基于系统动力学的企业项目变更管理研究
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摘要
在顾问行业中已有共识,企业管理类型的软件开发项目很少有能够按时完成的。究其原因,需求变更、沟通不力、技术架构、人力水平等均与之相关,而在这些因素中,最根本的诱因则是客户的需求经常处于变更之中。企业管理类型的软件开发项目自有其独特之处,它和ERP实施项目、产品开发项目等都有不同之处,简单来说,就是客户的需求是随着项目的开展逐步更迭和完善的。弄清楚客户的需求变更是如何影响整体项目的,以及如何在此种类型的项目中处理好客户的需求变更,这已经成为顺利完成此类项目的关键因素。
本论文从系统动力学的角度对需求变更如何影响到整体项目完成的机制进行了深入探讨,在对因果链上的环节进行逐个分析后,得出了解决问题的一条有效路径:利用需求依赖理论重整项目中牵涉到的业务实体和业务过程,在此基础中,量化分析每一个需求点的变更所带来的全局影响,根据结果制作出可供查询的各需求在变更后产生的资源总投入表格;另外,根据需求依赖理论的要求,提出了面向变更的系统技术架构。本论文的主要内容有:
上海航空CRM项目的需求概述和所使用的需求管理、需求变更管理流程简介
利用系统动力学对需求变更的影响机制进行的分析
基于上海航空CRM项目,讲述如何利用需求依赖理论重构需求网络和量化需求点的影响因子
提出面向变更的系统技术架构
It is a common sense in consultant industry that hardly projects about developing management software system in corporations can be accomplished in planned time duration. Reason of why can be categorized into too many requirement changing, bad communication, deficient system structure and personal abilities. However, the most fundamental one is that requirements of client are always in a status of altering old ones and replacing with new ones. The unique aspect of software development projects differs from ERP implementation projects and product projects is that requirements of customers always refined and modified in the process of different phases of projects. To understand how requirement changing affect the project in the scale of whole project, and how to handle requirement changing in this kind of projects, are in fact key factors of success in this kind of projects.
This thesis is trying to discuss how requirement changing affects the target of project in the sense of mechanism and causality. After analysis each token in the chain of cause and effect, we try to bring up an effective method to solve the predicament. Our proposal is to use dependency theory to re-arrange the business entities and business procedures and, based on which, to measure the effect of changing of each requirement node to build up a table containing resource super-addition of each node while changing. We also try to put up a new system technology structure which can be called“changing oriented.”This thesis is mainly about:
Requirement managing process and requirement change managing process we used in Shanghai Airline CRM project, and some samples of the result.
Using system dynamics to analysis the mechanism of how requirement changing affect the whole project.
Based on Shanghai Airline CRM project, to discuss how to re-arrange requirement network and measure the affection factor of each requirement node.
To put up a“Change Oriented”technology structure.
本论文从系统动力学的角度对需求变更如何影响到整体项目完成的机制进行了深入探讨,在对因果链上的环节进行逐个分析后,得出了解决问题的一条有效路径:利用需求依赖理论重整项目中牵涉到的业务实体和业务过程,在此基础中,量化分析每一个需求点的变更所带来的全局影响,根据结果制作出可供查询的各需求在变更后产生的资源总投入表格;另外,根据需求依赖理论的要求,提出了面向变更的系统技术架构。本论文的主要内容有:
上海航空CRM项目的需求概述和所使用的需求管理、需求变更管理流程简介
利用系统动力学对需求变更的影响机制进行的分析
基于上海航空CRM项目,讲述如何利用需求依赖理论重构需求网络和量化需求点的影响因子
提出面向变更的系统技术架构
It is a common sense in consultant industry that hardly projects about developing management software system in corporations can be accomplished in planned time duration. Reason of why can be categorized into too many requirement changing, bad communication, deficient system structure and personal abilities. However, the most fundamental one is that requirements of client are always in a status of altering old ones and replacing with new ones. The unique aspect of software development projects differs from ERP implementation projects and product projects is that requirements of customers always refined and modified in the process of different phases of projects. To understand how requirement changing affect the project in the scale of whole project, and how to handle requirement changing in this kind of projects, are in fact key factors of success in this kind of projects.
This thesis is trying to discuss how requirement changing affects the target of project in the sense of mechanism and causality. After analysis each token in the chain of cause and effect, we try to bring up an effective method to solve the predicament. Our proposal is to use dependency theory to re-arrange the business entities and business procedures and, based on which, to measure the effect of changing of each requirement node to build up a table containing resource super-addition of each node while changing. We also try to put up a new system technology structure which can be called“changing oriented.”This thesis is mainly about:
Requirement managing process and requirement change managing process we used in Shanghai Airline CRM project, and some samples of the result.
Using system dynamics to analysis the mechanism of how requirement changing affect the whole project.
Based on Shanghai Airline CRM project, to discuss how to re-arrange requirement network and measure the affection factor of each requirement node.
To put up a“Change Oriented”technology structure.
引文
[1]马振华.需求变更影响评估算法研究.江苏大学硕士学位论文. 2007
[2] Bill Curtis, Heb Krasner, Neil Iscoe. A Field Study of the Software Design Process of Large Systems. Communications of the ACM, 31(11), Nov, 1998: 1268-1287
[3]何满辉,杨皎平.基于系统动力学的软件项目进度管理.辽宁工程技术大学学报. 2007
[4]郑人杰,殷人昆,陶永雷.实用软件工程.北京:清华大学出版社. 1997
[5]宁晓倩.基于系统动力学的软件开发项目管理.复旦大学博士论文. 2004
[6]张秀娟.软件项目中的需求变更管理研究.中国科技信息. 2006 (1): 107—108
[7]周瑜,刘秋生.基于系统动力学的项目人力资源管理研究.商场现代化,2007(10): 298—299
[8]赵海英.软件需求变更管理的研究与实践.华东师范大学硕士论文. 2006
[9] Ynoet A Eracer, Mieczyslaw. An architecture of software that adapts to changes in Requirement. The Journal of System and Software,2000(50):209—219.
[10] Tony Moynihan, Coping with“requirement uncertainty”: the theories of action of experienced IS/software Project managers. The Journal of System and Software, 2000(53): 99—109.
[11] FORRESTER J W. Industrial dynamics:a major break—through for decision makersEJ3.Harvard Business Review,l958,36(4):37—66.
[12]薛四新,贾郭军.软件项目管理.北京:机械工业出版社,2004:152—155。
[13] Rational Software, China.第三代配置管理解决方案:统一变更管理(UCM)
[14]瑞典奥吉通信息技术有限公司.第二代基于任务的变更管理. 2006
[15]美国汉星天信息技术有限公司.变更管理系统Butetrfly. 2006
[16] P. Carlshmar, K. Sandhal. An Industrial Survey of Requirement Interdependencies in Software Product Release Planning, In Proceedings of Fifth IEEE International Symposium on Requirements Engineering, IEEE Computer Society,2001:84—91.
[17] Pohl, K, Process-Centered Requirements Engineering, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1996
[18]张伟,梅宏.一种面向特征的领域模型及其建模过程.软件学报,2003(8):1346—1354
[19]Pfleege, S.L.著,吴丹等译.软件工程—理论与实践.北京:清华大学出版社. 2003
[20]Pressman, R.S.著,梅宏译.软件工程—实践者的研究方法.北京:机械工业出版社. 2002
[21] Schach, S.R..软件工程—Java语言实现.北京:机械工业出版社. 1993
[22]约翰?拉夫特里著,李清立译.项目管理风险分析.北京:机械工业出版社. 2002
[23]朱宏亮.项目进度管理.北京:清华大学出版社,2002
[24]尼尔?怀特著,孙艳春等译.管理软件开发项目—通向成功的最佳实践.北京:电子工业出版社,2002
[25]彼得?圣吉著,郭进隆译.第五项修炼—学习型组织的艺术与实务.上海:上海三联书店. 1998
[26] Rodrigues, A.and Bowers, J. System Dynamics in Project Management: A Comparative Analysis with Traditional Methods. System Dynamics Review. (1996) 12(2),121,139.
[27]贾晓菁.软件企业人力资源管理与企业绩效关系研究.南昌大学博士论文. 2006
[28]吴明晖.基于系统动力学方法的软件过程建模与仿真.计算机时代杂志. 2007( 09)
[29] Abdel Hamid T K, Madnick S. Software project dynamics: An integrated approach [M]. Prentice-Hall, 1991.
[30] Dan X Houston, Gerakd T Mackulak, James S Collofello. Stochastic simulation of risk factor potential effects for software development risk management[J]. J of Systems and Software, 2001, 59(3): 247-257.
[31] Dan X Houston. A software project simulation model for risk management [ D]. Phoenix: Arizona State University, 2000.
[32] Simon Lock. Requirement Level Change Management and Impact Analysis. Cooperative System Engineering Group,Technical Report Ref. l998.
[33]需求管理IBM Rational技术白皮书. IBM官方网站. http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/rational/r-rm/index.html. 2004(8)
[34] CMMI Product Development Team : Capability Maturity Model? Integration (CMMI-SM) , Version 1.1(Staged Representation) CMU/SEI-2002-TR-029 ESC-TR-2002-029 [EB/OL]. http://www.sei.cmu.edu/publications/documents/02.reports/02tr029.html. 2002
[35]周汉平,孙蕾.如何获得对需求的理解——CMMI需求管理过程域之特殊实践.上海第二工业大学学报. 2008(9)
[36]彭德良.基于RUP的统一变更管理.科学技术与工程. 2007(4)
[37]王其藩.系统动力学.北京:清华大学出版社. 1994
[38]王其藩.高级系统动力学.北京:清华大学出版社. 1995
[39] Cooper, K.G. The Rework Cycle: How It Really Works…And Reworks. Project Management Journal. 24(1). 1993
[40] William Braun, The System Archetypes, Alpen-Adria-Universit?t Klagenfurt, 2002(7)
[41]张振森.我国企业ERP项目实施问题的系统动力学分析.山东大学硕士学位论文. 2006
[2] Bill Curtis, Heb Krasner, Neil Iscoe. A Field Study of the Software Design Process of Large Systems. Communications of the ACM, 31(11), Nov, 1998: 1268-1287
[3]何满辉,杨皎平.基于系统动力学的软件项目进度管理.辽宁工程技术大学学报. 2007
[4]郑人杰,殷人昆,陶永雷.实用软件工程.北京:清华大学出版社. 1997
[5]宁晓倩.基于系统动力学的软件开发项目管理.复旦大学博士论文. 2004
[6]张秀娟.软件项目中的需求变更管理研究.中国科技信息. 2006 (1): 107—108
[7]周瑜,刘秋生.基于系统动力学的项目人力资源管理研究.商场现代化,2007(10): 298—299
[8]赵海英.软件需求变更管理的研究与实践.华东师范大学硕士论文. 2006
[9] Ynoet A Eracer, Mieczyslaw. An architecture of software that adapts to changes in Requirement. The Journal of System and Software,2000(50):209—219.
[10] Tony Moynihan, Coping with“requirement uncertainty”: the theories of action of experienced IS/software Project managers. The Journal of System and Software, 2000(53): 99—109.
[11] FORRESTER J W. Industrial dynamics:a major break—through for decision makersEJ3.Harvard Business Review,l958,36(4):37—66.
[12]薛四新,贾郭军.软件项目管理.北京:机械工业出版社,2004:152—155。
[13] Rational Software, China.第三代配置管理解决方案:统一变更管理(UCM)
[14]瑞典奥吉通信息技术有限公司.第二代基于任务的变更管理. 2006
[15]美国汉星天信息技术有限公司.变更管理系统Butetrfly. 2006
[16] P. Carlshmar, K. Sandhal. An Industrial Survey of Requirement Interdependencies in Software Product Release Planning, In Proceedings of Fifth IEEE International Symposium on Requirements Engineering, IEEE Computer Society,2001:84—91.
[17] Pohl, K, Process-Centered Requirements Engineering, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1996
[18]张伟,梅宏.一种面向特征的领域模型及其建模过程.软件学报,2003(8):1346—1354
[19]Pfleege, S.L.著,吴丹等译.软件工程—理论与实践.北京:清华大学出版社. 2003
[20]Pressman, R.S.著,梅宏译.软件工程—实践者的研究方法.北京:机械工业出版社. 2002
[21] Schach, S.R..软件工程—Java语言实现.北京:机械工业出版社. 1993
[22]约翰?拉夫特里著,李清立译.项目管理风险分析.北京:机械工业出版社. 2002
[23]朱宏亮.项目进度管理.北京:清华大学出版社,2002
[24]尼尔?怀特著,孙艳春等译.管理软件开发项目—通向成功的最佳实践.北京:电子工业出版社,2002
[25]彼得?圣吉著,郭进隆译.第五项修炼—学习型组织的艺术与实务.上海:上海三联书店. 1998
[26] Rodrigues, A.and Bowers, J. System Dynamics in Project Management: A Comparative Analysis with Traditional Methods. System Dynamics Review. (1996) 12(2),121,139.
[27]贾晓菁.软件企业人力资源管理与企业绩效关系研究.南昌大学博士论文. 2006
[28]吴明晖.基于系统动力学方法的软件过程建模与仿真.计算机时代杂志. 2007( 09)
[29] Abdel Hamid T K, Madnick S. Software project dynamics: An integrated approach [M]. Prentice-Hall, 1991.
[30] Dan X Houston, Gerakd T Mackulak, James S Collofello. Stochastic simulation of risk factor potential effects for software development risk management[J]. J of Systems and Software, 2001, 59(3): 247-257.
[31] Dan X Houston. A software project simulation model for risk management [ D]. Phoenix: Arizona State University, 2000.
[32] Simon Lock. Requirement Level Change Management and Impact Analysis. Cooperative System Engineering Group,Technical Report Ref. l998.
[33]需求管理IBM Rational技术白皮书. IBM官方网站. http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/rational/r-rm/index.html. 2004(8)
[34] CMMI Product Development Team : Capability Maturity Model? Integration (CMMI-SM) , Version 1.1(Staged Representation) CMU/SEI-2002-TR-029 ESC-TR-2002-029 [EB/OL]. http://www.sei.cmu.edu/publications/documents/02.reports/02tr029.html. 2002
[35]周汉平,孙蕾.如何获得对需求的理解——CMMI需求管理过程域之特殊实践.上海第二工业大学学报. 2008(9)
[36]彭德良.基于RUP的统一变更管理.科学技术与工程. 2007(4)
[37]王其藩.系统动力学.北京:清华大学出版社. 1994
[38]王其藩.高级系统动力学.北京:清华大学出版社. 1995
[39] Cooper, K.G. The Rework Cycle: How It Really Works…And Reworks. Project Management Journal. 24(1). 1993
[40] William Braun, The System Archetypes, Alpen-Adria-Universit?t Klagenfurt, 2002(7)
[41]张振森.我国企业ERP项目实施问题的系统动力学分析.山东大学硕士学位论文. 2006