驾驶经验与人格特征对驾驶员危险感受影响的研究
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摘要
从交通事故的分析来看,交通事故的发生主要是由于驾驶员的危险感受水平低,不能意识到交通中的危险,而这种现象在新手驾驶员中尤为明显。针对于此,本研究以新手驾驶员和熟练驾驶员为研究对象,探讨了驾驶经验与人格特征对其危险感受的影响,包括对明显危险的感受水平和对潜在危险的感受水平的影响。
本研究主要通过驾驶员对危险图片的认知和评价情况来反映其危险感受水平的高低。我们首先用电脑呈现两组交通场景图片,一组是含有明显交通危险的图片,一组是含有潜在交通危险的图片。通过眼动追踪技术记录驾驶员在观看两组图片时的眼动数据,并结合行为评定的方式了解驾驶员对两组图片的评价情况。实验均采用2(驾驶经验:熟练和新手)×2(人格特征:场独立型和场依存型)的两因素被试间实验设计。其中,实验1考察的是驾驶经验与人格特征对驾驶员明显危险的感受水平的影响,实验2考察的是驾驶经验与人格特征对驾驶员潜在危险的感受水平的影响。
结果发现:(1)当观看明显危险图片时,场独立型驾驶员较场依存型驾驶员的总注视时间长、瞳孔直径大、注视次数多。(2)当观看潜在危险图片时,熟练驾驶员较新手驾驶员的总注视时间长,瞳孔直径大,注视次数和凝视次数多;场独立型驾驶员较场依存型驾驶员的总注视时间长,瞳孔直径大,注视次数和凝视次数多;场独立型新手驾驶员较场依存型新手驾驶员的总注视时间长,瞳孔直径大,注视次数多。
通过对研究结果的分析,得出以下结论:
(1)驾驶经验对驾驶员明显危险的感受水平无显著影响。
(2)驾驶经验影响驾驶员对潜在危险的感受水平,熟练驾驶员对潜在危险的感受水平高于新手驾驶员。
(3)人格特征影响驾驶员对明显危险的感受水平,场独立型驾驶员对明显危险的感受水平高于场依存型驾驶员。
(4)人格特征影响驾驶员对潜在危险的感受水平,场独立型驾驶员对潜在危险的感受水平高于场依存型驾驶员。
(5)场独立型新手驾驶员对潜在危险的感受水平要高于场依存型新手驾驶员。
Based on analyzing of traffic accident, we know that, most traffic accidents were analyzed that some drivers are lack of risk perception, they can’t find traffic risk, especially in novice drivers. Therefore, we selected some novice and experienced drivers as subjects, in order to study the effect of driving experience and personality on driver’s risk perception, included obvious risk perception and potential risk perception.
By the cognition and assessment of the risky pictures, it could reflect driver’s risk perception. We showed two groups of traffic pictures by the computer, one were obvious risky pictures, the other were risky pictures. By using the technology of eye movements, we tracked record drivers eye movements data when they were looking at the pictures, furthermore, we also had driver’s assessments on the pictures. The experiment consists of two experiments which are all 2(driving experience :experienced and novice )×2(personality: field independent and field dependent) between-subjects designs. Experiment 1 was to find the effect of driving experience and personality on driver’s obvious risk perception. Experiment 2 was to find the effect of driving experience and personality on driver’s potential risk perception.
The results are as follows:(1) when looking at the obvious risky pictures, field independent drivers had longer Total Fixation Duration、Pupil Diameter and Number of Fixations than field dependent drivers.(2) when looking at the potential risky pictures, experienced drivers had longer Total Fixation Duration、Pupil Diameter、Number of Fixations and Number of Gaze Points than novice drivers ; field independent drivers had longer Total Fixation Duration、Pupil Diameter、Number of Fixations and Number of Gaze Points than Field dependent drivers ; field independent novice drivers had longer Total Fixation Duration、Pupil Diameter、Number of Fixations than Field dependent drivers.
From the analysis of the results , the conclusion were :
(1) driving experience didn’t influence on driver’s obvious risk perception.
(2)driving experience influenced on driver’s potential risk perception, experienced driver had higher potential risk perception than novice drivers.
(3) personality influenced on driver’s obvious risk perception, field independent drivers had higher obvious perception than field dependent drivers.
(4) personality influenced on driver’s potential risk perception, field independent drivers had higher potential risk perception than field dependent drivers.
(5)field independent novice drivers had higher potential risk perception than field dependent novice drivers.
本研究主要通过驾驶员对危险图片的认知和评价情况来反映其危险感受水平的高低。我们首先用电脑呈现两组交通场景图片,一组是含有明显交通危险的图片,一组是含有潜在交通危险的图片。通过眼动追踪技术记录驾驶员在观看两组图片时的眼动数据,并结合行为评定的方式了解驾驶员对两组图片的评价情况。实验均采用2(驾驶经验:熟练和新手)×2(人格特征:场独立型和场依存型)的两因素被试间实验设计。其中,实验1考察的是驾驶经验与人格特征对驾驶员明显危险的感受水平的影响,实验2考察的是驾驶经验与人格特征对驾驶员潜在危险的感受水平的影响。
结果发现:(1)当观看明显危险图片时,场独立型驾驶员较场依存型驾驶员的总注视时间长、瞳孔直径大、注视次数多。(2)当观看潜在危险图片时,熟练驾驶员较新手驾驶员的总注视时间长,瞳孔直径大,注视次数和凝视次数多;场独立型驾驶员较场依存型驾驶员的总注视时间长,瞳孔直径大,注视次数和凝视次数多;场独立型新手驾驶员较场依存型新手驾驶员的总注视时间长,瞳孔直径大,注视次数多。
通过对研究结果的分析,得出以下结论:
(1)驾驶经验对驾驶员明显危险的感受水平无显著影响。
(2)驾驶经验影响驾驶员对潜在危险的感受水平,熟练驾驶员对潜在危险的感受水平高于新手驾驶员。
(3)人格特征影响驾驶员对明显危险的感受水平,场独立型驾驶员对明显危险的感受水平高于场依存型驾驶员。
(4)人格特征影响驾驶员对潜在危险的感受水平,场独立型驾驶员对潜在危险的感受水平高于场依存型驾驶员。
(5)场独立型新手驾驶员对潜在危险的感受水平要高于场依存型新手驾驶员。
Based on analyzing of traffic accident, we know that, most traffic accidents were analyzed that some drivers are lack of risk perception, they can’t find traffic risk, especially in novice drivers. Therefore, we selected some novice and experienced drivers as subjects, in order to study the effect of driving experience and personality on driver’s risk perception, included obvious risk perception and potential risk perception.
By the cognition and assessment of the risky pictures, it could reflect driver’s risk perception. We showed two groups of traffic pictures by the computer, one were obvious risky pictures, the other were risky pictures. By using the technology of eye movements, we tracked record drivers eye movements data when they were looking at the pictures, furthermore, we also had driver’s assessments on the pictures. The experiment consists of two experiments which are all 2(driving experience :experienced and novice )×2(personality: field independent and field dependent) between-subjects designs. Experiment 1 was to find the effect of driving experience and personality on driver’s obvious risk perception. Experiment 2 was to find the effect of driving experience and personality on driver’s potential risk perception.
The results are as follows:(1) when looking at the obvious risky pictures, field independent drivers had longer Total Fixation Duration、Pupil Diameter and Number of Fixations than field dependent drivers.(2) when looking at the potential risky pictures, experienced drivers had longer Total Fixation Duration、Pupil Diameter、Number of Fixations and Number of Gaze Points than novice drivers ; field independent drivers had longer Total Fixation Duration、Pupil Diameter、Number of Fixations and Number of Gaze Points than Field dependent drivers ; field independent novice drivers had longer Total Fixation Duration、Pupil Diameter、Number of Fixations than Field dependent drivers.
From the analysis of the results , the conclusion were :
(1) driving experience didn’t influence on driver’s obvious risk perception.
(2)driving experience influenced on driver’s potential risk perception, experienced driver had higher potential risk perception than novice drivers.
(3) personality influenced on driver’s obvious risk perception, field independent drivers had higher obvious perception than field dependent drivers.
(4) personality influenced on driver’s potential risk perception, field independent drivers had higher potential risk perception than field dependent drivers.
(5)field independent novice drivers had higher potential risk perception than field dependent novice drivers.
引文
[1] Rundmo T, Iversen H. Risk Perception and Driving Behaviour Among Adolescents in Two Norwegian Counties Before and After a Traffic Safety Campaign. Safety Science. 2004, 42(1): 1-21.
[2]黄端,张侃.驾驶员风险认知研究进展.人类工效学. 2008, 14(4): 65-68.
[3]都萌,驾驶员危险预测能力研究及基于可视化仿真技术的预测能力训练系统:(硕士学位论文)西安:长安大学, 2008.
[4] Slovic P, Macgregor D, Krausn N N. Perception of Risk from Automobile Safety Defects.Accident Analysis and Prevention. 1987, 19(5): 351-373.
[5] Finn P, Bragg, B W E. Perception of the Risk of an Accident by Young and Older Drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 1986, 18(4): 289-298.
[6]谢晓非,徐联仓.风险认知研究概况及理论框架.心理学动态. 1995, 3(2): 17-22.
[7] Jonah B A. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 1986, 18(4): 225-271.
[8] Peter, Ryan. An Investigation of Perceived Risk at the Brand Level. Journal of Marketry Research. 1975,(2): 29-37.
[9] Deery H. Hazard and Risk Perception Among Young Novice Drivers. Journal of Safety Research. 1999, 30(4): 225-236.
[10] Sagberg F, Bjornskau T. Hazard Perception and Driving Experience among Novice Drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2006,(38): 407-414.
[11] Horswill M S, Marrington S A, Mccullough C M et al. The Hazard Perception Ability of Older Drivers. The Gerontological Society of America. 2008,(4): 212-218.
[12] Summala H. Risk Control is not Risk Adjustment: The Zero-Risk Theory of Driver Behaviour and its Implications. Ergonomics. 1988,31(4): 491-506.
[13] Graham H. The Psychology of Driving. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006.
[14] Rumar K. Collective Risk but Individual Safety. Ergonomics. 1988, 31(4): 507-518.
[15] Fuller R. A Conceptualization of Driver Behaviour as Threat Avoidance. Ergonomics. 1984, 27(11): 1139-1155.
[16] Vanlaar W, Yannis G. Perception of Road Accident Causes. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2006, 38(1): 155-161.
[17] Farrand P, Mckenna F. Risk Perception in Novice Drivers: the Relationship between Questionnaire Measures and Response Latency. Transportation Research. 2001, 4(3): 201-212.
[18] Pradhan A K, Hammel K R, De Ramus R et al. The Use of Eye Movements to Evaluate the Effects of Driver Age on Risk Perception in an Advanced Driving Simulator[C/CD]. 82nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington: TRB, 2003.
[19] Chapman P R, Underwood G. Visual Search of Dynamic Scenes: Event Types and the Role of Experience in Viewing Drivng Situations. In G. Underwood(Eds), Eye Guidence inReading and Scene Perception. 1998, 369-394, Oxford, England: Elsevier.
[20] Anuj K P, Kim R H, Alexander P et al. Using Eye Movements To Evaluate Effects of Driver Age on Risk Perception in a Driving Simulator. Human Factor. 2005, 47(4): 840-852.
[21] Wallis S A, Horwill M S. Using Fuzzy Signal Detection Theory to Determine why Experience and Traind Drivers Respond Faster than Novice Drivers in a Hazard Perception Test. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2007,(39): 1177-1185.
[22] Robert B I, Nicola J S, Amy R W. Video-based Road Commentary Training Improves Hazard Perception of Young Drivers in a Dual Task. Accident Analysis and Perception. 2009, (41) : 445-452.
[23] Tuokko H, McGee P, Gabriel G et al. Perception, Attitudes and Beliefs,and Openness to Change: Implications for Older Driver Education. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2007, 39(4): 812-817.
[24] Rosenbloom T, Shahar A, Elharar A et al. Risk Perception of Driving as a Function of Advanced Training Aimed at Cognizing and Handling Risks in Demanding Driving Situations. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2008, 40(2): 697-703.
[25] Boholm A. Comparative Studies of Risk Perception: a Review of Twenty Years of Research . Journal of Risk Research. 1998, 1(2): 135-163.
[26] Montag I, Conrey A L. Internality and Externality as Correlates of Involvement in Fatal Driving Accidents. Journal of Applied Psychology. 1987, 72(3): 339-343.
[27]金会庆,何存道,陈嵘.危险感受.心理科学. 1994, 17(1): 42-46.
[28] Ulleberg P, Rundmo T. Personality, Attitudes and Risk Perception as Predictors of Risky Driving Behaviour among Young Drivers. Safety Science. 2003, 41(5): 427-443.
[29]刘志宏,管连荣,黄懿等.军队汽车驾驶员职业适宜性测验的编制及其应用.心理科学. 1995, 18(4): 242-245.
[30]田新民,田泉,田原.客车驾驶员驾驶适宜性的动态模拟驾驶测试.公路交通科技. 2000, 17(5): 85-88.
[31] Falkmer, Torbjorm, Nils Petter Gregersen. Fixation Patterns of Learer Drivers with and without Cerebral Palsy (CP) when Driving in Real Traffic Environments. Transportation Research Part F. 2001, 4(3): 171-185.
[32]田明.新驾驶员和熟练驾驶员视觉搜索模式比较研究:(博士学位论文).西安:长安大学, 2007.
[33] Peter C, Geoffrey U, Katharine R. Visual Search Patters in Trained and Untrained Novice Drivers. Transportation Reasearch Part F. 2002, 5(2): 157-160.
[34]李勇,阴国恩,陈燕丽.阅读中疲劳、心理负荷因素对瞳孔大小的调节作用.心理与行为研究. 2004, 2(3): 545-548.
[35]曹红霞.不规则几何图形识别中轮廓曲率极性加工的研究:(硕士学位论文).大连:辽宁师范大学, 2008.
[36]孟妮.不同道路交通环境中驾驶员注视行为分析:(硕士学位论文).西安:长安大学, 2009.
[37] Peter K, Jnifer S. Comparison on Expert and Novice Scan Behaviors during VFR Flight.The 11th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, The Ohio University, 2001:1-6.
[38] Cohen A S, Fisher. Influence of Windshield on Looking Behavior in Car Drivers. Psychological Abstract. 1978, 60(3):679.
[39] Kush J C. Filed-dependence, Cognitive Ability, and Academic Achievement in Anglo American and Mexcian American Students. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology. 1996, 27(5): 561-575.
[40]曹晓华.认知方式对不规则几何图形识别绩效影响的眼动研究.人类工效学. 2005, 9(11):9-12.
[41] Barrett G V. Relationships between Perceptual Style and Driver Reaction to an Emergency Situation. AppI.Psychol. 1968,(52): 169-176.
[42]胡一本,周评.事故预防心理学.北京:人民教育出版社, 2007.
[2]黄端,张侃.驾驶员风险认知研究进展.人类工效学. 2008, 14(4): 65-68.
[3]都萌,驾驶员危险预测能力研究及基于可视化仿真技术的预测能力训练系统:(硕士学位论文)西安:长安大学, 2008.
[4] Slovic P, Macgregor D, Krausn N N. Perception of Risk from Automobile Safety Defects.Accident Analysis and Prevention. 1987, 19(5): 351-373.
[5] Finn P, Bragg, B W E. Perception of the Risk of an Accident by Young and Older Drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 1986, 18(4): 289-298.
[6]谢晓非,徐联仓.风险认知研究概况及理论框架.心理学动态. 1995, 3(2): 17-22.
[7] Jonah B A. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 1986, 18(4): 225-271.
[8] Peter, Ryan. An Investigation of Perceived Risk at the Brand Level. Journal of Marketry Research. 1975,(2): 29-37.
[9] Deery H. Hazard and Risk Perception Among Young Novice Drivers. Journal of Safety Research. 1999, 30(4): 225-236.
[10] Sagberg F, Bjornskau T. Hazard Perception and Driving Experience among Novice Drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2006,(38): 407-414.
[11] Horswill M S, Marrington S A, Mccullough C M et al. The Hazard Perception Ability of Older Drivers. The Gerontological Society of America. 2008,(4): 212-218.
[12] Summala H. Risk Control is not Risk Adjustment: The Zero-Risk Theory of Driver Behaviour and its Implications. Ergonomics. 1988,31(4): 491-506.
[13] Graham H. The Psychology of Driving. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006.
[14] Rumar K. Collective Risk but Individual Safety. Ergonomics. 1988, 31(4): 507-518.
[15] Fuller R. A Conceptualization of Driver Behaviour as Threat Avoidance. Ergonomics. 1984, 27(11): 1139-1155.
[16] Vanlaar W, Yannis G. Perception of Road Accident Causes. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2006, 38(1): 155-161.
[17] Farrand P, Mckenna F. Risk Perception in Novice Drivers: the Relationship between Questionnaire Measures and Response Latency. Transportation Research. 2001, 4(3): 201-212.
[18] Pradhan A K, Hammel K R, De Ramus R et al. The Use of Eye Movements to Evaluate the Effects of Driver Age on Risk Perception in an Advanced Driving Simulator[C/CD]. 82nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington: TRB, 2003.
[19] Chapman P R, Underwood G. Visual Search of Dynamic Scenes: Event Types and the Role of Experience in Viewing Drivng Situations. In G. Underwood(Eds), Eye Guidence inReading and Scene Perception. 1998, 369-394, Oxford, England: Elsevier.
[20] Anuj K P, Kim R H, Alexander P et al. Using Eye Movements To Evaluate Effects of Driver Age on Risk Perception in a Driving Simulator. Human Factor. 2005, 47(4): 840-852.
[21] Wallis S A, Horwill M S. Using Fuzzy Signal Detection Theory to Determine why Experience and Traind Drivers Respond Faster than Novice Drivers in a Hazard Perception Test. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2007,(39): 1177-1185.
[22] Robert B I, Nicola J S, Amy R W. Video-based Road Commentary Training Improves Hazard Perception of Young Drivers in a Dual Task. Accident Analysis and Perception. 2009, (41) : 445-452.
[23] Tuokko H, McGee P, Gabriel G et al. Perception, Attitudes and Beliefs,and Openness to Change: Implications for Older Driver Education. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2007, 39(4): 812-817.
[24] Rosenbloom T, Shahar A, Elharar A et al. Risk Perception of Driving as a Function of Advanced Training Aimed at Cognizing and Handling Risks in Demanding Driving Situations. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2008, 40(2): 697-703.
[25] Boholm A. Comparative Studies of Risk Perception: a Review of Twenty Years of Research . Journal of Risk Research. 1998, 1(2): 135-163.
[26] Montag I, Conrey A L. Internality and Externality as Correlates of Involvement in Fatal Driving Accidents. Journal of Applied Psychology. 1987, 72(3): 339-343.
[27]金会庆,何存道,陈嵘.危险感受.心理科学. 1994, 17(1): 42-46.
[28] Ulleberg P, Rundmo T. Personality, Attitudes and Risk Perception as Predictors of Risky Driving Behaviour among Young Drivers. Safety Science. 2003, 41(5): 427-443.
[29]刘志宏,管连荣,黄懿等.军队汽车驾驶员职业适宜性测验的编制及其应用.心理科学. 1995, 18(4): 242-245.
[30]田新民,田泉,田原.客车驾驶员驾驶适宜性的动态模拟驾驶测试.公路交通科技. 2000, 17(5): 85-88.
[31] Falkmer, Torbjorm, Nils Petter Gregersen. Fixation Patterns of Learer Drivers with and without Cerebral Palsy (CP) when Driving in Real Traffic Environments. Transportation Research Part F. 2001, 4(3): 171-185.
[32]田明.新驾驶员和熟练驾驶员视觉搜索模式比较研究:(博士学位论文).西安:长安大学, 2007.
[33] Peter C, Geoffrey U, Katharine R. Visual Search Patters in Trained and Untrained Novice Drivers. Transportation Reasearch Part F. 2002, 5(2): 157-160.
[34]李勇,阴国恩,陈燕丽.阅读中疲劳、心理负荷因素对瞳孔大小的调节作用.心理与行为研究. 2004, 2(3): 545-548.
[35]曹红霞.不规则几何图形识别中轮廓曲率极性加工的研究:(硕士学位论文).大连:辽宁师范大学, 2008.
[36]孟妮.不同道路交通环境中驾驶员注视行为分析:(硕士学位论文).西安:长安大学, 2009.
[37] Peter K, Jnifer S. Comparison on Expert and Novice Scan Behaviors during VFR Flight.The 11th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, The Ohio University, 2001:1-6.
[38] Cohen A S, Fisher. Influence of Windshield on Looking Behavior in Car Drivers. Psychological Abstract. 1978, 60(3):679.
[39] Kush J C. Filed-dependence, Cognitive Ability, and Academic Achievement in Anglo American and Mexcian American Students. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology. 1996, 27(5): 561-575.
[40]曹晓华.认知方式对不规则几何图形识别绩效影响的眼动研究.人类工效学. 2005, 9(11):9-12.
[41] Barrett G V. Relationships between Perceptual Style and Driver Reaction to an Emergency Situation. AppI.Psychol. 1968,(52): 169-176.
[42]胡一本,周评.事故预防心理学.北京:人民教育出版社, 2007.