack of clustering algorithm, this thesis presented an adaptive routing algorithm based on neural network, which selected the cluster head by the adaptive learning of neural network on Base Station, choosed the next hop in the shortest path by the optimal value of the weighting function and added a new factor to select the gateway nodes for communication among cluster heads. So it avoided from the cluster head nodes becoming a network bottleneck.
Fifthly, to solve the deficiency of being suitable for static routing and holding the all the information of nodes to rout, a data aggregation scheme based on potential field of clustering was proposed. It introduced potential field into the cluster and hybrid potential field between the sink and cluster heads (CH) to aggregate data. What's more, CH could make full use of the local information to make the routing decisions rapidly. So it could reduce the energy consumption of cluster heads and extend the lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks.
Sixthly, the three protocols were simulated in network lifetime and energy consumption of nodes by MATLAB and NS2, respectively. The results shew that the proposed energy efficient routing protocol in further improved energy efficiency of the operation mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks. So the thesis provided useful exploration for the study of energy mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks.
主要工作为以下六个方面：
1.对无线传感器网络中分簇路由协议和数据融合技术进行分析,总结现有的研究成果,并对它们进行分类比较。
2.对路由算法的应用对象——农田土壤监测系统的组成部分进行设计。
3.针对区域内簇间通信的不足,提出一种高节能分层路由协议,该协议主要是根据能量因子来选择簇间通信的中间节点,达到减少簇头能耗的目的。
4.针对分簇路由协议中簇头选择算法的不足,提出一种基于神经网络的自适应路山算法,该算法是在基站上采用神经网络的自适应学习来选择簇头,并根据最优权函数值选择最短路径中的下一跳节点,同时添加一个新因子来选择网关节点以进行簇头间的通信,减少了簇头节点导致网络出现瓶颈的概率
5.考虑到前面两种协议只适合静态路由,且构建路由时需知道节点的全部信息,提出一种基于簇势场的数据融合策略,该策略在簇内引入序列势场,同时在簇头与Sink间引入混合势场以进行数据融合,簇头可根据其局部信息快速构建一条路由,因此可大大减少簇头的能耗,延长无线传感器网络的寿命。
6.通过MATLAB和NS2分别对上述三种协议的网络生存期,节点能耗等情况进行仿真。仿真结果表明本文提出的三种节能路由协议提高了无线传感器网络节点的效率,可应用于农田土壤监测系统,并为无线传感器网络节能机制领域的研究提供了有益的探索。
At present, Wireless Sensor Networks have been widely used in military reconnaissance, environmental science, medicine and health, industrial automation, geological disasters and so on. In farmland soil monitor control system based on Wireless Sensor Networks, the numbers of sensor nodes are numerours, in which the energy is limited, and the regional environmen is complex, so the study of the energy-efficiency mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks has been of the vital significance. The thesis focused on the routing protocol based on clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks combinging the low power requirements of the system. The aim was to reduce the energy consumption of nodes and extend the lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks.
The main contributions included the following:
Firstly, the routing protocols based on clustering and the data fusion technologies in Wireless Sensor Networks were analyzed. It summarized researching status in the current, classified and compared them.
Secondly, the farmland soil monitor system was designed.
Thirdly, a highly energy-efficient hierarchical routing protocol was proposed to solve the lack of communication between the cluster heads, which selected candidate nodes according to a new factor.
Fourthly, for the lack of clustering algorithm, this thesis presented an adaptive routing algorithm based on neural network, which selected the cluster head by the adaptive learning of neural network on Base Station, choosed the next hop in the shortest path by the optimal value of the weighting function and added a new factor to select the gateway nodes for communication among cluster heads. So it avoided from the cluster head nodes becoming a network bottleneck.
Fifthly, to solve the deficiency of being suitable for static routing and holding the all the information of nodes to rout, a data aggregation scheme based on potential field of clustering was proposed. It introduced potential field into the cluster and hybrid potential field between the sink and cluster heads (CH) to aggregate data. What's more, CH could make full use of the local information to make the routing decisions rapidly. So it could reduce the energy consumption of cluster heads and extend the lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks.
Sixthly, the three protocols were simulated in network lifetime and energy consumption of nodes by MATLAB and NS2, respectively. The results shew that the proposed energy efficient routing protocol in further improved energy efficiency of the operation mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks. So the thesis provided useful exploration for the study of energy mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks.
引文
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[2]Xianghua Xu, Daomin Yuan, Jian Wan. An Enhanced Routing Protocol for ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Networks[C]. Second International Conference on Future Generation Communication and Networking,2008,1:294-298.
[3]Potdar V., Sharif A., Chang E.. Wireless Sensor Networks:A Survey[C]. International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops,2009:636-641.
[4]Mozumdar M., Gregoretti F., Lavagno L. et al. Porting Application between Wireless Sensor Network Software Platforms:TinyOS, MANTIS and ZigBee[C]. IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation,2008:1145-1148.
[5]MacRuairi R., Keane M.T., Coleman G.. A Wireless Sensor Network Application Requirements Taxonomy[C]. Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications,2008: 209-216.
[6]Long Zhaohua, Gao Mingjun. Survey on Network Lifetime Research for Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. IC-BNMT'09.2nd IEEE International Conference on Broadband Network & Mult-imedia Technology,2009:899-902.
[7]Osipov E.,Riliskis L.. On Synthesis of Dependable MAC Protocol for Two Real-world WSN Applications[J]. Internet Communications (BCFIC Riga),2011 Baltic Congress on Future,2011: 41-49.
[8]Hao Guo, KaySoon Low, HongAnh Nguyen. Optimizing the Localization of Wireless Sensor Network in Real Time Based on a Low-cost Microcontroller[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2011:741-749.
[9]Yen Kheng Tan, Panda, S.K.. Optimized Wind Energy Harvesting System Using Resistance Emulator and Active Rectifier for Wireless Sensor Nodes[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2011:38-50.
[10]Long Zhaohua, Liu Jianfeng, Jiang Guiquan. Survey of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks based on Applications[C].2010 2nd International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (IIS),2010,2:381-385.
[11]Gao Jie. The Researches on some Questions about the Industrial Cluster[C].2010 International Conference on Future Information Technology and Management Engineering (FITME),2010,1: 109-112.
[12]Oullier O., Kirman A.P., Kelso J.. The Coordination Dynamics of Economic Decision Making:A Multilevel Approach to Social Neuroeconomics[J]. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering,2008,16(6):557-571.
[13]R. Saravanakumar, S.G. Susila, J. Raja. An Energy Efficient Cluster Based Node Scheduling Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2010: 1-5.
[14]Shafiq U., Hashmi Sk.. Mizanur Rahman.Reliability Model for Extending Cluster Lifetime using Backup Cluster Heads in Cluster-based Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2010:479-485.
[15]B. Banitalebi, S. Sigg, M. Beigl. On the Feasibility of Receive Collaboration in Wireless Sensor Networks[J].21st Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications,2010:1060-1065.
[16]Haengrae Cho. Study on a Cluster-chain Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2009:1-5.
[17]Tetsushi Fukabori, Hidehisa Nakayama. An Efficient Data Aggregation Scheme Using Degree of Dependence on Clusters in WSN[J]. The Communications Society Subject Matter Experts for Publication in the IEEE ICC 2010 Proceedings,2010:1-5.
[18]Linping Wang, Wu Bi, Tingwen Lu. An Improved Energy-efficient Algorithm based on LDCHS in WSN[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2010:312-316.
[19]Wen-Wen Huang, Ya-Li Peng. An Energy-efficient Multi-hop Hierarchical Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. IEEE International Conference on Networks Security, Wireless Communications and Trusted Computing,2009:469-472.
[20]张楠,张建华.无线传感器网络中基于免疫的数据融合机制[J].小型微型计算机系统,2009,03.
[21]黄旗明,刘笑.均衡能耗和时延的无线传感器网络组内融合机制研究[J].传感技术学报, 2009.1.
[22]Heinzelman W., Chandrakasan R., Balakrishnan H.. An Application-specific Protocol Architec-ture for Wireless Microsensor Networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2002,1(4):660-670.
[23]Wei Bo Hu, Han-ying Fu Wen. An Improved LEACH Protocol for Data Gathering and Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks[C].2008 International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering,2008:398-401.
[24]Ruihua Zhang, Lin Wang. A Balanced Cluster Routing Protocol of Wireless Sensor Network[C]. The 2008 International Conference on Embedded Software and Systems Symposia (ICESS2008), 2008:221-225
[25]Ali-Asghar Salehpour, Babak Mirmobin. An Energy-efficient Routing Protocol for Cluster-based Wireless Sensor Networks Using Ant Colony Optimization[J]. The 1st International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing,2008:455-459.
[26]W. R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, H. Balakrishnan. Energy-efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Micro Sensor Networks[C]. Proc. of the 33rd Annual Hawaii Internati-onal Conference on System Sciences (HICSS),2000:3005-3014.
[27]M. Dorigo, G. D. Caro. The Ant Colony Optimization Metaheuristic[C]. McGraw-Hill, London, First Edition,1999.
[28]Zhicheng Zhong, Zhizhong Tian, Li Zhe, et al. An Ant Colony Optimization Competition Routing Algorithm for WSN[C]. WiCOM '08.4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing,2008:1-4.
[29]Ming Zou, Zhang Ping, Shijue Zheng, et al. A Novel Energy Efficient Converage Control in WSNs based on Ant Colony Optimization[J].2010 International Symposium on Computer Communication Control and Automation (3CA),2010,1:523-527.
[30]Xiao-xiang Bian, Xing Cheng Liu. Study on a Cluster-chain Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2009:1-5.
[31]M. J. Handy, M. Haase. Timmermann. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy with Deterministic Cluster-head Selection[C]. Proceedings of the 4th IEEE Conference on Mobile and Wireless Communications Networks, Stockholm, Sweden,2002:368-372.
[32]W. R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, H. Balakrishnan. Energy-efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Micro Sensor Networks[C]. Proc. of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS),2000:3005-3014.
[33]Huang Wen-Wen, Peng Ya-Li. An Energy-efficient Multi-hop Hierarchical Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. IEEE International Conference on Networks Security, Wireless Communications and Trusted Computing,2009:469-472.
[34]Limin Hu. Distributed Code Assignments for CDMA Packet Radio Networks[J]. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,1993,1(6):668-677.
[35]方路平,刘世华,陈盼等.NS-2网络模拟基础与应用[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2008,5.
[36]刘保柱,苏彦华,张宏林MATLAB 7.0从入门到精通(修订版)[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2010,5.
[37]黄化吉.NS网络模拟和协议仿真[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2010,5.
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