基于嵌入式系统的便携式落锤弯沉测试仪研究
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摘要
近年来,我国交通运输事业有了很大发展,公路及铁路的交通密度和负荷量日益增大,对交通建设的工程质量和进度均提出了新的更高要求。在道路施工中,以科学、合理的方法对路基填筑质量进行检测和监控是保证路基安全、保障正常施工的重要措施。通常的做法是,以路基密实度作为判断路基质量的指标。但这种方法有其明显的局限性:因为即使路基密实度相同,不同环境、不同条件下不同路基的力学性能指标仍可能有较大差异。所以,当前国内外更有代表性的做法是,在检测路基密实度的基础上,将路基的动态弹性模量作为反映路基承载力的压实标准。传统的强度及变形参数指标通过静态平板载荷试验测得,即检测路基系数K30。而路基实际承受的荷载不仅有静荷载,还有施工及车辆行驶对路基产生的动荷载。特别是施工中的高速公路或铁路,路基的稳定性和变形问题主要是由于动荷载引起的。所以,采用对路基的动态冲击产生的动应力及动应变指标作为路基填筑质量检测标准,是更为科学、合理的。
本文从工程应用实际要求出发,以突出便携式和非破坏性特点,设计研制了便携式落锤弯沉测试仪,通过一个落锤撞击路基来模拟路基所受到的动态受力情况,测得路基表面上的垂直位移和压力,再根据测量数据计算出路基的动态弹性模量,对路基的填筑质量进行评估。
本文分析便携式落锤弯沉测试仪的工作原理,着重介绍了仪器的硬件设计和软件设计。硬件设计包括传感器选型、小信号放大和采集、数据传输方式选择,根据便携式应用特点设计电源管理方案。软件设计重点是对采集数据进行数字信号处理的实现,提取真实信号并计算动态弹性模量。
With great developments on transportation, the density and load of highways and railways are growwing quickly year by year in our country. More and more new requirements are set forth on the quality of the transportation construction projects. While constructing highways or railways, to evaluate and monitor the filling quality in scientific and effective ways is the most important guarantee to the subgrade quality assurance. In normal construction evaluation, a method is used to calculate the dynamic resilient modulus by means of measuring of the intensity and deformation. The dynamic resilent modulus is therefore taken as the criteria to judge the subgrade compactness. The method has become a trend of the technology development to evaluate the quality of subgrade construction. Traditionally, such characteristics as intensity and deformation of the subgrade are obtained through static plate load testing, i.e. through measuring the subgrade coefficient K30. But actually, the subgrade stands not only the static load but also the dynamic load caused by the heavy traffic. Especially while building the subgrades of highways or railways, the subgrade stability is mainly effected by the dynamic load, as well as the distortion problem is mainly caused by. Therefore, the dynamic stress and dynamic strain index caused by dynamic shock on the subgrade are used as the testing criteria to evaluate the subgrade construction quality.
The thesis provides a method to design the Portable Falling Weight Deflectometer, trying to meet the engeneering practical application while emphasizing on such features as portability and non-destructiveness. At first, a falling weight is used to hit the subgrade, simulating the dynamic stress caused by the shock. Secondly, the vertical subsidence and pressure on the surface of the subgrade are measured. Finally, by making use of the measured data, the dynamic resilient modulus is estimated. And consequently, the construction quality of the subgrade is evaluated.
The thesis analyses the operating principle of the Protable Falling Weight Deflectometer, emphasizing on the hardware and the software design. The design of hardware includes the selection of sensors, the sampling and amplifying of the small signals, and selecting the modes of data transmission. The power management is specially designed to make the PFWD portable. The design of software highlights the realization of digital signal processing on acquired data, withdrawing of the real signal and estimating of the dynamical resilient modulus.
本文从工程应用实际要求出发,以突出便携式和非破坏性特点,设计研制了便携式落锤弯沉测试仪,通过一个落锤撞击路基来模拟路基所受到的动态受力情况,测得路基表面上的垂直位移和压力,再根据测量数据计算出路基的动态弹性模量,对路基的填筑质量进行评估。
本文分析便携式落锤弯沉测试仪的工作原理,着重介绍了仪器的硬件设计和软件设计。硬件设计包括传感器选型、小信号放大和采集、数据传输方式选择,根据便携式应用特点设计电源管理方案。软件设计重点是对采集数据进行数字信号处理的实现,提取真实信号并计算动态弹性模量。
With great developments on transportation, the density and load of highways and railways are growwing quickly year by year in our country. More and more new requirements are set forth on the quality of the transportation construction projects. While constructing highways or railways, to evaluate and monitor the filling quality in scientific and effective ways is the most important guarantee to the subgrade quality assurance. In normal construction evaluation, a method is used to calculate the dynamic resilient modulus by means of measuring of the intensity and deformation. The dynamic resilent modulus is therefore taken as the criteria to judge the subgrade compactness. The method has become a trend of the technology development to evaluate the quality of subgrade construction. Traditionally, such characteristics as intensity and deformation of the subgrade are obtained through static plate load testing, i.e. through measuring the subgrade coefficient K30. But actually, the subgrade stands not only the static load but also the dynamic load caused by the heavy traffic. Especially while building the subgrades of highways or railways, the subgrade stability is mainly effected by the dynamic load, as well as the distortion problem is mainly caused by. Therefore, the dynamic stress and dynamic strain index caused by dynamic shock on the subgrade are used as the testing criteria to evaluate the subgrade construction quality.
The thesis provides a method to design the Portable Falling Weight Deflectometer, trying to meet the engeneering practical application while emphasizing on such features as portability and non-destructiveness. At first, a falling weight is used to hit the subgrade, simulating the dynamic stress caused by the shock. Secondly, the vertical subsidence and pressure on the surface of the subgrade are measured. Finally, by making use of the measured data, the dynamic resilient modulus is estimated. And consequently, the construction quality of the subgrade is evaluated.
The thesis analyses the operating principle of the Protable Falling Weight Deflectometer, emphasizing on the hardware and the software design. The design of hardware includes the selection of sensors, the sampling and amplifying of the small signals, and selecting the modes of data transmission. The power management is specially designed to make the PFWD portable. The design of software highlights the realization of digital signal processing on acquired data, withdrawing of the real signal and estimating of the dynamical resilient modulus.
引文
[1] A .Loizos,G.Boukovalas.Dynamic Stiffness Modulus for Pavement Subgrade Evaluation. Journal of Transportion Engineering, 2003,(4):435-443
[2] D.N.Richardson,T.M.Petry. Resilient modulus Estimation System. UMI, 2005,42 (4): 1-5
[3] M.Brough, A.Stirling,etc. Evaluation of Railway Trackbed and formation. NDT&E International, 2003,(36):145-156
[4] Hung-Liang Chen,Shen-En Chen. Dynamic Respones of Shallow-Buried Flexible Plates Subjected To Impact Loading. Journal of Struction Engineering, 1996,12(1):55-60
[5] Tom Scullin,Stephen Sebesta. Field Evaluation of New Technologies for Measuring Pacement Quality. Measuring Pacement,2005,(5):1-12
[6] 吕宾林,张千里.地基系数变形模量及动态变形模量的测试与对比.铁道建筑,2006,(2):55-57
[7] 李怒放,肖金凤. 动态平板载荷试验方法的研究与仪器的研制. 铁道标准设计, 2006,(6):7-8
[8] W.Virgil Ping,Zenghai Yang. Field and Laboratory Detemination of Granular Subgrade Moduli. Journal of Performance of Construction Facilities,2002,(7):149-159
[9] Bryan Pidwerbesky. Evaluation of non-destructive in situ tests for unbound granular pavements,1997,(24):13-17
[10] Jose M.Roesset. Nondestructive Dynamic Testing of Soils and Pavements. Tamkang Jounal of Science and Engineering,1998,(1):61-63
[11] Bojan B.Guzina,Sylvain Nitcheu Fata. A Study of Ground-Structure Interaction In Dynamic Plate Load Testing. International Journal for Numerical and Analutical Methods in Geomechanics,2002,(10):1145-1147
[12] 段丹军,查旭东等. 应用便携式落锤弯沉仪测定路基回弹模量. 交通运输工程学报,2004,(12):10-12
[13] Munir Nazzal,Murad Abu-Farsakh,etc. Evaluating the Potential use of A Portable LFWD for Characterizing Pavement Layers and Subgrades. Geotechnical Engineering foir Transportation Projects, 2004,(6):919-926
[14] Deng-Fong Lin,Chi-chou Liau. Factours Affecting Portable Falling Weight Deflectmeter Measurements. Journal of Geotechnical and GeoenvironmentalEngineering, 2006,(7):804-808
[15] Khalid A.Alshibli,Murad Abu-Farsakh. Laboratory Evaluation od the Geogauge and Light Falling Weight Deflectometer as Construction Control Tools. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,2005,(9):560-569
[16] Ekrem Seyman. Laboratory Evaluation of in-situ Tests as Potential Quality Control.QualityAssuranceTools,2003,(4):12-16
[17] Byran C.Steinet,Dana N.Humphrey,etc. Portable Falling Weight Deflectometer Study. UMI,2005,(5):20-28
[18] Larry C.Muszynski,Abdol R.Chini,etc. Evaluating Nondestructive testing Techniques to Detect Voids in Bonded Post-Tensioned Ducts. UMI,2003,(2):267-274
[19] Qlivier J-M.Hoffmann,Bojan B.Guzina. Stiffness Estimater Using Portable Deflectometers. UMI,2004,(1):14-19
[20] Ashraf Rahim,K.P.George. Falling Weight Deflectometer for Estimating Sugrade Elastic Moduli. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 2003,(5):100-107
[21] Qun Hao,Qiudong Zhu,etc. Deflectometer with Synthetically Generated Reference Circle for Aspheric Surface Testing. Optics & Laser Technology, 2005,(37):375-380
[22] Yun-puu Han. Resilient Modulus Estimation System. UMI, 2005,(3):143-152
[23] Jose M. Roesset. Nondestructive Dynamic Testing of Soils and Pavements. Tamkang Journal of Science and Engineering,1998,(2):61-65
[24] Siekmeier John A. Young Duane. Comparison of the dynamic cone penetrometer with other tests during subgrade and granular base characterization in Minnesota. American Society for Testing and Materials, 2004,(6):175-188
[25] Loizos, A. Boukovalas, G. Dynamic stiffness modulus for pavement subgrade evaluation. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2003,(5): 434-443
[26] Nazzal Munir, Abu-Farsakh, Murad. Evaluating the potential use of a portable LFWD for characterizing pavement layers and subgrades. American Society of Civil Engineers,2004, 47 (10): 915-924
[27] Mallick Rajib B. Das Animesh. Fast nondestructive field test method to determine stiffness of subsurface layer in thin surface hot-mix asphalt pavement. National Research Council, 2005, (5):82-89
[28] Alshibli Khalid A. Abu-Farsakh Murad. Laboratory evaluation of the geogauge and light falling weight deflectometer as construction control tools. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005,(17): 560-569
[29] Fujyu T, Sugawara J. Load and deflection measurement for evaluation of ground strength with portable FWD system. Society of Instrument and Control Engineers, 2004,(8): 1125-1128
[30] Hung_liang, Yidong He. Analysis of Acoustic Surface Waveguide for Aemonitoring of Concrete Beams. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 2001,(1):1-10
[31] J.P.Doherty, A.J.Deeks. Stiffness of a Flexible Circular Footing Embedded in an Elastic Half-Space. International Journal of Geomechanics,2006,(5):47-54
[32] T Fujyu, J Sugawara,etc. Load and Deflection Measurement for Evalution of Ground Strength with Portable FWD System. SICE Annual Conference in Sapporo, 2004,(5):489-493
[33] 张广发.电路噪声计算与测量. 长沙:国防科技大学出版社,1994: 96-112
[34] 张健,吴均. 差分放大器的噪声分析及低噪声运用考虑. 四川师范大学学报,2004,27(1):81-84
[35] 陈军波,刘海华,陈亚光. 基于PDIUSBD12芯片的USB接口设计. 现代电子技术,2003, (7): 45-47
[36] 李贵山.高速印刷电路板设计技术研究.电子元件与材料,2003,22(6):23-26
[37] 谢红霞,宿健.冲击荷载进行桥梁模态试验的研究.公路交通科技,2005,(2):85-89
[38] 曾庆军,李加林等. 冲击荷载下地基下沉量预测. 山东科技大学学报,2005,(3):113-116
[39] 李平. 土基回弹模量取值方法. 西部探矿工程, 2005,(2):183-184
[40] 张宏,石名磊等. 瑞利波测试路基回弹模量的试验研究. 公路交通科技,2005,(1):33-37
[41] 李小青,张欣等. 路基冲击压实的数值模拟分析. 公路交通科技,2006,(4):46-49
[42] 容太平,沈承虎等. 用加速度传感器测量位移的原理与误差分析. 华中理工大学学报,2000,(5):58-60
[43] 陈隽,李杰. 振动信号趋势项提取的几种方法及其比较. 福州大学学报,2005,(5):42-45
[44] 赵立业,周百令. 加速度计标定中低成本数据采集处理系统的设计. 计量技术, 2006,(4):23-26
[45] 于桂臻,鞠文斌等. 压阻式加速度传感器的智能化补偿. 计量与测试技术,2006,(1):18-20
[46] 严普强,乔陶鹏. 工程中的低频振动测量与其传感器. 振动、测试与诊断, 2004,(4):247-245.
[47] 宋勇,张衡. 旧沥青混凝土路面强度评价新技术. 公路交通科技, 2004,(4):33-36
[48] 刘晓东,丁霞萍等. 影响加速度计模型系数的因素及理论分析. 传感器技术,2002,(2):29-33.
[49] 任建峰,仇原鹰等. 一种基础加速度冲击的仿真新方法. 现代机械, 2006,(2):21-23
[50] 于海英,韦良杰. 强震加速度记录的数字化误差分析及消除误差的方法和软件. 仪器仪表学报, 2005,(4):749-751
[51] 欧阳东. 桥梁检测中的数据处理及分析研究. 合肥:合肥工业大学,2003:136-145
[52] 靳建明. 土密实度瞬态振动测试的分析方法研究: [浙江大学博士学位论文]. 浙江大学: 浙江大学软件学院,2004:36-47
[53] 曾胜. 路面性能评价与分析方法研究: [中南大学博士学位论文]. 中南大学: 中南大学交通运输工程学院,2003: 28-32
[54] 交通部.公路工程质量检验评定标准.北京:人民交通出版社,2003: 128-135
[2] D.N.Richardson,T.M.Petry. Resilient modulus Estimation System. UMI, 2005,42 (4): 1-5
[3] M.Brough, A.Stirling,etc. Evaluation of Railway Trackbed and formation. NDT&E International, 2003,(36):145-156
[4] Hung-Liang Chen,Shen-En Chen. Dynamic Respones of Shallow-Buried Flexible Plates Subjected To Impact Loading. Journal of Struction Engineering, 1996,12(1):55-60
[5] Tom Scullin,Stephen Sebesta. Field Evaluation of New Technologies for Measuring Pacement Quality. Measuring Pacement,2005,(5):1-12
[6] 吕宾林,张千里.地基系数变形模量及动态变形模量的测试与对比.铁道建筑,2006,(2):55-57
[7] 李怒放,肖金凤. 动态平板载荷试验方法的研究与仪器的研制. 铁道标准设计, 2006,(6):7-8
[8] W.Virgil Ping,Zenghai Yang. Field and Laboratory Detemination of Granular Subgrade Moduli. Journal of Performance of Construction Facilities,2002,(7):149-159
[9] Bryan Pidwerbesky. Evaluation of non-destructive in situ tests for unbound granular pavements,1997,(24):13-17
[10] Jose M.Roesset. Nondestructive Dynamic Testing of Soils and Pavements. Tamkang Jounal of Science and Engineering,1998,(1):61-63
[11] Bojan B.Guzina,Sylvain Nitcheu Fata. A Study of Ground-Structure Interaction In Dynamic Plate Load Testing. International Journal for Numerical and Analutical Methods in Geomechanics,2002,(10):1145-1147
[12] 段丹军,查旭东等. 应用便携式落锤弯沉仪测定路基回弹模量. 交通运输工程学报,2004,(12):10-12
[13] Munir Nazzal,Murad Abu-Farsakh,etc. Evaluating the Potential use of A Portable LFWD for Characterizing Pavement Layers and Subgrades. Geotechnical Engineering foir Transportation Projects, 2004,(6):919-926
[14] Deng-Fong Lin,Chi-chou Liau. Factours Affecting Portable Falling Weight Deflectmeter Measurements. Journal of Geotechnical and GeoenvironmentalEngineering, 2006,(7):804-808
[15] Khalid A.Alshibli,Murad Abu-Farsakh. Laboratory Evaluation od the Geogauge and Light Falling Weight Deflectometer as Construction Control Tools. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,2005,(9):560-569
[16] Ekrem Seyman. Laboratory Evaluation of in-situ Tests as Potential Quality Control.QualityAssuranceTools,2003,(4):12-16
[17] Byran C.Steinet,Dana N.Humphrey,etc. Portable Falling Weight Deflectometer Study. UMI,2005,(5):20-28
[18] Larry C.Muszynski,Abdol R.Chini,etc. Evaluating Nondestructive testing Techniques to Detect Voids in Bonded Post-Tensioned Ducts. UMI,2003,(2):267-274
[19] Qlivier J-M.Hoffmann,Bojan B.Guzina. Stiffness Estimater Using Portable Deflectometers. UMI,2004,(1):14-19
[20] Ashraf Rahim,K.P.George. Falling Weight Deflectometer for Estimating Sugrade Elastic Moduli. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 2003,(5):100-107
[21] Qun Hao,Qiudong Zhu,etc. Deflectometer with Synthetically Generated Reference Circle for Aspheric Surface Testing. Optics & Laser Technology, 2005,(37):375-380
[22] Yun-puu Han. Resilient Modulus Estimation System. UMI, 2005,(3):143-152
[23] Jose M. Roesset. Nondestructive Dynamic Testing of Soils and Pavements. Tamkang Journal of Science and Engineering,1998,(2):61-65
[24] Siekmeier John A. Young Duane. Comparison of the dynamic cone penetrometer with other tests during subgrade and granular base characterization in Minnesota. American Society for Testing and Materials, 2004,(6):175-188
[25] Loizos, A. Boukovalas, G. Dynamic stiffness modulus for pavement subgrade evaluation. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2003,(5): 434-443
[26] Nazzal Munir, Abu-Farsakh, Murad. Evaluating the potential use of a portable LFWD for characterizing pavement layers and subgrades. American Society of Civil Engineers,2004, 47 (10): 915-924
[27] Mallick Rajib B. Das Animesh. Fast nondestructive field test method to determine stiffness of subsurface layer in thin surface hot-mix asphalt pavement. National Research Council, 2005, (5):82-89
[28] Alshibli Khalid A. Abu-Farsakh Murad. Laboratory evaluation of the geogauge and light falling weight deflectometer as construction control tools. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005,(17): 560-569
[29] Fujyu T, Sugawara J. Load and deflection measurement for evaluation of ground strength with portable FWD system. Society of Instrument and Control Engineers, 2004,(8): 1125-1128
[30] Hung_liang, Yidong He. Analysis of Acoustic Surface Waveguide for Aemonitoring of Concrete Beams. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 2001,(1):1-10
[31] J.P.Doherty, A.J.Deeks. Stiffness of a Flexible Circular Footing Embedded in an Elastic Half-Space. International Journal of Geomechanics,2006,(5):47-54
[32] T Fujyu, J Sugawara,etc. Load and Deflection Measurement for Evalution of Ground Strength with Portable FWD System. SICE Annual Conference in Sapporo, 2004,(5):489-493
[33] 张广发.电路噪声计算与测量. 长沙:国防科技大学出版社,1994: 96-112
[34] 张健,吴均. 差分放大器的噪声分析及低噪声运用考虑. 四川师范大学学报,2004,27(1):81-84
[35] 陈军波,刘海华,陈亚光. 基于PDIUSBD12芯片的USB接口设计. 现代电子技术,2003, (7): 45-47
[36] 李贵山.高速印刷电路板设计技术研究.电子元件与材料,2003,22(6):23-26
[37] 谢红霞,宿健.冲击荷载进行桥梁模态试验的研究.公路交通科技,2005,(2):85-89
[38] 曾庆军,李加林等. 冲击荷载下地基下沉量预测. 山东科技大学学报,2005,(3):113-116
[39] 李平. 土基回弹模量取值方法. 西部探矿工程, 2005,(2):183-184
[40] 张宏,石名磊等. 瑞利波测试路基回弹模量的试验研究. 公路交通科技,2005,(1):33-37
[41] 李小青,张欣等. 路基冲击压实的数值模拟分析. 公路交通科技,2006,(4):46-49
[42] 容太平,沈承虎等. 用加速度传感器测量位移的原理与误差分析. 华中理工大学学报,2000,(5):58-60
[43] 陈隽,李杰. 振动信号趋势项提取的几种方法及其比较. 福州大学学报,2005,(5):42-45
[44] 赵立业,周百令. 加速度计标定中低成本数据采集处理系统的设计. 计量技术, 2006,(4):23-26
[45] 于桂臻,鞠文斌等. 压阻式加速度传感器的智能化补偿. 计量与测试技术,2006,(1):18-20
[46] 严普强,乔陶鹏. 工程中的低频振动测量与其传感器. 振动、测试与诊断, 2004,(4):247-245.
[47] 宋勇,张衡. 旧沥青混凝土路面强度评价新技术. 公路交通科技, 2004,(4):33-36
[48] 刘晓东,丁霞萍等. 影响加速度计模型系数的因素及理论分析. 传感器技术,2002,(2):29-33.
[49] 任建峰,仇原鹰等. 一种基础加速度冲击的仿真新方法. 现代机械, 2006,(2):21-23
[50] 于海英,韦良杰. 强震加速度记录的数字化误差分析及消除误差的方法和软件. 仪器仪表学报, 2005,(4):749-751
[51] 欧阳东. 桥梁检测中的数据处理及分析研究. 合肥:合肥工业大学,2003:136-145
[52] 靳建明. 土密实度瞬态振动测试的分析方法研究: [浙江大学博士学位论文]. 浙江大学: 浙江大学软件学院,2004:36-47
[53] 曾胜. 路面性能评价与分析方法研究: [中南大学博士学位论文]. 中南大学: 中南大学交通运输工程学院,2003: 28-32
[54] 交通部.公路工程质量检验评定标准.北京:人民交通出版社,2003: 128-135