贵州侗族地区侗语的使用现状及发展趋势
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摘要
语言的主要用途之一是交流思想,但它也用来建立和维护社会关系,是一个民族和社会的标记,这就是为什么语言被许多群体看作构成身份与文化的一个重要方面。人类发展到今天,随着全球经济一体化和地区经济发展速度的加快,随着网络、媒体的普及,随着交通工具的现代化,一些封闭、半封闭状态地区、族群的开放,一些弱势语言由于不能适应新形势下的需要,他们的功能逐步衰退。语言也是一种思维方式的直接体现,因此有人担心,语言多样性的丧失,是不是会使人类思维方式退化和绝对化。此外,语言作为一个民族的重要特征,本民族对自己的语言有一种特殊的感情,因此,语言的消失会给这个民族带来心理上的阴影。
本文探讨贵州省锦屏县启蒙镇侗族语言的使用现状及其发展趋势,分析了760份调查问卷。发现启蒙镇侗语的使用有向优势语汉语转移的情形,使用母语的比例都随着世代逐减,随着年龄层降低,使用母语的比例也随之降低,汉语已成为年轻一辈彼此的主要沟通语言。男性和女性对侗语的熟练程度没有明显的区别,但女性能更熟练地操用侗语。就受教育程度来看,教育程度高的人对侗语的熟练程度不及教育水平较低的人。此外,人们对母语侗语的态度也对侗语使用的熟练程度有影响,对侗语持有积极乐观的态度,能有效地维护侗语并能促进侗语的发展,而消极悲观的态度只会导致使用侗语的人数越来越少,阻碍侗语的发展。本文并分析了六种影响语言维护的因素,有社会原因,科学技术的影响,家庭的影响,个人的原因,教育所采取的政策,以及对待少数民族语言的态度。本文针对这六大因素,提供了一些积极维护侗语的措施,如：支持双语教育活动,政府对少数民族语言采取积极的政策,媒体的运用等。
贵州省是中国一个典型的多民族、多语种的省份,而启蒙镇作为划分贵州侗语南北方言的一个基准线,对侗语的使用具有了一定的代表性。本文作者旨在从社会语言学的观点出发,运用语言维护、语言转用及语言规划理论,以中国政策性文件和作者收集的760份调查问卷为依据,描述和分析了贵州省启蒙镇侗语使用的现状以及该地区母语侗语维护的必要性和重要性。
One of the principal uses of language is to communicate meaning, but it is also used to establish and to maintain social relationships. That is why language is regarded as an important component of identity and culture for many groups. As a cognitive system and a direct reflection of a way of thinking, it contains its speakers' cognitive system to the objective world. Therefore, it is feared that the disappearance of language diversity may lead to the degradation and absolution of human's way of thinking. Moreover, as an important feature for a nation, people of this nation have a special feeling towards their native languages and the disappearance of their language will bring them psychological shadow. So, language displacement is becoming a serious concern throughout the world.
In all parts of the world, we observe an increasing tendency among members of ethnolinguistic minorities to bring up their children in a language other than their own mother tongue, thereby abandoning their former ethnic languages. These changes in language use by individuals might ultimately lead to the irreversible disappearance of the minority's original language (Coulmas,2001:273). So, the author analyzed 760 copies of questionnaires to discuss the language maintenance and shift in Qimeng Town, Guizhou Province. The results reveal that the difference of Dong language proficiency in each generation is significant, especially between children and the old,. And no significant difference between males'and females' language proficiency is found in both Han language and Dong language. However, females can use Dong language more fluently than males. From the perspective of educational level, people with high education speak better Han language than those with low education. Education level continued to exert an impact on their Dong language proficiency level. Those with high education speak less fluent Dong language than those with low education. Besides, people's attitudes towards Dong language also affect their language proficiency in using it. There are six major factors affecting language maintenance:social factor, technological factor, familial factor, personal factor, the termination of bilingual education, and people's negative language attitudes. In view of these factors, the author offers some strategies to maintain Dong language, such as, supporting bilingual education programs, appealing support of the government, and using it in the media.
Guizhou Province is one of the typical multinational and multilingual provinces in China. And Qimeng Town is on the boarder of southern and northern dialects of Dong language. This dissertation is a tentative endeavor to apply the theory of language maintenance, language shift and language planning, from the point of view of sociolinguistics and on the basis of Chinese national policies and the 760 copies of questionnaires the author collected, to analyze and describe the present use and the maintenance of the Dong language in Qimeng Town, Guizhou Province.
本文探讨贵州省锦屏县启蒙镇侗族语言的使用现状及其发展趋势,分析了760份调查问卷。发现启蒙镇侗语的使用有向优势语汉语转移的情形,使用母语的比例都随着世代逐减,随着年龄层降低,使用母语的比例也随之降低,汉语已成为年轻一辈彼此的主要沟通语言。男性和女性对侗语的熟练程度没有明显的区别,但女性能更熟练地操用侗语。就受教育程度来看,教育程度高的人对侗语的熟练程度不及教育水平较低的人。此外,人们对母语侗语的态度也对侗语使用的熟练程度有影响,对侗语持有积极乐观的态度,能有效地维护侗语并能促进侗语的发展,而消极悲观的态度只会导致使用侗语的人数越来越少,阻碍侗语的发展。本文并分析了六种影响语言维护的因素,有社会原因,科学技术的影响,家庭的影响,个人的原因,教育所采取的政策,以及对待少数民族语言的态度。本文针对这六大因素,提供了一些积极维护侗语的措施,如：支持双语教育活动,政府对少数民族语言采取积极的政策,媒体的运用等。
贵州省是中国一个典型的多民族、多语种的省份,而启蒙镇作为划分贵州侗语南北方言的一个基准线,对侗语的使用具有了一定的代表性。本文作者旨在从社会语言学的观点出发,运用语言维护、语言转用及语言规划理论,以中国政策性文件和作者收集的760份调查问卷为依据,描述和分析了贵州省启蒙镇侗语使用的现状以及该地区母语侗语维护的必要性和重要性。
One of the principal uses of language is to communicate meaning, but it is also used to establish and to maintain social relationships. That is why language is regarded as an important component of identity and culture for many groups. As a cognitive system and a direct reflection of a way of thinking, it contains its speakers' cognitive system to the objective world. Therefore, it is feared that the disappearance of language diversity may lead to the degradation and absolution of human's way of thinking. Moreover, as an important feature for a nation, people of this nation have a special feeling towards their native languages and the disappearance of their language will bring them psychological shadow. So, language displacement is becoming a serious concern throughout the world.
In all parts of the world, we observe an increasing tendency among members of ethnolinguistic minorities to bring up their children in a language other than their own mother tongue, thereby abandoning their former ethnic languages. These changes in language use by individuals might ultimately lead to the irreversible disappearance of the minority's original language (Coulmas,2001:273). So, the author analyzed 760 copies of questionnaires to discuss the language maintenance and shift in Qimeng Town, Guizhou Province. The results reveal that the difference of Dong language proficiency in each generation is significant, especially between children and the old,. And no significant difference between males'and females' language proficiency is found in both Han language and Dong language. However, females can use Dong language more fluently than males. From the perspective of educational level, people with high education speak better Han language than those with low education. Education level continued to exert an impact on their Dong language proficiency level. Those with high education speak less fluent Dong language than those with low education. Besides, people's attitudes towards Dong language also affect their language proficiency in using it. There are six major factors affecting language maintenance:social factor, technological factor, familial factor, personal factor, the termination of bilingual education, and people's negative language attitudes. In view of these factors, the author offers some strategies to maintain Dong language, such as, supporting bilingual education programs, appealing support of the government, and using it in the media.
Guizhou Province is one of the typical multinational and multilingual provinces in China. And Qimeng Town is on the boarder of southern and northern dialects of Dong language. This dissertation is a tentative endeavor to apply the theory of language maintenance, language shift and language planning, from the point of view of sociolinguistics and on the basis of Chinese national policies and the 760 copies of questionnaires the author collected, to analyze and describe the present use and the maintenance of the Dong language in Qimeng Town, Guizhou Province.
引文
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Batibo, H. M.2005. Language Decline and Death in Africa:Causes, Consequences and Challenges. Toronto:Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Bernard, Spolsky.2007. Sociolinguistics. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Educational Press.
Bright,W.1997. Social Factors on Language Change. In the Handbook of Sociolinguistics, (ed.) F.Coulmas. Oxford:Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Clyne, M.1997. Multilingulism. In the Handbook of Sociolinguistics,(ed.) F. Coulmas, 301-314. Oxford:Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Cooper, Robert L.1989. Language Planning and Social Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Coupland, N.& Jaworski, A.,(eds).1997. Sociolinguistics:A Reader and Course Book. London:Macmillan Press.
Cumminns, J.1984.Bilingualism and Special Education:Issues in Assessment and Pedagogy. Clevedon:Multilingualism Matters.
Crystal David.2000. Language Death. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
David & Maya Bradley.2002. Language Endangerment and Language Maintenance: An Active Approach. London:Curzon Press.
Nettle Daniel & Romaine Suzanne.2000. Vanishing Voices:The Extinction of the World's Languages. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
DeFrancis, John.1984. The Chinese Language:Fact and Fantasy. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Denomy, M.2003. Language Use and Language Attitudes in Rural Cochabamba, Bolivia. MA Thesis:University of Pittsburgh.
Eastman, Carol M. and Reese, T. C.1981. Association Language:How Language and Ethnic Identity are Related. General Linguistics 21:109-116.
Fase, W., Jaspaert, K & Kroon, S., (eds).1992. Maintenance and Loss of Minority Languages. Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
Fasold, R. W.1984. The Socio linguistics of Society. London:Basil Blackwell.
Fishman, J. A.1966. Language Loyalty in the United States. The Hague:Mouton.
Fishman, J. A.1964. Language Loyalty in the United States. The Hague:Mouton.
Fishman, J. A.1970. Sociolinguistics:A Brief Introduction. Rowley:Newbury House.
Fishman, J. A.1972. Language in Sociocultural Change. California:Stanford University Press.
Fishman, J. A.1977. Advances in the Creation and Revision of Writing Systems. The Hague:Mouton.
Fishman, J. A.1985. The Rise and Fall of the Ethnic Revival:Perspectives on Language and Ethnicity. Berlin:Walter de Gruyter & Co.
Florian, Coulmas.2001. The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford:Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Gardner, R. C.1985. Social Psychology and Second Language Learning:The Role of Attitudes and Motivation. London:Edward Arnold.
Gal, Susan.1979. Language Shift:Social Determinants of Linguistic Change in Bilingual Austria. New York:Academic Press.
Giles, H. (ed).1977. Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations. London: Academic Press.
Giles, H., Robinson, W. P. and Smith P. M., (eds).1980. Language Social Psychological Perspectives. Oxford:Pergamom Press.
Giles, H.& Ryan, E. B.1982. "Prolegomena for Developing a Social Psychological Theory of Language Attitudes". In Attitudes towards Language Variation:Social and Applied Contexts edited by Ryan E.B. and Giles H. London:Edward Arnold.
Gorter, D.1987. Surveys of the Frisian Language Situation:Some Considerations of Research Methods on Language Maintenance and Language Shift. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 68:41-56.
Gumperz, J. J.1971. Language in Social Groups. California Stanford University Press.
Hamers, J. F.& Blanc, M.H.A.1989. Bilinguality and Bilingualism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Holems, J.1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London:Longman.
Holems,J.1993. Language Maintenance and Shift in Three Zealand Speech Communities. Applied Linguistics 14:1-24.
Hoffman, C.1991. An Introduction to Bilingualism. London:Longman.
Huang Xing.2003. Minority Language Planning of China in Relation to Use and Development. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences:1-6.
Aitchison,Jean.1981. Language Change. London:Fontana Paperbacks.
Johnstone, B.2000. Qualitative Methods in Sociolinguistics. New York:Oxford University Press.
J.K. Chambers & P.Trudgill.2002.Dialectology. Beijing:Beijing University Press.
Eiser J.Richard & Pligt Joop.1982. Attitudes and Decisions. Britain:The Guernsey Press Co. Ltd., Guernsey, Channel Islands.
Khemlani-David, M.1998. Language Shift, Cultural Maintenance and Ethnic Identity: a Study of Minority Community----The Sindhis of Malaysia. International Journal of Sociology of Language 130:67-76.
Lanbert, W.E.& Tucker, G.R.1972. Bilingual Education of Children. Rowley: Newbury House.
Leedy, P. D.1993. Practical Research:Planning and Design. New York: Macmillan.
Lieberson, S. (1982). Forces Affecting Langauge Spread:Some Basic Propositions. In R. Cooper (ed.). Language Spread:Studies in Diffusion and Social Change: 37-62. Bloomington, Indiana:Indiana University Press.
Lu, Lijun.1988. A Survey of Language Attitudes:Language Use and Ethnic Identity in Taiwan. Master Thesis. Taipei, Taiwan:Fu Jen Catholic University.
Long Yaohong & Zheng Guoqiao.1998. The Dong Language in Guizhou Province, China, translated from Chinese by D.Norman Geary. Arlington:The Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas.
Janse Mark and Tol Sijmen.2003. Language Death and Language Maintenance: Theoretical, Practical and Descriptive Approaches. John Benjamin Pub Co.
Zhou Minglang & Sun Hongkai.2004. Language Policy in the People's Republic of China. Netherlands:Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Richards, G., Platt, J.& Weber. H. (eds.) 1985. Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics. London:Longman.
Roberts, M. L.1999. Immigrant Language Maintenance and Shift in Gujarati, Dutch and Samoan Communities of Wellington. Ph. D thesis. Wellington:University of Victoria, Wellington.
Romaine, S.1989. Bilingualism. New York:Basil Blackwell.
Rubin, Joan.1968. Bilingual Usage in Paraguay. In Fishman (ed.) Readings in the Sociology of Language Vol.2:512-30. The Hague:Mouton.
Scotton, C. M.1980. Explanining Linguistic Choices as Identity Negotiations. In Language Social Psychological Perspevtives, ed. H. Giles, W. P. Robinson and P. M. Smith. Oxford:Pergamom Press.
Taylor, D. M.& Giles, H.1979. At the Crossroads of Research into Language and Ethnic Relations. In Language and Ethnic Relations, (ed.) H. Giles and B.Saint-Jacques:231-239. Oxford:Pergamon Press Ltd.
Tanourt-Keller, A.1997. Language and Identity. In The Handbook of Sociolinguistic, (ed.) F.Coulmas. Oxford:Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
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