利用瞬态吸收光谱技术研究水相中·OH自由基与苯及其衍生物的微观反应机理
|
摘要
水体和大气液相中的活性物质近年来引起了人们的极大关注,这些活性物质与环境中有机污染物发生的氧化还原反应有十分密切的关系,是影响化学物质在环境中的迁移、转化、归宿和生态效应的重要因素,但目前对其在环境中转化的微观机制方面研究相对较少。本文以激光闪光光解瞬态吸收光谱技术为研究手段,以包括苯、氯苯和硝基苯与H_2O_2/亚硝酸(盐)水溶液为研究体系,借助GC/MS、UV-Vis等分析技术在研究水相中·OH 自由基与苯及其衍生物的微观反应基础上,比较系统地探讨了亚硝酸(盐)与这些有机污染物的紫外光解交叉反应机理。全文共分为两部分:
第一部分通过在有氧/无氧、不同pH值条件下对苯及其衍生物和H_2O_2水溶液在激光闪光光解(266nm)进行了研究,对体系中产生的各种瞬态物种进行了归属,并得到了大量微观反应速率常数。研究表明:H_2O_2在266nm紫外光的照射下产生·OH自由基,·OH自由基和苯、氯苯和硝基苯反应在苯环上形成OH加合物,其反应速率常数分别为(6.3-8.0)×10~9(L-mol~1·S~(-1))、(4.3-7.1)×10~9(L·mol~(-1)·S~(-1))和(3.6～6.0)×10~9(L·mol~(-1)·S~(-1)),溶液pH值和分子结构对各反应速率常数有一定的影响。在有氧条件下,上述化合物的OH加合物被氧化为过氧OH加合物,反应速率常数分别为3.3×10~8(L·mol~(-1)·S~(-1))、6.8×10~8(L·mol~(-1)·S~(-1))和6.6×10~7(L·mol_(-1)·S_(-1))。这些加合物随之自身或在H_2O_2参与下进一步分解。
第二部分在第一部分研究的基础之上采用激光闪光光解技术与GC/MS技术相结合的方法,对苯及其衍生物和HNO_2水溶液在355nm激光辐照下的瞬态物种和一次光照产物进行了研究,并对一次辐照产物与实际太阳光照产物进行了对比,发现二者产物基本相同。根据瞬态和稳态的实验结果对体系中各种产物的生成途径进行了较系统的探讨。研究表明:HNO_2(NO_2~-)在355nm光照下生成的·OH自由基与苯、氯苯及硝基苯发生反应而使其羟基化,并最终转化成多种含亚硝基、硝基的化合物,这一过程可能是自然水体和大气液相中硝基化合物增加的来源之
本文还对C_6H_5NO_2-H_2O_2体系中以850nm为峰值的吸收带进行了归属并给出了速率常数、对C_6H_6-HNO_2体系中指出了C_6H_6-NO~+πcomplex瞬态物种并对其来源进行了探讨等,这些结果均未见文献报道。
上述研究结果对深入了解污染物在环境中的光化学转化和环境中有关N(Ⅲ)
It has been widely accepted that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the hydrosphere are ubiquitously involved in the oxidation process of organic pollutants and can therefore exert significant impact on the transfer, conversion, fate and ecological effect of these compounds. Nevertheless, we witnessed relatively few microscopic researches on the kinetics, mechanisms and detailed reaction pathways of these processes. To rectify this, the current studies introduce the laser flash photolysis (LFP) -transient absorption spectra technique into the research on the photochemical reactions inside the aqueous solutions of the benzene (chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene) and H_2O_2 (HNO_2, NO_2 ) and directly monitor these reactions on the ns ~ ms timescale. Some complementary analytical methods as GC-MS and steady state UV-vis absorption spectroscopy are also applied to help elucidate the reaction mechanisms. The dissertation is mainly composed of two parts.Part 1 is on the 266 nm laser flash photolysis of the mixed aqueous solution of benzene or some of its derivatives chlorobenzene and nitrobenzene with H_2O_2 under oxygenated/deoxygenated conditions and under different pH environments. The observed transient absorption peaks were assigned and the related reaction rate constants were derived. It was found that the OH radical from the 266 nm photolysis of H_2O_2 is capable of forming adducts with benzene, chlorobenzene and nitrobenzene at rate constants of (6.3 ~ 8.0) × 10~9 Lmol~(-1).s~(-1), (4.3 ~ 7.1) × 10~9 L-mol~(-1).s~(-1) and (3.6 ~ 6.0) × 10~9 L-mol~(-1).s~(-1), respectively. The above reaction rate constants were found to be dependent on the pH value of the solution and the specific structure of target organic molecules. Formation of the peroxy radicals was observed under oxygenated conditions at rate constants of 3.3 × 10~8 Lmol~(-1).s~(-1), 6.8 ×10~8 Lmol~(-1).s~(-1) and 6.6 × 10~7 Lmol~(-1).s~(-1) for the above listed three benzene or benzene derivatives. These radicals may undergo unimolecular decomposition or further reactions with H_2O_2, possibly leading to the ring cleavage.Part 2 is on the 355 nm laser flash photolysis of the mixed aqueous solution of benzene or some of its derivatives chlorobenzene and nitrobenzene with HNO_2. Both
第一部分通过在有氧/无氧、不同pH值条件下对苯及其衍生物和H_2O_2水溶液在激光闪光光解(266nm)进行了研究,对体系中产生的各种瞬态物种进行了归属,并得到了大量微观反应速率常数。研究表明:H_2O_2在266nm紫外光的照射下产生·OH自由基,·OH自由基和苯、氯苯和硝基苯反应在苯环上形成OH加合物,其反应速率常数分别为(6.3-8.0)×10~9(L-mol~1·S~(-1))、(4.3-7.1)×10~9(L·mol~(-1)·S~(-1))和(3.6～6.0)×10~9(L·mol~(-1)·S~(-1)),溶液pH值和分子结构对各反应速率常数有一定的影响。在有氧条件下,上述化合物的OH加合物被氧化为过氧OH加合物,反应速率常数分别为3.3×10~8(L·mol~(-1)·S~(-1))、6.8×10~8(L·mol~(-1)·S~(-1))和6.6×10~7(L·mol_(-1)·S_(-1))。这些加合物随之自身或在H_2O_2参与下进一步分解。
第二部分在第一部分研究的基础之上采用激光闪光光解技术与GC/MS技术相结合的方法,对苯及其衍生物和HNO_2水溶液在355nm激光辐照下的瞬态物种和一次光照产物进行了研究,并对一次辐照产物与实际太阳光照产物进行了对比,发现二者产物基本相同。根据瞬态和稳态的实验结果对体系中各种产物的生成途径进行了较系统的探讨。研究表明:HNO_2(NO_2~-)在355nm光照下生成的·OH自由基与苯、氯苯及硝基苯发生反应而使其羟基化,并最终转化成多种含亚硝基、硝基的化合物,这一过程可能是自然水体和大气液相中硝基化合物增加的来源之
本文还对C_6H_5NO_2-H_2O_2体系中以850nm为峰值的吸收带进行了归属并给出了速率常数、对C_6H_6-HNO_2体系中指出了C_6H_6-NO~+πcomplex瞬态物种并对其来源进行了探讨等,这些结果均未见文献报道。
上述研究结果对深入了解污染物在环境中的光化学转化和环境中有关N(Ⅲ)
It has been widely accepted that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the hydrosphere are ubiquitously involved in the oxidation process of organic pollutants and can therefore exert significant impact on the transfer, conversion, fate and ecological effect of these compounds. Nevertheless, we witnessed relatively few microscopic researches on the kinetics, mechanisms and detailed reaction pathways of these processes. To rectify this, the current studies introduce the laser flash photolysis (LFP) -transient absorption spectra technique into the research on the photochemical reactions inside the aqueous solutions of the benzene (chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene) and H_2O_2 (HNO_2, NO_2 ) and directly monitor these reactions on the ns ~ ms timescale. Some complementary analytical methods as GC-MS and steady state UV-vis absorption spectroscopy are also applied to help elucidate the reaction mechanisms. The dissertation is mainly composed of two parts.Part 1 is on the 266 nm laser flash photolysis of the mixed aqueous solution of benzene or some of its derivatives chlorobenzene and nitrobenzene with H_2O_2 under oxygenated/deoxygenated conditions and under different pH environments. The observed transient absorption peaks were assigned and the related reaction rate constants were derived. It was found that the OH radical from the 266 nm photolysis of H_2O_2 is capable of forming adducts with benzene, chlorobenzene and nitrobenzene at rate constants of (6.3 ~ 8.0) × 10~9 Lmol~(-1).s~(-1), (4.3 ~ 7.1) × 10~9 L-mol~(-1).s~(-1) and (3.6 ~ 6.0) × 10~9 L-mol~(-1).s~(-1), respectively. The above reaction rate constants were found to be dependent on the pH value of the solution and the specific structure of target organic molecules. Formation of the peroxy radicals was observed under oxygenated conditions at rate constants of 3.3 × 10~8 Lmol~(-1).s~(-1), 6.8 ×10~8 Lmol~(-1).s~(-1) and 6.6 × 10~7 Lmol~(-1).s~(-1) for the above listed three benzene or benzene derivatives. These radicals may undergo unimolecular decomposition or further reactions with H_2O_2, possibly leading to the ring cleavage.Part 2 is on the 355 nm laser flash photolysis of the mixed aqueous solution of benzene or some of its derivatives chlorobenzene and nitrobenzene with HNO_2. Both
引文
[1]. Iranpour, R., Stenstrom, M., Tchobanoglous, G., Miller, D., Wright, J., Vossoughi, M. Environmental engineering: Energy value of replacing waste disposal with resource recovery[J]. Science, 1999, 285 (30): 706-711.
[2].钱易,汤鸿霄,文湘华.水体颗粒物和难降解的有机物的特性与控制技术原理(下卷)—难降解有机物[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2000:1
[3].樊耀波.水科技发展及在人类社会发展中的应用[J].环境科学进展,1998,6(5):63-74.
[4]. Tabak, H., Stephen, A. Q. Biodegradability studies with organic priority pollution compounds. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation[J]. 1981, 53(10): 1503-1509.
[5].唐森本,王欢畅,葛碧洲,朱晓云.环境有机污染化学[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1996:12-20.
[6].蔡宏道,鲁业生.环境医学[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990:20-23.
[7].余刚,黄俊,张彭义.持久性有机污染物:备受关注的全球性环境问题[J].环境保护,2001,4:37-39.
[8].程能林,胡生闻,溶剂手册(上册)[M1.北京:化学工业出版社,1986:238—250.
[9].化学化工大辞典编委会.化学化工大辞典(上、下册)[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003:97,1532,2485.
[10].徐海燕,胡迪生.苯毒性作用机制研究进展[J].国外医学卫生学分册,1998,25(3):129-132.
[11]. William, A. W., Oberheitmann, B., Harms, C. Assessing DNA damage and health risk using biomarkers[J]. Mutation Research, 2002, 509(1～2): 153-163.
[12]. Chaney, A. M., Carlson, G. P. Comparison of rat hepatic and pulmonary microsomal metabolism of benzene and the lack of benzene-induced pneumotoxicity and hepatotoxicity[J]. Toxicology, 1995, 104(1～3): 53-62.
[13]. Nunes-Halldorson, V. D., Steiner, R. L., Smith, G. B. Residual toxicity after biodegradation: interactions among benzene, toluene, and chloroform[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2004, 57 (2): 162-167.
[14]. Powley, M. W., Carlson, G. P. Species comparison of hepatic and pulmonary metabolism of benzene[J]. Toxicology, 1999, 139 (3): 207-217.
[15]. Farre, M., Barcelo, D. Toxicity testing of wastewater and sewage sludge by biosensors, bioassays and chemical analysis[J]. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2003, 22 (5): 299-310.
[16]. Yen, J. H., Lin, K. H., Wang, Y. S. Acute lethal toxicity of environmental pollutants to aquatic organisms. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2002, 52 (2): 113-116.
[17]. Lin, Z. F., Shi, P, Gao, S. X., Wang, L. S. Yu, H. X. Use of partition coefficients to predict mixture toxicity[J]. Water Research, 2003, 37 (9): 2223-2227.
[18].陈小东,吕永生,朱惠刚.六氯苯与健康危害[J].中国公共卫生,2000,16(9):849-851.
[19]. Halfon, E., Reggiani, M. G. On ranking chemicals for environmental hazard[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1986, 20(11): 1173—1179.
[20].[日]崛口博著,刘文宗等译.公害与毒物、危险物(有机篇)[M].北京:石油化学工业出版社,1978:74—82,96,152—162.
[21]. Ona, Y., Somiya, I., Kawaguchi, T., Genotoxic evaluation of aromatic organochlorine compounds by using the umu test[J]. Water Sci. Technol., 1992, 26(1-2): 61-69.
[22]. Khalil, A. M., Odeh, M. M. T., Genetic toxicology of benzene and its derivatives in rat bone marrow cell cultures[J]. Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 1994, 45(3-4): 157-66.
[23]. Hirota, K., Hakoda, T., Arai, H., Hashimoto, S. Dechlorination of chlorobenzene in air with electron beam[J]. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 2000, 57: 63-73.
[24].韩春华,吴萍,王起恩,管增伟.硝基苯对肝癌细胞系的细胞毒性机制[J].中华预防医学杂志,2001,35(1):48-50.
[25].邓南圣,吴峰.环境光化学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003:70-117
[26]. Qian, J. G., Mopper, K., Kieber, D. J. Photochemical production of the hydroxyl radical in Antarctic waters[J]. Deep-Sea Research Part Ⅰ-Oceanographic Research Papers, 2001, 48 (3): 741-759.
[27]. Cooper, W. J.; Zika, R. G.. Photochemical formation of hydrogen peroxide in surface and ground waters exposed to sunlight[J]. Science, 1983, 220: 711-712.
[28]. Cooper, W. J.: Zika, R. G..: Petasne, R. G.: Plane, J. M. C. Photochemical formation of hydrogen peroxide in natural waters exposed to sunlight[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1988, 22(10): 1156-1160.
[29]. Yocis, B. H., Kieber, D. J., Mopper, K. Photochemical production of hydrogen peroxide in Antarctic Waters[J]. Deep-Sea Research Part Ⅰ-Oceanographic Research Papers, 2000, 47(6): 1077-1099.
[30]. Yuan, J. C., Shiller, A. M. The distribution of hydrogen peroxide in the Southern and central Atlantic Ocean[J]. Deep-Sea Research Part Ⅱ-Topical Studies in Anography, 2001, 48 (13): 2947-2970.
[31]. Draper, W. M., Crosby, D. G. The photochemical generation of hydrogen peroxide in natural waters[J]. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1983. 12: 121N126.
[32].邓健,许金生,陈文,袁亚莉.湘江衡阳段水体中氮含量的动态变化及成因分析[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2001,11(4):398-399.
[33].张为民.影响饮用自来水亚硝酸盐的几个主要因素[J].食品科学,2003,24(8):234-236.
[34].袁建生.水源水中氮元素化合物与相关污染指标间的关系分析[j].中国公共卫生,2000,16(5):452-453.
[35].朱赖民,暨卫东.夏季南海水团垂直分布的聚类分析研究[J],海洋湖沼通报,2002,4:1-6.
[36]. Wong, G. T. F., Gong, G.. C., Liu, K. K., Pai, S. C. 'Excess nitrate' in the East China Sea[J]. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 1998, 46 (3): 411-418.
[37]. Wong, G. T. F., Chung, S. W., Shiah, F. K., Chen, C. C., Wen, L. S., Liu, K. K. Nitrate anomaly in the upper nutricline in the northern South China Sea-Evidence for nitrogen fixation[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2002, 29 (23): 2097.
[38]. Okafor, P. N., Ogbonna, U. I. Nitrate and nitrite contamination of water sources and fruit juices marketed in South-Eastern Nigeria[J]. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2003, 16(2): 213-218.
[39]. Faust, B. C., Zepp, R. G. Photochemistry of aqueous iron(Ⅲ)-polycarboxylate complexes: roles in the chemistry of atmospheric and surface waters[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1993, 27(12): 2517-2522.
[40]. Paciolla, M. D., Davies, G., Jansen, S. A. Generation of Hydroxyl Radicals from Metal-Loaded Humic Acids[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33(11): 1814-1818.
[41]. Voelker, B. M., Sulzberger, B. Effects of Fulvic Acid on Fe(Ⅱ) Oxidation by Hydrogen Peroxide[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30(4): 1106-1114.
[42]. Faust, B. C., Allen, J. M. Aqueous-phase photochemical formation of hydroxyl radical in authentic cloudwaters and fogwaters[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1993, 27(6): 1221-1224.
[43]. Seinfeld, J. H., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics of Air Pollution..John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1986
[44]. Zabarnick, S. Kinetics of the Reaction OH+NO+M->HONO+M as a Function of Temperature and Pressure in the Presence of Argon, SF_6, and N_2 Bath Gas[J]. Chem. Phys. 1993, 171: 265-273.
[45]. Liousse, C., Penner, J. E., Chuang, C., Walton, J. J., Eddleman, H., Cachier, H. Aglobalthree-dimensional model study of carbonaceous aerosols[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 1996, 101 (D14): 19411-19432.
[46]. Gerecke, A., Thielmann A., Gutzwiller L., Rossi M. J. The chemical kinetics of HONO formation resulting from heterogeneous interaction of NO_2 with flame soot[J]. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1998, 25: 2453-2456.
[47]. Longfellow, C. A., Ravishankara, A. R., Hanson, D. R. Reactive uptake on hydrocarbon soot: Focus on NO_2[J]. J. Geophys. Res. -Atmospheres, 1999, 104(D11): 13833-13840.
[48]. Al-Abadleh, H. A., Grassian, V. H., Heterogeneous reaction of NO_2 on hexane soot: A Knudsen cell and FT-IR study[J]. J. Phys. Chem. A, 2000, 104: 11926-11933.
[49]. Ammann, M., Kalbere, M., Jost, D. T., Tobler, L., Rossler, E., Piguet, D., Gaggeler, H. W., Baltensperger, U. Heterogeneous production of nitrous acid on soot in polluted air masses [J]. Nature, 1998, 395: 157-160.
[50]. Goodman, A. L.,Underwood, G. M., Grassian, V. H. Heterogeneous reaction of NO_2: Characterization of gas-phase and adsorbed products from the reaction, 2NO_2(g)+H_2O(a)->HONO(g)+HNO_3(a) on hydrated silica particles[J]. J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103: 7217-7223.
[51]. Park, J. Y., Lee, Y. N. Solubility and decomposition kinetics of nitrous acid in aqueous solution[J]. J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92: 6294-6302.
[52]. Li, S. M. Particulate and snow nitrite in the spring Arctic troposphere[J]. Atmos. Environ. Part A-General topics. 1993, 27: 2959-2967.
[53]. Lammel, G., Metzig, G. On the occurrence of nitrite in urban fogwater[J]. Chemosphere, 1998, 37: 1603-1614.
[54]. Cape, J. N.,Hargreaves, K. J., Storetonwest, R., Fowler, D., Colvile, R. N., Choularton, T. W., Gallaghe r, M. W. Nitrite in orographic cloud as an indicator of nitrous acid in rural air[J]. Atmos. Environ. Part A-General Topics, 1992, 26: 2301-2307.
[55]. Acker, K., Mertes, S., Moller, D., Wieprecht, W., Auel, R., Kalass, D. Case study of cloud physical and chemical processes in low clouds at Mt. Brocken[J]. Atmos. Res. 2002, 64(1-4): 41-51.
[56]. Arakaki T., Miyake T., Shibata M., Sakugawa H. Photochemical formation and scavenging of hydroxyl radical in rain and dew waters[J]. Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 1999, 5: 335-340.
[57]. Rubio, M. A., Lissi E., Villena G.. Nitrite in rain and dew in Sandiago city, Chilie. Its possible impact on the early morning start of the photochemical smog[J]. Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36: 293-297.
[58]. Kieber, R. J., Rhines, M. F., Willey, J. D., Avery, G. B. Nitrite variability in coastal north Carolina rainwater and its impact on the nitrogen cycle in rain[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1999, 33 (3): 373-377.
[59]. Arakaki, T., Miyake, T., Shibata, M., Sakugawa, H. Measurement of photochemically formed hydroxyl radical in rain and dew waters[J]. Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 1998, (9): 619-625
[60]. Anastasio, C., McGregor, K. G. Chemistry of fog waters in California's Central Valley: 1. In situ photoformation of hydroxyl radical and singlet molecular oxygen[J]. Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35 (6): 1079-1089
[61]. Lind, J. A., KokG.. L. J. Henry's law Determinations for Aqueous Solutions of Hydrogen Peroxide, Methylhydroperoxide, and Peroxyacetic Acid[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1986, 91D: 7889-7895.
[62]. Gunz, D. W., Hoffmann, M. R. Atmospheric Chemistry of Peroxides-a Review[J].Atmospheric Environment PartA-General Topics, 1990, 24 (7): 1601-1633.
[63]. Yuan, J. C., Shiller, A. M. The variation of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater over the South and Central Atlantic Ocean[J]. Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34 (23): 3973-3980.
[64]. Ortiz, V., Rubio, M. A., Lissi, E. A. Hydrogen peroxide deposition and decomposition in rain and dew waters[J]. Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34 (7): 1139-1146.
[65]. Shimo, N., Nakashima, N., Yoshihara, K. Laser Flash Photolysis of Benzene. Ⅵ. Photolysis in Aqueous Solution[J]. The Chemical Society of Japan, 1983, 56: 389-391.
[66]. Bunce, N. J., Ingoid, K. U. ,Landers, J. P., Lusztyk, J., Scaiano, J. C. Kinetic study of the photochlorination of 2,3-dimethylbutane and other alkanes in solution in the presence of benzene[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1985, 107(19): 5464-5472.
[67]. Luria, M.; Stein, G. L. Photochemistry of benzene in oxygenated aqueous solution in the B2u first excited singlet state[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1972, 76(2): 165-171.
[68]. Kovacs, A., Wojnarovits, L., Foldiak, G.,Horvath, A. Radiation induced reactions in the ethanol-monochlorobenzene dosimeter solution[J]. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 1993, 41(3): 521-526.
[69]. Previtali, C. M., Ebbesen, T. W., Photophysics of chlorobenzene in cyclohexane[J].J. Photochem., 1984, 27: 9-15.
[70]. Previtali, C. M., Ebbesen, T. W. Laser flash photolysis of chlorobenzene in polar solvents[J]. J. Photochem., 1985, 30: 259-267.
[71]. Alfassi, Z. B., Previtali, C. M. Triplet state properties of cichlorobenzenes[J]. J. Photochem., 1985, 30: 133-140.
[72]. Previtali, C. M., Triplet state properties of trichlorobenzenes: a laser flash photolysis study[J]. J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 1988, 41(2): 147-53.
[73]. Szaflarski, D. M., Simon, J. D., El-Sayed, M. A., The formation of C_6H_4Cl~+ from 1,4-dichlorobenzene studied by picosecond multiphoton mass spectrometry[J]. Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 1986, 620: 57-62.
[74]. Bunce, N. J., Bergsma, J. P., Bergsma, M. D., Graaf, W. D., Kumar, Y., Ravanal, L. Structure and mechanism in the photoreduction of aryl chlorides in alkane solvents[J]. J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45(18): 3708-3713.
[75]. Takezaki, M., Hirota, N., Terazima, M. Relaxation of nitrobenzene from the excited singlet state[J]. Journal of Chemical Physics, 1998, 108 (11): 4685-4686.
[76]. Dunbar, R. C. Time-resolved photodissociation of chlorbenzene ion in the ICR spectrometer[J]. J. Phys. Chem.,1987, 91(11): 2801-2804.
[77]. Klan, P., Ansorgova, A., Favero, D. D., Holoubek, I. Photochemistry of chlorobenzene in ice[J]. Tetrahedron Letters, 2000, 41 (40): 7785-7789.
[78]. Galloway, D. B., Bartz, J. A., Huey, L. G., Crim, F. F. Pathways and Kinetic-Energy Disposal in the Photodissociation of Nitrobenzene[J]. Journal of Chemical Physics, 1993, 98 (3): 2107-2114
[79]. Schuler, R. H., Albarran, G. The rate constants for reaction of (OH)-O-center dot radicals with benzene and toluene[J]. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 2002, 64 (3): 189-195.
[80]. Gordon, S., Schmidt, K. H., Hart, E. J. A pulse radiolysis study of aqueous benzene solutions[J]. J. Phys. Chem. 1977,81 (2): 104-109.
[81]. Mohan, H., Mittal, J. P. Pulse Radiolysis Investigations on Acidic Aqueous Solutions of Benzene: Formation of Radical Cations[J]. J. Phys. Chem. A., 1999, 103(3): 379-383.
[82]. Ashton, L., Buxton, G. V., Stuart, C. R. Temperature-dependence of the rate of reaction of oh with some aromatic-compounds in aqueous-solution-evidence for the formation of a pi-complex intermediate[J]. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 1995, 91 (11): 1631-1633.
[83]. Kartasheva, L. I., Chulkov, V. N., Didenko, O. A. Makarov, I. E., Pikaev, A. K. On the radiolysis mechanism of aqueous chlorobenzene solutions[J]. High Energy Chemistry, 1998, 32 (4): 216-220.
[84]. Mohan, H., Mittal, J. P. Formation of radical cations of chlorobenzene in aqueous solutions. A pulse radiolysis study[J]. Chem. Phys. Lett., 1995, 235: 444—449.
[85]. Mohan, H., Mudaliar, M., Aravindakumar, C. T., Rao, B. S. M., Mittal, J. P. Studiesonstructure-reactivity in the reaction of OH radicals with substituted halobenzenes in aqueous solution[J]. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 1991, 9: 1387-1392.
[86]. Merga, G.,Aravindakumar, C. T., Rao, B. S. M. Pulse radiolysis study of the reactions of SO_4—with some substituted benzenes in aqueous solution[J]. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans.,1994, 90(4): 597-604
[87]. Merga, G., Schuchmann, H. P., Rao, B. S. M., von Sonntag, C. OH radical-induced oxidation of chlorobenzene in aqueous solution in the absence and presence of oxygen[J]. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 1996. (6): 1097-1103.
[88]. Asmus, K. D., Cercek, B., Ebert, M., Henglein, A., Wigger, A. Pulse radiolysis of nitrobenzene solution[J]. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1967, 63: 2435-2441.
[89]. Marin, T. W., Cline, J. A., Takahashi, K., Bartels, D. M., Jonah, C. D. Pulse radiolysis of supercritical water. 2. Reaction of nitrobenzene with hydrated electrons and hydroxyl radicals[J]. J. Phys. Chem. A, 2002, 106 (51): 12270-12279.
[90]. Feng, J., Aki, S. N. V. K., Chateauneuf, J. E., Brennecke, J. F. Hydroxyl Radical Reactivity with Nitrobenzene in Subcritical and Supercritical Water[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2002, 124(22): 6304-6311.
[91]. Pozdnyakov, I. P., Glebov, E. M., Plyusnin, V. F., Grivin, V. P., Ivanov, Y. V., Vorobyev, D. Y., Bazhin, N. M. Mechanism of Fe(OH)~(2+) (aq) photolysis in aqueous solution[J]. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2000, 72 (11): 2187-2197
[92]. Pozdnyakov, I. P., Glebov, E. M., Plyusnin, V. F., Grivin, V. P., Ivanov, Y. V., Vorobyev, D. Y., Bazhin, N. M. Hydroxyl radical formation upon photolysis of the Fe(OH)~(2+) complex in aqueous solution[J]. Mendeleev Communications, 2000, (5): 185-186.
[93]. Martire, D. O., Rosso, J. A., Bertolotti, S., Le Roux, G. C., Braun, A. M., Gonzalez, M. C. Kinetic Study of the Reactions of Chlorine Atoms and Cl_2~-Radical Anions in Aqueous Solutions. Ⅱ. Toluene, Benzoic Acid, and Chlorobenzene[J]. J. Phys. Chem. A., 2001, 105(22): 5385-5392.
[94]. Fischer, M., Warneck, P. Photodecomposition of nitrite and undissociated nitrous acid in aqueous solution[J]. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100: 18749-18756.
[95]. Kochany, J., Bolton,J. R. Mechanism of photodegradation of aqueous organic pollutants. 2. Measurement of the primary rate constants for reaction of hydroxyl radicals with benzene and some halobenzenes using an EPR spin-trapping method following the photolysis of hydrogen peroxide[J]. Environ. Sci. TechnoL, 1992, 26(2): 262-265.
[96]. Jacob, N., Balakrishnan, I., Reddy, M. P.Characterization of the hydroxyl radical in some photochemical reactions[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1977, 81(1): 17-22.
[97]. Einschlag, F. S. G., Lopez, J., Carlos, L., Capparelli, A. L., Braun, A. M., Oliveros, E. Evaluation of the efficiency of photodegradation of nitroaromatics applying the UV/H_2O_2 technique[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2002, 36 (18): 3936-3944.
[98]. Einschlag, F. S. G., Carlos, L., Capparelli, A. L., Braun, A. M., Oliveros, E. Degradation of nitroaromatic compounds by the UV-H_2O_2 process using polychromatic radiation sources[J]. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 2002, 1(7): 520-525.
[99]. Dilmeghani,M.,ahir,K.O.Kinetics and mechanism of chlorobenzene degradation in aqueous samples using advanced oxidation processes[J]. Journal of Evironmental Qality, 2001, 30 (6): 2062-2070.
[100]. Vione, D.,Maurino, V., Minero, C., Pelizzetti, E. New Processes in the Environmental Chemistry of Nitrite: Nitration of Phenol upon Nitrite Photoinduced Oxidation[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2002, 36(4): 669-676.
[101]. Vione, D., Maurino, V., Minero, C., Pelizzetti, E. Phenol photonitration upon UV irradiation of nitrite in aqueous solution I: Effects of oxygen and 2-propanol[J]. Chemosphere, 2001, 45 (6-7): 893-902.
[102]. Vione, D., Maurino, V., Minero, C., Pelizzetti, E. Phenol photonitration upon UV irradiation of nitrite in aqueous solution Ⅱ: effects of pH and TiO_2[J]. Chemosphere, 2001, 45 (6-7): 903-910.
[103]. Vione, D., Maurino, V., Pelizzetti E., Minero, C. Phenol photonitration and photonitrosation upon nitrite photolysis in basic solution[J]. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2004, 84 (6-7): 493-504.
[104]. Vione, D., Maurino, V., Minero, C., Pelizzetti, E. Phenol nitration upon oxidation of nitrite by Mn(Ⅲ, Ⅳ) (hydr)oxides[J]. Chemosphere, 2004,55 (7): 941-949.
[105]. Vione, D., Maurino, V., Minero, C., Pelizzetti, E. Nitration and hydroxylation of benzene in the presence of nitrite/nitrous acid in aqueous solution[J]. Chemosphere, 2004, 56 (11): 1049-1059.
[106]. Vione, D., Maurino, V., Minero, C., Pelizzetti, E. Nitration and photonitration of naphthalene in aqueous systems[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2005, 39 (4): 1101-1110.
[107]. Machado, F, boule, P. Photonitration and Photonitrosation of Phenolic Derivatives Induced in Aqueous-Solution by Excitation of Nitrite and Nitrate ions[J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-Chemistry, 1995, 86 (1-3): 73-80.
[108]. Patnaik, P., Khoury, J. N. Reaction of phenol with nitrite ion: pathways of formation of nitrophenols in environmental waters[J]. Water Research, 2004, 38 (1): 206-210
[109]. Rodriguez, M., Kirchner, A., Contreras, S., Chamarro, E., Esplugas, S. Influence of H_2O_2 and Fe(Ⅲ) in the photodegradation of nitrobenzene[J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-Chemistry, 2000, 133 (1-2): 123-127.
[110]. Rodriguez, M.,Abderrazik, N. B.,Contreras, S., Chamarro, E., Gimenez, J.,Esplugas, S.Iron(Ⅲ) photoxidation of organic compounds in aqueous solutions[J]. Applied Catalysis B-environmental, 2002, 7(2): 131-137.
[111]. Bhatkhande, D. S., Kamble, S. P., Sawant, S. B., Pangarkar, V. G. Photocatalytic and photochemical degradation of nitrobenzene using artificial ultraviolet light[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2004, 102 (3): 283-290.
[112]. Harrison, M. A. J., Barra, S.; Borghesi, D., Vione, D., Arsene, C., Olariu, R. L. Nitrated phenols in the atmosphere: a review [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2005, 39 (2): 231-248.
[113].宋钦华,徐业平,李全新,陈从香.激光闪光光解及其在凝聚相光化学中的应用[J].化学通报,1998,8:17-21.
[114].[美]D.O.科恩,R.L.德里斯科著,丁树明,史永基.有机光化学原理[M],北京:科学出版社,1989,78-90.
[115].虞群,叶建平,寿涵森,激光闪光光解技术简介[J].化学通报,1989,(5):51—53.
[116].窦大营,赵红卫,苗金玲,李荣群,王文锋,姚思德.辐射化学在环境激素研究中的应用[J].安全与环境学报,2002,(3):51-54.
[117]. Dorfman, L. M. Principles and techniques of radiation chemistry[J]. J. Chem. Edu., 1981, 58 (2:) 84—87.
[118].王淑惠,利用瞬态技术研究水体中卤代芳烃的微观反应,上海:复旦大学硕士学位论文,2000
[119].谷珉珉,贾韵仪,姚子鹏编著.有机化学实验[M],上海:复旦大学出版社,1991:382
[120]. Michael, B. D., Hart. E. J. Rate constants of hydrated electron, hydrogen atom, and hydroxyl radical reactions with benzene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, and cyclohexene[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1970, 74(15): 2878-2884.
[121].邢其毅,徐瑞秋,周政,裴伟伟.基础有机化学《第二版》(上册)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1998:505.
[122].张周恩,姚思德,王文锋,林维真,林念芸.阿魏酸芥子酸清除亚硝基自由基的动力学研究[J].环境科学学报,1998,18(4):396-400.
[123]. Ouyang, B., Dong, W. B., Hou, H. Q. A laser flash photolysis study of nitrous acid in the aqueous phase[J]. Chemical Physics Letters, 2005, 402 (4-6): 306-311.
[124]. John M., Bolton, J. R. Photochemistry of nitrite and nitrate in aqueous solution: a review[J]. J. Photochem. Photobi. A: Chem., 1999, 128: 1-13.
[125]. Draganic, Z. D.; Draganic, I. G. Origin of primary hydrogen peroxide yield in the. gamma. radiolysis of water[J]. J. Phys. Chem. 1969, 73(8): 2571-2577.
[126]. Nakashima, N., Yoshihara. K. Laser photolysis of benzene. V. Formation of hot benzene[J]. Journal of Chemical Physics, 1982, 77(12): 6040-6050.
[127]. Yu, X. Y., Barker, J. R. Hydrogen Peroxide Photolysis in Acidic Aqueous Solutions Containing Chloride Ions. Ⅱ. Quantum Yield of HO (Aq) Radicals[J]. J. Phys. Chem. A., 2003, 107(9): 1325-1332.
[128]. Yu, X. Y., Barker, J. R. Hydrogen Peroxide Photolysis in Acidic Aqueous Solutions Containing Chloride Ions. I. Chemical Mechanism[J]. J. Phys. Chem. A. 2003, 107(9): 1313-1324.
[129]. Pastina, B., LaVerne, J. A. Hydrogen Peroxide Production in the Radiolysis of Water with Heavy Ions[J]. J. Phys. Chem. A., 1999, 103(11): 1592-1597.
[130]. Matheson, M. S., Mamou, A., Silverman, J., Rabani, J. Reaction of hydroxyl radicals with polyethylene oxide in aqueous solution[J]. J. Phys. Chem. 1973, 77(20): 2420-2424.
[131]. Buxton, G. V., Greenstock, C. L., Helman, W. P., Ross, A. B. Critical review of rate constants for reactions of hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals (OH/O-) in aqueous solution[J]. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1988, 17: 513-886.
[132]. Mantake, A, Marketons, D. G., Stein, G. Continuous. gamma. and pulse radiolysis of aqueous benzene solutions. Reactions of the hydroxycyclohexadienyl radical[J]J. Phys. Chem., 1971, 75(25): 3886-3889.
[133]. Pan X. M., Von Sonntog C. OH-radical-induced oxidation of benzene in the presence of oxygen-R.+O_2-reversible-RO_2,.equilibria in aqueous-solution - a pulse-radiolysis study[J]. Z. Naturforsch., B, Chem. Sci., 1990, 45(9): 1337-1340.
[134]. Stein, G., Weiss,J .Some free-reaction of phenol. The action of the hydrogen peroxide-ferrous salt reagent and of X-rays on aqueous solution of phenol[J]. J. Chem. Soc., 1951: 3265-3278.
[135]. Kaplan, L., Wendling, L. A., Wilzbach, K. E. Photooxidation of aqueous benzene. I. Identification of the product as 1,3-cyclopentadiene-1-carboxaldehyde[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1971, 93(15): 3819-3820.
[136]. Kaplan,L.,Wendling,L.A.,Wilzbach,K.E. Photooxidation of aqueous benzene.Ⅱ. Role of benzvalene in the formation of cyclopentadienecarboxaldehyde[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1971, 93(15): 3821-3822.
[137]. Luria, M., Stein, G Photochemistry of benzene in oxygenated aqueous solution in the B2u first excited singlet state[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1972, 76(2): 165-171.
[138]. Matthews, R. W., Sangster, D. F.Measurement by Benzoate Radiolytic Decarboxylation of Relative Rate Constants for Hydroxyl Radical Reactions[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1965, 69(6): 1938-1946.
[139]. Stafford, U., Gray, K. A., Kamat, P. V. Radiolytic and TiO_2-Assisted Photocatalytic Degradation of 4-Chlorophenol. A Comparative Study[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1994, 98(25): 6343-6351.
[140].王绍文;罗志腾:钱雷,高浓度有机废水处理技术与工程应用[M],北京:中国冶金工业出版社,2003:292.
[141]. Berdnikov V. M., Bazhin N. M., Oxidation-reduction potentials of certain inorganic radicals in aqueous solutions[J]. Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 1970, 44(3): 395-398.
[142]. Koppenol W. H., Liebman J. F. The oxidizing nature of the hydroxyl radical. A comparison with the ferryl ion (FeO~(2+))[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1984, 88(1): 99-101.
[143]. Klaning U. K.,Sehested K.,Holcman J. Standard Gibbs energy of formation of the hydroxyl radical in aqueous solution. Rate constants for the reaction chlorite (ClO_2~-)+ozone. dblarw. ozone(1-)+chlorine dioxide[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1985, 89(5): 760-763
[144]. Nagaoka, S., Takemura, T., Baba, H., Koga, N., Morokuma, K. Ab initio study on the low-lying triplet states of chlorobenzene[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1986, 90(5): 759-763.
[145].朱承驻,于勇,潘循皙,董文博,侯惠奇.水相中CCl_4和CH_3Cl的紫外光解机理[J].环境科学,2001,22(3):6-10.
[146]. Getoff, N. Decomposition of biological resistant pollutants in water by irradiation[J]. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 1990, 35(1-3): 432-439.
[147]. Matthews, R. W., Sangster, D. F. Measurement by Benzoate Radiolytic Decarboxylation of Relative Rate Constants for Hydroxyl Radical Reactions[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1965, 69(6): 1938-1946.
[148]. Mohan, H., Mittal, J.. P., Formation of radical cations of chlorobenzene in aqueous solutions. A pulse radiolysis study[J]. Chemical Physical Letters, 1995, 235: 444-449.
[149].朱承驻,张仁熙,房豪杰,赵庆祥,侯惠奇,355nm光照下大气液相中HNO_2与C_6H_5Cl的反应机理研究[J].物理化学学报,2005,21(4):367-371.
[150]. Klein, G. W., Bhatia, K., Madhavan, V., Schuler, R. H. Reaction of hydroxyl radicals with benzoic acid. Isomer distribution in the radical intermediates[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1975,79(17): 1767-1774.
[151].吴季兰,戚生初,辐射化学[M],北京:原子能出版社,1993:156-173,181-195.
[152]. Drijvers, D., Langenhove, H. V., Vervaet, K. Sonolysis of chlorobenzene in aqueous solution: organic intermediates[J]. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 1998, 5: 13-19.
[153]. Juang, L. C., Tseng, D. H., Yang, S. C. Treatment of petrochemical wastewater by UV/H2O2 photodecomposed system[J]. Wat. Sci. Tech., 1997, 36(12): 357-365.
[154]. Christensen, H., Sehested, K., Corfitzen, H. Reactions of hydroxyl radicals with hydrogen peroxide at ambient and elevated temperatures[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1982, 86(9): 1588-1590.
[155]. Sedlak, D. L., Andren, A. W. Oxidation of chlorobenzene with Fenton's reagent[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1991, 25(4): 777-782.
[156]. Asmus, K. D., Cercek, B., Ebert, M., Henglein, A., Wigger, A. Pulse radiolysis of nitrobenzene solution[J]. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1967, 63, 2435-2441.
[157]. Wojnarovits, L., Kovacs, A., Foldiak, G. Spectral characteristics of monosubstituted phenoxyl radicals[J]. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 1997, 50(4): 377-379
[158]. Takezaki, M., Hirota, N., Terazima, M. Nonradiative Relaxation Processes and Electronically ExcitedStates of Nitrobenzene Studied by Picosecond Time-Resolved Transient Grating Method[J]. J. Phys. Chem. A., 1997, 01(19): 3443-3448.
[159]. Hurley, R., Testa, A. C. Photochemical n→π~* Excitation of Nitrobenzene[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1966, 88(19): 4330-4332.
[160]. Takezaki, M., Hirota, N., Terazima, M. Relaxation of nitrobenzene from the excited singlet state[J]. J. Chem. Phys., 1998, 108: 4685-4686.
[161]. Johnson, D. W., Salmon, G. A. The yield and extinction coefficient of the solvated electron in methanol: pulse radiolysis of nitrobenzene and tetranitromethane solutions[J]. Can. J. Chem. 1977, 55: 2030-2043.
[162]. Wojnarovits, L., Kovaics, A., Foldiak, G. Spectral characteristics of monosubstituted phenoxyl radicals[J]. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 1997, 50(4): 377-379.
[163]. Galloway, D. B., Bartz, J. A., Huey, L. G., Crim, F. F. Pathways and kinetic energy disposal in the photodissociation of nitrobenzene[J]. J. Chem. Phys., 1993, 98: 2107-2114.
[164]. Nahor, G. S., Rabani, J. Pulse radiolysis of nitrobenzene in aqueous solutions containing colloidal platinum[J].. J. Phys. Chem., 1985, 89: 4541-4546.
[165].罗泽娇,靳孟贵.地下水三氮污染的研究进展[J].水文地质工程地质,2002,29(4):65-69.
[166].唐孝炎.大气环境化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1990:266
[167]. Maud, L., Didier, V.,Nadine, C., Anne, M., Bernard, A. A model for tropospheric multiphase chemistry: application to one cloudy event during the CIME experiment[J]. Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34(29-30): 5015-5036.
[168]. Treinin, A, Hayon, E. Absorption Spectra and Reaction Kinetics of NO_2, N_2O_3, and N_2O_4 In Aqueous Solution[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1970, 92 (20) :5821-5828.
[169]. Cox R A. The Photolysis of Nitrous Acid[J]. Journal of photochemistry, 1974, 3: 175-188.
[170]. Willson, R. L., Greenstock, C. L., Adams, G. E., Wageman, R., Dorfman, L. M. The standardization of hydroxyl radical rate data from radiation chemistry[J].. Int. J. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 1971, 3: 211-220.
[171]. Minh-Tho Nguyen, Anthony, F. H. Protonation of Nitrous Acid And Formation of the Nitrosating Agent NO+: an Ab Initio Study[J].J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans.Ⅱ, 1984: 2037-2041.
[172]. Saha, A., Goldstein, S., Cabelli, D., Czapski, G. Determination of optimal conditions for synthesis of peroxynitrite by mixing acidified hydrogen peroxide with nitrite[J]. Free radical Biology & Medicine, 1998, 24 (4): 653-659.
[173]. Akhter, S., Green, J. R., Root, P., Thatcher, G. J. Mutus, B. Peroxynitrite and NO~+ Donors Form Colored Nitrite Adducts with Sinapinic Acid: Potential Applications[J].Nitric Oxide-Biology and Chemistry, 2003,8 (4): 214-221.
[174]. Reents, W. D., Freiser, J. B. S. Gas-phase nitrosation of benzene. Implications for solution electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102(1):271-276.
[175]. Roder,M.,Wojnarovits,L.,Foldiak,G.. Pulse adiolysis of aqueous solutions of aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of oxygen[J]. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 1990, 36 (2): 175-176.
[176]. Mvula,E.,Schuchmann, M. N., von Sonntag, C. Reactions of phenol-OH-adduct radicals. Phenoxyl radical formation by water elimination vs. oxidation by dioxygen[J]. Journal of the Chemical Society-Perkin Transactions 2, 2001, 3: 264-268.
[177]. Adachi, A., Okano, T. Generation of cyanide ion by the reaction of phenol with nitrous acid in wastewater[J]. Chemosphere, 2003, 51 (5): 441-443.
[178]. Brown, R. D. Charge-transfer complexes and the mechanism of aromatic substitution. Part Ⅰ. General theory[J]. J. Chem. Soc. 1959, 81: 2224-2232.
[179].汪小兰.有机化学[M],北京:高等教育出版社,2000:60-61,112-115.
[180]. Pradyot, P.; Khoury, J. N. Reaction of phenol with nitrite ion: pathways of formation of nitrophenols in environmental waters[J]. Water Research, 2004, 38 (1) :206-210.
[181]. Vaughan, P. P., Blough, N. V. Photochemical Formation of Hydroxyl Radical by Constituents of Natural Waters[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol.,1998, 32(19): 2947-2953.
[182]. Dzengel, J., Theurich, J., Bahnemann, D. W. Formation of Nitroaromatic Compounds in Advanced Oxidation Processes: Photolysis versus Photocatalysis[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1999, 33(2): 294-300.
[183].邓景发,范康年.物理化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1993:699-724
[184] Nata, P.,Hoffman, M. Z.,.Simic, M. Electron spin resonance and pulse radiolysis studies of the reactions of OH and O~- radicals with aromatic and olefinic compounds[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1972, 76(6): 847-853.
[185]. Manfred,K.,Eberhardt.Radiation-induced homolytic aromatic substitution.Ⅲ. Hydroxylation and nitration of benzene[J]. J. Phys. Chem.,1975, 79(11): 1067-1069.
[186].刘家富,郑钦华,陈洪清,余祚溅,林永添,三沙湾的水质状况[J].台湾海峡,2003,22(2):201-204.
[187].杜宝汉,日中洱海生态调查[J].海洋与湖沼,1994,25(5):532-538.
[188].袁建军,谢嘉华,泉州湾近岸海域水质状况调查与评价[J].台湾海峡,2003,22(1):14-18.
[187].杨桂朋,戚佳琳,海水中萘的光化学降解研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2003,34(1):56-66.
[188]. LichtscheidI,J.,Getoff, N.Reaktionen der H-Radikale mit aromatischen Halogenvbindungen in wa β riger Losung[J]. Mh. Chem.,1979, 110: 1377-1386.
[2].钱易,汤鸿霄,文湘华.水体颗粒物和难降解的有机物的特性与控制技术原理(下卷)—难降解有机物[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2000:1
[3].樊耀波.水科技发展及在人类社会发展中的应用[J].环境科学进展,1998,6(5):63-74.
[4]. Tabak, H., Stephen, A. Q. Biodegradability studies with organic priority pollution compounds. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation[J]. 1981, 53(10): 1503-1509.
[5].唐森本,王欢畅,葛碧洲,朱晓云.环境有机污染化学[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1996:12-20.
[6].蔡宏道,鲁业生.环境医学[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990:20-23.
[7].余刚,黄俊,张彭义.持久性有机污染物:备受关注的全球性环境问题[J].环境保护,2001,4:37-39.
[8].程能林,胡生闻,溶剂手册(上册)[M1.北京:化学工业出版社,1986:238—250.
[9].化学化工大辞典编委会.化学化工大辞典(上、下册)[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003:97,1532,2485.
[10].徐海燕,胡迪生.苯毒性作用机制研究进展[J].国外医学卫生学分册,1998,25(3):129-132.
[11]. William, A. W., Oberheitmann, B., Harms, C. Assessing DNA damage and health risk using biomarkers[J]. Mutation Research, 2002, 509(1～2): 153-163.
[12]. Chaney, A. M., Carlson, G. P. Comparison of rat hepatic and pulmonary microsomal metabolism of benzene and the lack of benzene-induced pneumotoxicity and hepatotoxicity[J]. Toxicology, 1995, 104(1～3): 53-62.
[13]. Nunes-Halldorson, V. D., Steiner, R. L., Smith, G. B. Residual toxicity after biodegradation: interactions among benzene, toluene, and chloroform[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2004, 57 (2): 162-167.
[14]. Powley, M. W., Carlson, G. P. Species comparison of hepatic and pulmonary metabolism of benzene[J]. Toxicology, 1999, 139 (3): 207-217.
[15]. Farre, M., Barcelo, D. Toxicity testing of wastewater and sewage sludge by biosensors, bioassays and chemical analysis[J]. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2003, 22 (5): 299-310.
[16]. Yen, J. H., Lin, K. H., Wang, Y. S. Acute lethal toxicity of environmental pollutants to aquatic organisms. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2002, 52 (2): 113-116.
[17]. Lin, Z. F., Shi, P, Gao, S. X., Wang, L. S. Yu, H. X. Use of partition coefficients to predict mixture toxicity[J]. Water Research, 2003, 37 (9): 2223-2227.
[18].陈小东,吕永生,朱惠刚.六氯苯与健康危害[J].中国公共卫生,2000,16(9):849-851.
[19]. Halfon, E., Reggiani, M. G. On ranking chemicals for environmental hazard[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1986, 20(11): 1173—1179.
[20].[日]崛口博著,刘文宗等译.公害与毒物、危险物(有机篇)[M].北京:石油化学工业出版社,1978:74—82,96,152—162.
[21]. Ona, Y., Somiya, I., Kawaguchi, T., Genotoxic evaluation of aromatic organochlorine compounds by using the umu test[J]. Water Sci. Technol., 1992, 26(1-2): 61-69.
[22]. Khalil, A. M., Odeh, M. M. T., Genetic toxicology of benzene and its derivatives in rat bone marrow cell cultures[J]. Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 1994, 45(3-4): 157-66.
[23]. Hirota, K., Hakoda, T., Arai, H., Hashimoto, S. Dechlorination of chlorobenzene in air with electron beam[J]. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 2000, 57: 63-73.
[24].韩春华,吴萍,王起恩,管增伟.硝基苯对肝癌细胞系的细胞毒性机制[J].中华预防医学杂志,2001,35(1):48-50.
[25].邓南圣,吴峰.环境光化学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003:70-117
[26]. Qian, J. G., Mopper, K., Kieber, D. J. Photochemical production of the hydroxyl radical in Antarctic waters[J]. Deep-Sea Research Part Ⅰ-Oceanographic Research Papers, 2001, 48 (3): 741-759.
[27]. Cooper, W. J.; Zika, R. G.. Photochemical formation of hydrogen peroxide in surface and ground waters exposed to sunlight[J]. Science, 1983, 220: 711-712.
[28]. Cooper, W. J.: Zika, R. G..: Petasne, R. G.: Plane, J. M. C. Photochemical formation of hydrogen peroxide in natural waters exposed to sunlight[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1988, 22(10): 1156-1160.
[29]. Yocis, B. H., Kieber, D. J., Mopper, K. Photochemical production of hydrogen peroxide in Antarctic Waters[J]. Deep-Sea Research Part Ⅰ-Oceanographic Research Papers, 2000, 47(6): 1077-1099.
[30]. Yuan, J. C., Shiller, A. M. The distribution of hydrogen peroxide in the Southern and central Atlantic Ocean[J]. Deep-Sea Research Part Ⅱ-Topical Studies in Anography, 2001, 48 (13): 2947-2970.
[31]. Draper, W. M., Crosby, D. G. The photochemical generation of hydrogen peroxide in natural waters[J]. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1983. 12: 121N126.
[32].邓健,许金生,陈文,袁亚莉.湘江衡阳段水体中氮含量的动态变化及成因分析[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2001,11(4):398-399.
[33].张为民.影响饮用自来水亚硝酸盐的几个主要因素[J].食品科学,2003,24(8):234-236.
[34].袁建生.水源水中氮元素化合物与相关污染指标间的关系分析[j].中国公共卫生,2000,16(5):452-453.
[35].朱赖民,暨卫东.夏季南海水团垂直分布的聚类分析研究[J],海洋湖沼通报,2002,4:1-6.
[36]. Wong, G. T. F., Gong, G.. C., Liu, K. K., Pai, S. C. 'Excess nitrate' in the East China Sea[J]. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 1998, 46 (3): 411-418.
[37]. Wong, G. T. F., Chung, S. W., Shiah, F. K., Chen, C. C., Wen, L. S., Liu, K. K. Nitrate anomaly in the upper nutricline in the northern South China Sea-Evidence for nitrogen fixation[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2002, 29 (23): 2097.
[38]. Okafor, P. N., Ogbonna, U. I. Nitrate and nitrite contamination of water sources and fruit juices marketed in South-Eastern Nigeria[J]. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2003, 16(2): 213-218.
[39]. Faust, B. C., Zepp, R. G. Photochemistry of aqueous iron(Ⅲ)-polycarboxylate complexes: roles in the chemistry of atmospheric and surface waters[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1993, 27(12): 2517-2522.
[40]. Paciolla, M. D., Davies, G., Jansen, S. A. Generation of Hydroxyl Radicals from Metal-Loaded Humic Acids[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33(11): 1814-1818.
[41]. Voelker, B. M., Sulzberger, B. Effects of Fulvic Acid on Fe(Ⅱ) Oxidation by Hydrogen Peroxide[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30(4): 1106-1114.
[42]. Faust, B. C., Allen, J. M. Aqueous-phase photochemical formation of hydroxyl radical in authentic cloudwaters and fogwaters[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1993, 27(6): 1221-1224.
[43]. Seinfeld, J. H., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics of Air Pollution..John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1986
[44]. Zabarnick, S. Kinetics of the Reaction OH+NO+M->HONO+M as a Function of Temperature and Pressure in the Presence of Argon, SF_6, and N_2 Bath Gas[J]. Chem. Phys. 1993, 171: 265-273.
[45]. Liousse, C., Penner, J. E., Chuang, C., Walton, J. J., Eddleman, H., Cachier, H. Aglobalthree-dimensional model study of carbonaceous aerosols[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 1996, 101 (D14): 19411-19432.
[46]. Gerecke, A., Thielmann A., Gutzwiller L., Rossi M. J. The chemical kinetics of HONO formation resulting from heterogeneous interaction of NO_2 with flame soot[J]. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1998, 25: 2453-2456.
[47]. Longfellow, C. A., Ravishankara, A. R., Hanson, D. R. Reactive uptake on hydrocarbon soot: Focus on NO_2[J]. J. Geophys. Res. -Atmospheres, 1999, 104(D11): 13833-13840.
[48]. Al-Abadleh, H. A., Grassian, V. H., Heterogeneous reaction of NO_2 on hexane soot: A Knudsen cell and FT-IR study[J]. J. Phys. Chem. A, 2000, 104: 11926-11933.
[49]. Ammann, M., Kalbere, M., Jost, D. T., Tobler, L., Rossler, E., Piguet, D., Gaggeler, H. W., Baltensperger, U. Heterogeneous production of nitrous acid on soot in polluted air masses [J]. Nature, 1998, 395: 157-160.
[50]. Goodman, A. L.,Underwood, G. M., Grassian, V. H. Heterogeneous reaction of NO_2: Characterization of gas-phase and adsorbed products from the reaction, 2NO_2(g)+H_2O(a)->HONO(g)+HNO_3(a) on hydrated silica particles[J]. J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103: 7217-7223.
[51]. Park, J. Y., Lee, Y. N. Solubility and decomposition kinetics of nitrous acid in aqueous solution[J]. J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92: 6294-6302.
[52]. Li, S. M. Particulate and snow nitrite in the spring Arctic troposphere[J]. Atmos. Environ. Part A-General topics. 1993, 27: 2959-2967.
[53]. Lammel, G., Metzig, G. On the occurrence of nitrite in urban fogwater[J]. Chemosphere, 1998, 37: 1603-1614.
[54]. Cape, J. N.,Hargreaves, K. J., Storetonwest, R., Fowler, D., Colvile, R. N., Choularton, T. W., Gallaghe r, M. W. Nitrite in orographic cloud as an indicator of nitrous acid in rural air[J]. Atmos. Environ. Part A-General Topics, 1992, 26: 2301-2307.
[55]. Acker, K., Mertes, S., Moller, D., Wieprecht, W., Auel, R., Kalass, D. Case study of cloud physical and chemical processes in low clouds at Mt. Brocken[J]. Atmos. Res. 2002, 64(1-4): 41-51.
[56]. Arakaki T., Miyake T., Shibata M., Sakugawa H. Photochemical formation and scavenging of hydroxyl radical in rain and dew waters[J]. Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 1999, 5: 335-340.
[57]. Rubio, M. A., Lissi E., Villena G.. Nitrite in rain and dew in Sandiago city, Chilie. Its possible impact on the early morning start of the photochemical smog[J]. Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36: 293-297.
[58]. Kieber, R. J., Rhines, M. F., Willey, J. D., Avery, G. B. Nitrite variability in coastal north Carolina rainwater and its impact on the nitrogen cycle in rain[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1999, 33 (3): 373-377.
[59]. Arakaki, T., Miyake, T., Shibata, M., Sakugawa, H. Measurement of photochemically formed hydroxyl radical in rain and dew waters[J]. Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 1998, (9): 619-625
[60]. Anastasio, C., McGregor, K. G. Chemistry of fog waters in California's Central Valley: 1. In situ photoformation of hydroxyl radical and singlet molecular oxygen[J]. Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35 (6): 1079-1089
[61]. Lind, J. A., KokG.. L. J. Henry's law Determinations for Aqueous Solutions of Hydrogen Peroxide, Methylhydroperoxide, and Peroxyacetic Acid[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1986, 91D: 7889-7895.
[62]. Gunz, D. W., Hoffmann, M. R. Atmospheric Chemistry of Peroxides-a Review[J].Atmospheric Environment PartA-General Topics, 1990, 24 (7): 1601-1633.
[63]. Yuan, J. C., Shiller, A. M. The variation of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater over the South and Central Atlantic Ocean[J]. Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34 (23): 3973-3980.
[64]. Ortiz, V., Rubio, M. A., Lissi, E. A. Hydrogen peroxide deposition and decomposition in rain and dew waters[J]. Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34 (7): 1139-1146.
[65]. Shimo, N., Nakashima, N., Yoshihara, K. Laser Flash Photolysis of Benzene. Ⅵ. Photolysis in Aqueous Solution[J]. The Chemical Society of Japan, 1983, 56: 389-391.
[66]. Bunce, N. J., Ingoid, K. U. ,Landers, J. P., Lusztyk, J., Scaiano, J. C. Kinetic study of the photochlorination of 2,3-dimethylbutane and other alkanes in solution in the presence of benzene[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1985, 107(19): 5464-5472.
[67]. Luria, M.; Stein, G. L. Photochemistry of benzene in oxygenated aqueous solution in the B2u first excited singlet state[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1972, 76(2): 165-171.
[68]. Kovacs, A., Wojnarovits, L., Foldiak, G.,Horvath, A. Radiation induced reactions in the ethanol-monochlorobenzene dosimeter solution[J]. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 1993, 41(3): 521-526.
[69]. Previtali, C. M., Ebbesen, T. W., Photophysics of chlorobenzene in cyclohexane[J].J. Photochem., 1984, 27: 9-15.
[70]. Previtali, C. M., Ebbesen, T. W. Laser flash photolysis of chlorobenzene in polar solvents[J]. J. Photochem., 1985, 30: 259-267.
[71]. Alfassi, Z. B., Previtali, C. M. Triplet state properties of cichlorobenzenes[J]. J. Photochem., 1985, 30: 133-140.
[72]. Previtali, C. M., Triplet state properties of trichlorobenzenes: a laser flash photolysis study[J]. J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 1988, 41(2): 147-53.
[73]. Szaflarski, D. M., Simon, J. D., El-Sayed, M. A., The formation of C_6H_4Cl~+ from 1,4-dichlorobenzene studied by picosecond multiphoton mass spectrometry[J]. Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 1986, 620: 57-62.
[74]. Bunce, N. J., Bergsma, J. P., Bergsma, M. D., Graaf, W. D., Kumar, Y., Ravanal, L. Structure and mechanism in the photoreduction of aryl chlorides in alkane solvents[J]. J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45(18): 3708-3713.
[75]. Takezaki, M., Hirota, N., Terazima, M. Relaxation of nitrobenzene from the excited singlet state[J]. Journal of Chemical Physics, 1998, 108 (11): 4685-4686.
[76]. Dunbar, R. C. Time-resolved photodissociation of chlorbenzene ion in the ICR spectrometer[J]. J. Phys. Chem.,1987, 91(11): 2801-2804.
[77]. Klan, P., Ansorgova, A., Favero, D. D., Holoubek, I. Photochemistry of chlorobenzene in ice[J]. Tetrahedron Letters, 2000, 41 (40): 7785-7789.
[78]. Galloway, D. B., Bartz, J. A., Huey, L. G., Crim, F. F. Pathways and Kinetic-Energy Disposal in the Photodissociation of Nitrobenzene[J]. Journal of Chemical Physics, 1993, 98 (3): 2107-2114
[79]. Schuler, R. H., Albarran, G. The rate constants for reaction of (OH)-O-center dot radicals with benzene and toluene[J]. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 2002, 64 (3): 189-195.
[80]. Gordon, S., Schmidt, K. H., Hart, E. J. A pulse radiolysis study of aqueous benzene solutions[J]. J. Phys. Chem. 1977,81 (2): 104-109.
[81]. Mohan, H., Mittal, J. P. Pulse Radiolysis Investigations on Acidic Aqueous Solutions of Benzene: Formation of Radical Cations[J]. J. Phys. Chem. A., 1999, 103(3): 379-383.
[82]. Ashton, L., Buxton, G. V., Stuart, C. R. Temperature-dependence of the rate of reaction of oh with some aromatic-compounds in aqueous-solution-evidence for the formation of a pi-complex intermediate[J]. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 1995, 91 (11): 1631-1633.
[83]. Kartasheva, L. I., Chulkov, V. N., Didenko, O. A. Makarov, I. E., Pikaev, A. K. On the radiolysis mechanism of aqueous chlorobenzene solutions[J]. High Energy Chemistry, 1998, 32 (4): 216-220.
[84]. Mohan, H., Mittal, J. P. Formation of radical cations of chlorobenzene in aqueous solutions. A pulse radiolysis study[J]. Chem. Phys. Lett., 1995, 235: 444—449.
[85]. Mohan, H., Mudaliar, M., Aravindakumar, C. T., Rao, B. S. M., Mittal, J. P. Studiesonstructure-reactivity in the reaction of OH radicals with substituted halobenzenes in aqueous solution[J]. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 1991, 9: 1387-1392.
[86]. Merga, G.,Aravindakumar, C. T., Rao, B. S. M. Pulse radiolysis study of the reactions of SO_4—with some substituted benzenes in aqueous solution[J]. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans.,1994, 90(4): 597-604
[87]. Merga, G., Schuchmann, H. P., Rao, B. S. M., von Sonntag, C. OH radical-induced oxidation of chlorobenzene in aqueous solution in the absence and presence of oxygen[J]. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 1996. (6): 1097-1103.
[88]. Asmus, K. D., Cercek, B., Ebert, M., Henglein, A., Wigger, A. Pulse radiolysis of nitrobenzene solution[J]. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1967, 63: 2435-2441.
[89]. Marin, T. W., Cline, J. A., Takahashi, K., Bartels, D. M., Jonah, C. D. Pulse radiolysis of supercritical water. 2. Reaction of nitrobenzene with hydrated electrons and hydroxyl radicals[J]. J. Phys. Chem. A, 2002, 106 (51): 12270-12279.
[90]. Feng, J., Aki, S. N. V. K., Chateauneuf, J. E., Brennecke, J. F. Hydroxyl Radical Reactivity with Nitrobenzene in Subcritical and Supercritical Water[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2002, 124(22): 6304-6311.
[91]. Pozdnyakov, I. P., Glebov, E. M., Plyusnin, V. F., Grivin, V. P., Ivanov, Y. V., Vorobyev, D. Y., Bazhin, N. M. Mechanism of Fe(OH)~(2+) (aq) photolysis in aqueous solution[J]. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2000, 72 (11): 2187-2197
[92]. Pozdnyakov, I. P., Glebov, E. M., Plyusnin, V. F., Grivin, V. P., Ivanov, Y. V., Vorobyev, D. Y., Bazhin, N. M. Hydroxyl radical formation upon photolysis of the Fe(OH)~(2+) complex in aqueous solution[J]. Mendeleev Communications, 2000, (5): 185-186.
[93]. Martire, D. O., Rosso, J. A., Bertolotti, S., Le Roux, G. C., Braun, A. M., Gonzalez, M. C. Kinetic Study of the Reactions of Chlorine Atoms and Cl_2~-Radical Anions in Aqueous Solutions. Ⅱ. Toluene, Benzoic Acid, and Chlorobenzene[J]. J. Phys. Chem. A., 2001, 105(22): 5385-5392.
[94]. Fischer, M., Warneck, P. Photodecomposition of nitrite and undissociated nitrous acid in aqueous solution[J]. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100: 18749-18756.
[95]. Kochany, J., Bolton,J. R. Mechanism of photodegradation of aqueous organic pollutants. 2. Measurement of the primary rate constants for reaction of hydroxyl radicals with benzene and some halobenzenes using an EPR spin-trapping method following the photolysis of hydrogen peroxide[J]. Environ. Sci. TechnoL, 1992, 26(2): 262-265.
[96]. Jacob, N., Balakrishnan, I., Reddy, M. P.Characterization of the hydroxyl radical in some photochemical reactions[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1977, 81(1): 17-22.
[97]. Einschlag, F. S. G., Lopez, J., Carlos, L., Capparelli, A. L., Braun, A. M., Oliveros, E. Evaluation of the efficiency of photodegradation of nitroaromatics applying the UV/H_2O_2 technique[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2002, 36 (18): 3936-3944.
[98]. Einschlag, F. S. G., Carlos, L., Capparelli, A. L., Braun, A. M., Oliveros, E. Degradation of nitroaromatic compounds by the UV-H_2O_2 process using polychromatic radiation sources[J]. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 2002, 1(7): 520-525.
[99]. Dilmeghani,M.,ahir,K.O.Kinetics and mechanism of chlorobenzene degradation in aqueous samples using advanced oxidation processes[J]. Journal of Evironmental Qality, 2001, 30 (6): 2062-2070.
[100]. Vione, D.,Maurino, V., Minero, C., Pelizzetti, E. New Processes in the Environmental Chemistry of Nitrite: Nitration of Phenol upon Nitrite Photoinduced Oxidation[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2002, 36(4): 669-676.
[101]. Vione, D., Maurino, V., Minero, C., Pelizzetti, E. Phenol photonitration upon UV irradiation of nitrite in aqueous solution I: Effects of oxygen and 2-propanol[J]. Chemosphere, 2001, 45 (6-7): 893-902.
[102]. Vione, D., Maurino, V., Minero, C., Pelizzetti, E. Phenol photonitration upon UV irradiation of nitrite in aqueous solution Ⅱ: effects of pH and TiO_2[J]. Chemosphere, 2001, 45 (6-7): 903-910.
[103]. Vione, D., Maurino, V., Pelizzetti E., Minero, C. Phenol photonitration and photonitrosation upon nitrite photolysis in basic solution[J]. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2004, 84 (6-7): 493-504.
[104]. Vione, D., Maurino, V., Minero, C., Pelizzetti, E. Phenol nitration upon oxidation of nitrite by Mn(Ⅲ, Ⅳ) (hydr)oxides[J]. Chemosphere, 2004,55 (7): 941-949.
[105]. Vione, D., Maurino, V., Minero, C., Pelizzetti, E. Nitration and hydroxylation of benzene in the presence of nitrite/nitrous acid in aqueous solution[J]. Chemosphere, 2004, 56 (11): 1049-1059.
[106]. Vione, D., Maurino, V., Minero, C., Pelizzetti, E. Nitration and photonitration of naphthalene in aqueous systems[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2005, 39 (4): 1101-1110.
[107]. Machado, F, boule, P. Photonitration and Photonitrosation of Phenolic Derivatives Induced in Aqueous-Solution by Excitation of Nitrite and Nitrate ions[J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-Chemistry, 1995, 86 (1-3): 73-80.
[108]. Patnaik, P., Khoury, J. N. Reaction of phenol with nitrite ion: pathways of formation of nitrophenols in environmental waters[J]. Water Research, 2004, 38 (1): 206-210
[109]. Rodriguez, M., Kirchner, A., Contreras, S., Chamarro, E., Esplugas, S. Influence of H_2O_2 and Fe(Ⅲ) in the photodegradation of nitrobenzene[J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-Chemistry, 2000, 133 (1-2): 123-127.
[110]. Rodriguez, M.,Abderrazik, N. B.,Contreras, S., Chamarro, E., Gimenez, J.,Esplugas, S.Iron(Ⅲ) photoxidation of organic compounds in aqueous solutions[J]. Applied Catalysis B-environmental, 2002, 7(2): 131-137.
[111]. Bhatkhande, D. S., Kamble, S. P., Sawant, S. B., Pangarkar, V. G. Photocatalytic and photochemical degradation of nitrobenzene using artificial ultraviolet light[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2004, 102 (3): 283-290.
[112]. Harrison, M. A. J., Barra, S.; Borghesi, D., Vione, D., Arsene, C., Olariu, R. L. Nitrated phenols in the atmosphere: a review [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2005, 39 (2): 231-248.
[113].宋钦华,徐业平,李全新,陈从香.激光闪光光解及其在凝聚相光化学中的应用[J].化学通报,1998,8:17-21.
[114].[美]D.O.科恩,R.L.德里斯科著,丁树明,史永基.有机光化学原理[M],北京:科学出版社,1989,78-90.
[115].虞群,叶建平,寿涵森,激光闪光光解技术简介[J].化学通报,1989,(5):51—53.
[116].窦大营,赵红卫,苗金玲,李荣群,王文锋,姚思德.辐射化学在环境激素研究中的应用[J].安全与环境学报,2002,(3):51-54.
[117]. Dorfman, L. M. Principles and techniques of radiation chemistry[J]. J. Chem. Edu., 1981, 58 (2:) 84—87.
[118].王淑惠,利用瞬态技术研究水体中卤代芳烃的微观反应,上海:复旦大学硕士学位论文,2000
[119].谷珉珉,贾韵仪,姚子鹏编著.有机化学实验[M],上海:复旦大学出版社,1991:382
[120]. Michael, B. D., Hart. E. J. Rate constants of hydrated electron, hydrogen atom, and hydroxyl radical reactions with benzene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, and cyclohexene[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1970, 74(15): 2878-2884.
[121].邢其毅,徐瑞秋,周政,裴伟伟.基础有机化学《第二版》(上册)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1998:505.
[122].张周恩,姚思德,王文锋,林维真,林念芸.阿魏酸芥子酸清除亚硝基自由基的动力学研究[J].环境科学学报,1998,18(4):396-400.
[123]. Ouyang, B., Dong, W. B., Hou, H. Q. A laser flash photolysis study of nitrous acid in the aqueous phase[J]. Chemical Physics Letters, 2005, 402 (4-6): 306-311.
[124]. John M., Bolton, J. R. Photochemistry of nitrite and nitrate in aqueous solution: a review[J]. J. Photochem. Photobi. A: Chem., 1999, 128: 1-13.
[125]. Draganic, Z. D.; Draganic, I. G. Origin of primary hydrogen peroxide yield in the. gamma. radiolysis of water[J]. J. Phys. Chem. 1969, 73(8): 2571-2577.
[126]. Nakashima, N., Yoshihara. K. Laser photolysis of benzene. V. Formation of hot benzene[J]. Journal of Chemical Physics, 1982, 77(12): 6040-6050.
[127]. Yu, X. Y., Barker, J. R. Hydrogen Peroxide Photolysis in Acidic Aqueous Solutions Containing Chloride Ions. Ⅱ. Quantum Yield of HO (Aq) Radicals[J]. J. Phys. Chem. A., 2003, 107(9): 1325-1332.
[128]. Yu, X. Y., Barker, J. R. Hydrogen Peroxide Photolysis in Acidic Aqueous Solutions Containing Chloride Ions. I. Chemical Mechanism[J]. J. Phys. Chem. A. 2003, 107(9): 1313-1324.
[129]. Pastina, B., LaVerne, J. A. Hydrogen Peroxide Production in the Radiolysis of Water with Heavy Ions[J]. J. Phys. Chem. A., 1999, 103(11): 1592-1597.
[130]. Matheson, M. S., Mamou, A., Silverman, J., Rabani, J. Reaction of hydroxyl radicals with polyethylene oxide in aqueous solution[J]. J. Phys. Chem. 1973, 77(20): 2420-2424.
[131]. Buxton, G. V., Greenstock, C. L., Helman, W. P., Ross, A. B. Critical review of rate constants for reactions of hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals (OH/O-) in aqueous solution[J]. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1988, 17: 513-886.
[132]. Mantake, A, Marketons, D. G., Stein, G. Continuous. gamma. and pulse radiolysis of aqueous benzene solutions. Reactions of the hydroxycyclohexadienyl radical[J]J. Phys. Chem., 1971, 75(25): 3886-3889.
[133]. Pan X. M., Von Sonntog C. OH-radical-induced oxidation of benzene in the presence of oxygen-R.+O_2-reversible-RO_2,.equilibria in aqueous-solution - a pulse-radiolysis study[J]. Z. Naturforsch., B, Chem. Sci., 1990, 45(9): 1337-1340.
[134]. Stein, G., Weiss,J .Some free-reaction of phenol. The action of the hydrogen peroxide-ferrous salt reagent and of X-rays on aqueous solution of phenol[J]. J. Chem. Soc., 1951: 3265-3278.
[135]. Kaplan, L., Wendling, L. A., Wilzbach, K. E. Photooxidation of aqueous benzene. I. Identification of the product as 1,3-cyclopentadiene-1-carboxaldehyde[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1971, 93(15): 3819-3820.
[136]. Kaplan,L.,Wendling,L.A.,Wilzbach,K.E. Photooxidation of aqueous benzene.Ⅱ. Role of benzvalene in the formation of cyclopentadienecarboxaldehyde[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1971, 93(15): 3821-3822.
[137]. Luria, M., Stein, G Photochemistry of benzene in oxygenated aqueous solution in the B2u first excited singlet state[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1972, 76(2): 165-171.
[138]. Matthews, R. W., Sangster, D. F.Measurement by Benzoate Radiolytic Decarboxylation of Relative Rate Constants for Hydroxyl Radical Reactions[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1965, 69(6): 1938-1946.
[139]. Stafford, U., Gray, K. A., Kamat, P. V. Radiolytic and TiO_2-Assisted Photocatalytic Degradation of 4-Chlorophenol. A Comparative Study[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1994, 98(25): 6343-6351.
[140].王绍文;罗志腾:钱雷,高浓度有机废水处理技术与工程应用[M],北京:中国冶金工业出版社,2003:292.
[141]. Berdnikov V. M., Bazhin N. M., Oxidation-reduction potentials of certain inorganic radicals in aqueous solutions[J]. Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 1970, 44(3): 395-398.
[142]. Koppenol W. H., Liebman J. F. The oxidizing nature of the hydroxyl radical. A comparison with the ferryl ion (FeO~(2+))[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1984, 88(1): 99-101.
[143]. Klaning U. K.,Sehested K.,Holcman J. Standard Gibbs energy of formation of the hydroxyl radical in aqueous solution. Rate constants for the reaction chlorite (ClO_2~-)+ozone. dblarw. ozone(1-)+chlorine dioxide[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1985, 89(5): 760-763
[144]. Nagaoka, S., Takemura, T., Baba, H., Koga, N., Morokuma, K. Ab initio study on the low-lying triplet states of chlorobenzene[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1986, 90(5): 759-763.
[145].朱承驻,于勇,潘循皙,董文博,侯惠奇.水相中CCl_4和CH_3Cl的紫外光解机理[J].环境科学,2001,22(3):6-10.
[146]. Getoff, N. Decomposition of biological resistant pollutants in water by irradiation[J]. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 1990, 35(1-3): 432-439.
[147]. Matthews, R. W., Sangster, D. F. Measurement by Benzoate Radiolytic Decarboxylation of Relative Rate Constants for Hydroxyl Radical Reactions[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1965, 69(6): 1938-1946.
[148]. Mohan, H., Mittal, J.. P., Formation of radical cations of chlorobenzene in aqueous solutions. A pulse radiolysis study[J]. Chemical Physical Letters, 1995, 235: 444-449.
[149].朱承驻,张仁熙,房豪杰,赵庆祥,侯惠奇,355nm光照下大气液相中HNO_2与C_6H_5Cl的反应机理研究[J].物理化学学报,2005,21(4):367-371.
[150]. Klein, G. W., Bhatia, K., Madhavan, V., Schuler, R. H. Reaction of hydroxyl radicals with benzoic acid. Isomer distribution in the radical intermediates[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1975,79(17): 1767-1774.
[151].吴季兰,戚生初,辐射化学[M],北京:原子能出版社,1993:156-173,181-195.
[152]. Drijvers, D., Langenhove, H. V., Vervaet, K. Sonolysis of chlorobenzene in aqueous solution: organic intermediates[J]. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 1998, 5: 13-19.
[153]. Juang, L. C., Tseng, D. H., Yang, S. C. Treatment of petrochemical wastewater by UV/H2O2 photodecomposed system[J]. Wat. Sci. Tech., 1997, 36(12): 357-365.
[154]. Christensen, H., Sehested, K., Corfitzen, H. Reactions of hydroxyl radicals with hydrogen peroxide at ambient and elevated temperatures[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1982, 86(9): 1588-1590.
[155]. Sedlak, D. L., Andren, A. W. Oxidation of chlorobenzene with Fenton's reagent[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1991, 25(4): 777-782.
[156]. Asmus, K. D., Cercek, B., Ebert, M., Henglein, A., Wigger, A. Pulse radiolysis of nitrobenzene solution[J]. Trans. Faraday Soc., 1967, 63, 2435-2441.
[157]. Wojnarovits, L., Kovacs, A., Foldiak, G. Spectral characteristics of monosubstituted phenoxyl radicals[J]. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 1997, 50(4): 377-379
[158]. Takezaki, M., Hirota, N., Terazima, M. Nonradiative Relaxation Processes and Electronically ExcitedStates of Nitrobenzene Studied by Picosecond Time-Resolved Transient Grating Method[J]. J. Phys. Chem. A., 1997, 01(19): 3443-3448.
[159]. Hurley, R., Testa, A. C. Photochemical n→π~* Excitation of Nitrobenzene[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1966, 88(19): 4330-4332.
[160]. Takezaki, M., Hirota, N., Terazima, M. Relaxation of nitrobenzene from the excited singlet state[J]. J. Chem. Phys., 1998, 108: 4685-4686.
[161]. Johnson, D. W., Salmon, G. A. The yield and extinction coefficient of the solvated electron in methanol: pulse radiolysis of nitrobenzene and tetranitromethane solutions[J]. Can. J. Chem. 1977, 55: 2030-2043.
[162]. Wojnarovits, L., Kovaics, A., Foldiak, G. Spectral characteristics of monosubstituted phenoxyl radicals[J]. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 1997, 50(4): 377-379.
[163]. Galloway, D. B., Bartz, J. A., Huey, L. G., Crim, F. F. Pathways and kinetic energy disposal in the photodissociation of nitrobenzene[J]. J. Chem. Phys., 1993, 98: 2107-2114.
[164]. Nahor, G. S., Rabani, J. Pulse radiolysis of nitrobenzene in aqueous solutions containing colloidal platinum[J].. J. Phys. Chem., 1985, 89: 4541-4546.
[165].罗泽娇,靳孟贵.地下水三氮污染的研究进展[J].水文地质工程地质,2002,29(4):65-69.
[166].唐孝炎.大气环境化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1990:266
[167]. Maud, L., Didier, V.,Nadine, C., Anne, M., Bernard, A. A model for tropospheric multiphase chemistry: application to one cloudy event during the CIME experiment[J]. Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34(29-30): 5015-5036.
[168]. Treinin, A, Hayon, E. Absorption Spectra and Reaction Kinetics of NO_2, N_2O_3, and N_2O_4 In Aqueous Solution[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1970, 92 (20) :5821-5828.
[169]. Cox R A. The Photolysis of Nitrous Acid[J]. Journal of photochemistry, 1974, 3: 175-188.
[170]. Willson, R. L., Greenstock, C. L., Adams, G. E., Wageman, R., Dorfman, L. M. The standardization of hydroxyl radical rate data from radiation chemistry[J].. Int. J. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 1971, 3: 211-220.
[171]. Minh-Tho Nguyen, Anthony, F. H. Protonation of Nitrous Acid And Formation of the Nitrosating Agent NO+: an Ab Initio Study[J].J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans.Ⅱ, 1984: 2037-2041.
[172]. Saha, A., Goldstein, S., Cabelli, D., Czapski, G. Determination of optimal conditions for synthesis of peroxynitrite by mixing acidified hydrogen peroxide with nitrite[J]. Free radical Biology & Medicine, 1998, 24 (4): 653-659.
[173]. Akhter, S., Green, J. R., Root, P., Thatcher, G. J. Mutus, B. Peroxynitrite and NO~+ Donors Form Colored Nitrite Adducts with Sinapinic Acid: Potential Applications[J].Nitric Oxide-Biology and Chemistry, 2003,8 (4): 214-221.
[174]. Reents, W. D., Freiser, J. B. S. Gas-phase nitrosation of benzene. Implications for solution electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102(1):271-276.
[175]. Roder,M.,Wojnarovits,L.,Foldiak,G.. Pulse adiolysis of aqueous solutions of aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of oxygen[J]. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 1990, 36 (2): 175-176.
[176]. Mvula,E.,Schuchmann, M. N., von Sonntag, C. Reactions of phenol-OH-adduct radicals. Phenoxyl radical formation by water elimination vs. oxidation by dioxygen[J]. Journal of the Chemical Society-Perkin Transactions 2, 2001, 3: 264-268.
[177]. Adachi, A., Okano, T. Generation of cyanide ion by the reaction of phenol with nitrous acid in wastewater[J]. Chemosphere, 2003, 51 (5): 441-443.
[178]. Brown, R. D. Charge-transfer complexes and the mechanism of aromatic substitution. Part Ⅰ. General theory[J]. J. Chem. Soc. 1959, 81: 2224-2232.
[179].汪小兰.有机化学[M],北京:高等教育出版社,2000:60-61,112-115.
[180]. Pradyot, P.; Khoury, J. N. Reaction of phenol with nitrite ion: pathways of formation of nitrophenols in environmental waters[J]. Water Research, 2004, 38 (1) :206-210.
[181]. Vaughan, P. P., Blough, N. V. Photochemical Formation of Hydroxyl Radical by Constituents of Natural Waters[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol.,1998, 32(19): 2947-2953.
[182]. Dzengel, J., Theurich, J., Bahnemann, D. W. Formation of Nitroaromatic Compounds in Advanced Oxidation Processes: Photolysis versus Photocatalysis[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1999, 33(2): 294-300.
[183].邓景发,范康年.物理化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1993:699-724
[184] Nata, P.,Hoffman, M. Z.,.Simic, M. Electron spin resonance and pulse radiolysis studies of the reactions of OH and O~- radicals with aromatic and olefinic compounds[J]. J. Phys. Chem., 1972, 76(6): 847-853.
[185]. Manfred,K.,Eberhardt.Radiation-induced homolytic aromatic substitution.Ⅲ. Hydroxylation and nitration of benzene[J]. J. Phys. Chem.,1975, 79(11): 1067-1069.
[186].刘家富,郑钦华,陈洪清,余祚溅,林永添,三沙湾的水质状况[J].台湾海峡,2003,22(2):201-204.
[187].杜宝汉,日中洱海生态调查[J].海洋与湖沼,1994,25(5):532-538.
[188].袁建军,谢嘉华,泉州湾近岸海域水质状况调查与评价[J].台湾海峡,2003,22(1):14-18.
[187].杨桂朋,戚佳琳,海水中萘的光化学降解研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2003,34(1):56-66.
[188]. LichtscheidI,J.,Getoff, N.Reaktionen der H-Radikale mit aromatischen Halogenvbindungen in wa β riger Losung[J]. Mh. Chem.,1979, 110: 1377-1386.