移动自组网TCP传输性能研究
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摘要
本论文研究工作的背景是四川省网络通信技术重点实验室的与核工业部九院的合作预研项目：无人机战术网络(UAS-TN-Unmanned Aerial System Tactic Network)。UAS-TN是一种特殊的移动自组织网络(MANET-Mobile Ad hoc Network)，其中的节点移动速度远远大于传统MANET中节点的移动速度，再者UAS-TN工作于战时敌对的环境下，在网络安全性方面也有其特殊要求。对UAS-TN的研究，可以以战时需要为背景，借助国内外对MANET的研究成果来研究。
当前网络使用最广泛的传输协议是TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)，本论文研究的重点是TCP在MANET中的传输性能。传统的TCP协议假设丢包是由网络拥塞引起的，当发现丢包事件后就触发拥塞控制机制。但是在无线网络中，信道误码或链路断开等非拥塞因素同样会导致数据包丢失，若TCP因此频繁启动拥塞控制机制，将大大降低其传输性能。这意味着需要TCP发送端清楚网络的真实状态，并采取适当的措施解决不同情况下的丢包问题。同时，研究表明在MANET中，由于IEEE 802.11 DCF机制和暴露终端的存在，使得多个TCP流之间存在竞争信道的不公平性，这也是目前研究MANET中TCP传输性能的一个热点。
在本项研究中，笔者的主要工作与贡献有：
A．对TCP协议在MANET中的性能进行了综合研究；
B．提出一种改进MAC层的算法，解缓解多个TCP流在MANET中的不公平性问题；
C．提出一种以多层协作为基础的TCP拥塞控制方法，并通过仿真证明了该方法使TCP在MANET中的传输性能有较大的改善。
最后以改善TCP性能的跨层方法为基础，简要地讨论了将来面向服务的网络体系结构(Service Oriented Architecture SOA)和不分层的网络体系结构的优点。
The research background of the work presented in this dissertation is the research on UAS-TN (Unmanned Aerial System Tactic Network), undertaking at Sichuan Network Communication Key Laboratory(SC-Netcom Lab). UAS-TN is a special type of Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET), except that the moving speed of nodes is faster than that in traditional MANETs and it demands higher degree of security working in a hostile space. However, the work presented in this dissertation is generally applicable for MANET.
The topic of this dissertation is pertainent to performance of TCP in MANET as it is the dominant transport protocol. The congestion control mechanism in TCP is triggered by heavy data losses. However, this may not be true since bad channel or link failur bit enor may also cause data loss in wireless networks. This implies that a better triggering criterion for congestion control is needed. Moreover, observation has also shown that with IEEE802.11 DCF, some TCP streams may overtake channel resources for existence of exposed terminals.
In this dissertation, the author has made the following contributions:
A. Provided a comprehensive study to TCP performance in MANET;
B. Introduced an improved algorithmat MAC layer to solve unfairness problem between TCP streams;
C. Provided a cross-layer mechanism to improve TCP congestion control and demonstrated its advantage through simulation.
Finally, the author has briefly discussed the advantages of future SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) and layerless architecture based on the necessity and merits of cross-layer operation in improving TCP performance.
当前网络使用最广泛的传输协议是TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)，本论文研究的重点是TCP在MANET中的传输性能。传统的TCP协议假设丢包是由网络拥塞引起的，当发现丢包事件后就触发拥塞控制机制。但是在无线网络中，信道误码或链路断开等非拥塞因素同样会导致数据包丢失，若TCP因此频繁启动拥塞控制机制，将大大降低其传输性能。这意味着需要TCP发送端清楚网络的真实状态，并采取适当的措施解决不同情况下的丢包问题。同时，研究表明在MANET中，由于IEEE 802.11 DCF机制和暴露终端的存在，使得多个TCP流之间存在竞争信道的不公平性，这也是目前研究MANET中TCP传输性能的一个热点。
在本项研究中，笔者的主要工作与贡献有：
A．对TCP协议在MANET中的性能进行了综合研究；
B．提出一种改进MAC层的算法，解缓解多个TCP流在MANET中的不公平性问题；
C．提出一种以多层协作为基础的TCP拥塞控制方法，并通过仿真证明了该方法使TCP在MANET中的传输性能有较大的改善。
最后以改善TCP性能的跨层方法为基础，简要地讨论了将来面向服务的网络体系结构(Service Oriented Architecture SOA)和不分层的网络体系结构的优点。
The research background of the work presented in this dissertation is the research on UAS-TN (Unmanned Aerial System Tactic Network), undertaking at Sichuan Network Communication Key Laboratory(SC-Netcom Lab). UAS-TN is a special type of Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET), except that the moving speed of nodes is faster than that in traditional MANETs and it demands higher degree of security working in a hostile space. However, the work presented in this dissertation is generally applicable for MANET.
The topic of this dissertation is pertainent to performance of TCP in MANET as it is the dominant transport protocol. The congestion control mechanism in TCP is triggered by heavy data losses. However, this may not be true since bad channel or link failur bit enor may also cause data loss in wireless networks. This implies that a better triggering criterion for congestion control is needed. Moreover, observation has also shown that with IEEE802.11 DCF, some TCP streams may overtake channel resources for existence of exposed terminals.
In this dissertation, the author has made the following contributions:
A. Provided a comprehensive study to TCP performance in MANET;
B. Introduced an improved algorithmat MAC layer to solve unfairness problem between TCP streams;
C. Provided a cross-layer mechanism to improve TCP congestion control and demonstrated its advantage through simulation.
Finally, the author has briefly discussed the advantages of future SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) and layerless architecture based on the necessity and merits of cross-layer operation in improving TCP performance.
引文
[1] 曾华燊等．无人驾驶机群作战网络体系结构(内部报告)．西南交通大学出版社．2006．3
[2] Wikipedia: Mobile ad hoc network, http://en.wikilib.com/wiki/Mobile_ad-hoc_network
[3] USA Roadmap 2005-2030. Office of the Secretary of Defense, U. S. A., 2005. 8
[4] http://www.csuav.com
[5] http://www.cs.ucla.edu/NRL/wireless/
[6] http://jczs.sina.com.cn.
[7] B Postel. Transmission Control Protoco. RFC 793. 1981
[8] Fu Z, Meng X, Lu S. How bad TCP can perform in mobile ad hoc networks. In: Elmaghraby A, Asatani K, eds. Proc. of the 7th Int'l Syrup. On Computers and Communications(ISCC 02).Taormian: IEEE Computer Society Press. 2002. 298-303.
[9] Sonia Fahmy, Venkatesh Prabhakar. TCP over Wireless Links: Mechanisms and Implications.
[10] M. Allman, V. Paxson, W. Stevens. RFC2581, TCP Congestion Control. 1999. 04.
[11] Li J, Blake C, De Couto D, Lee HI, Morrs R. Capacity of ad hoc wireless networks. In: Rose C, Palazzo S, eds. Pro. Of the 7th int'l Conf. on Mobile Computing and Networking(MOBICOM 01). Rome: ACM Press. 2001. 61-69.
[12] Behrouz A．Forouzan，Sophia Chung Fegan著 谢希仁译．TCP／IP协议族，第二版．清华大学出版社，2003．
[13] H. S. Chhaya and S. Gupta. Performance modeling of asynchronous data transfer methods of IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. In: Proceedings of IEEE Personal Communications Conference. pp. 8-15. October 1996.
[14] L. Kleinrock and E. A. Tobagi. Packet switching in radio channels: Part-1-carrier sense multiple access modes and their throughput-delay characteristics. IEEE Transactions in Communications. COM-23(12): 1400-1416. 1975
[15] P. Karn. MACA-A New Channel Access Method for Packte Radio. ARRL/CRRL Amateur Radio 9th Computer Networking Conference. September 22, 1990.
[16] Bharghavan V, Demers A, Shenker S, Zhang L. MACAW: a media access protocol for wireless LANs. Proceeding ofACM SIGCOMM 1994.
[17] IEEE Standards Department. Wireless LAN medium access control(MAC) and physical layer(PHY) specifications. IEEE standard 802.11-1997. 1997.
[18] Deng J, Haas Z J, Dual busy tone multiple access(DBTMA): a new medium access control for packet radio networks.IEEE ICUPC'98. Sep. 1999
[19] Naipuri A, Zhuang J, Das S R. A multi-channel CSMA MAC protocol for multihop wireless networks. In: Proceeding of WCNC'99. Sep.1999.
[20] Perkins C E, Bhagw at P. Highly dynamic destination-sequenced distance-vector routing(DSDV) for mobile computer[a]. Proceeding of the ACM SIGCOMM'94 Conference on Communication Architectures, Protocols and Applications [C]. London, U K. Aug, 1994.234-244.
[21] David B. Johnson, David A. Maltz,Yih-Chun Hu. The dynamic source routing for mobile ad hoc networks, http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-manet-dsr-10.txt.19 July 2004. IETF Internet Draft(work in progress).
[22] C. Perking, E. Belding-Royer, S. Das. Ad hoc on-demand distance vector(AODV) Routing. RFC 3561. July 2003.
[23] Shakkottai S, Rappaport T, Karlsson P. Cross-layer design for wireless networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2003, 41(10):74-80.
[24] K.Chandran,S.Raghunathan,S.Venkatesan,and R.Prakash. A feedback based scheme for improving TCP performance in Ad-Hoc wireless network. In: Proc.of the International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS'98), Amsterdam, Netherlands,May 1998.
[25] G.Holland and N.Vaidya. Analysis of TCP performance over mobile ad hoc networks.ACM Wireless Networks,vol.8,no.2,pp. 275-288,Mar.2002.
[26] J.Liu and S.Singh. ATCP: TCP for mobile ad hoc networks. IEEE JSAC,vol. 19,no. 17,pp. 1300-1315. Jul. 2001.
[27] T.Dyer and R.Boppana. A comparison of TCP performance over three routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. In: Proc.of ACM MOBIHOC,Long Beach,CA,USA,2001,pp.56-66
[28] F. Wang and Y. Zhang. Improving TCP performance over mobile ad hoc networks with out-of-order detection and response. In: Proc. of ACM MOB1HOC,LAUSANNE,Switzerland, Jun. 2002,pp. 217-225.
[29] Xu S, Saadawi T. Revealing the problems with 802.11 medium access control protocol in multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks. Computer Networks,2002,38(4):531-538.
[30] 徐雷鸣，庞博等编著，NS与网络模拟，人民邮电出版社，2003．11
[31] http://nile.wpi.edu/NS/
[32] http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-problems.html
[33] http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/tutorial/
[34] http://140.116.72.80/～smallko/ns2/ns2.htm
[35] 李云，陈前斌，隆克平，吴诗其．无线自组织网络中TCP稳定性的分析及改进。软件学报，2003，14(6)：1178-1186．
[36] Z. Fu, R Zerfos, H. Luo, S. Lu, L. Zhang. and M. Gerla, "The impact of multihop wireless channel on tcp throughput and loss", in Proc. IEEE Infocom 2003, San Francisco, California, USA, Apr. 2003
[37] Kitae Nahm, Ahmed Helmy, C. -C Jay Kuo "TCP over Multihop 802.11 Networks: Issues and Performance Enhancement", in Proc MobiHoc' 05 May 5-27, 2005, Urbana-Champaign, Illinouis, USA
[39] 冯彦君，孙利民，钱华林，宋成．MANET中TCP改进研究综述．软件学报，2005，16(3)：0434-444．
[40] 曾华燊．现代网络通信技术．西南交通大学出版社．2003
[41] Douglas E．Comer著，林瑶，蒋慧，杜蔚轩等译，谢希仁审校．用TCP／IP进行网际互连 第一卷(第四版)．电子工业出版社，2001．12
[42] Andrew S．Tanenbaum 著，潘爱民译，计算机网络(第4版)，清华大学出版社，2004．8
[43] 郑少仁，王海涛等编著．Ad Hoc 网络技术，人民邮电出版社，2005．1
[44] 陈林星，曾曦，曹毅编著．移动Ad Hoc网络——自组织分组无线网络技术．电子工业出版社．2006．4．
[45] 郑相全等编著．无线自组织网络实用教程．清华大学出版社．2004．6．
[46] John Muster著，王玉馨，郑建超等译，UNIX和Linux权威教程(第三版)，清华大学出版社，2003．1
[47] http://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/manual/gawk.html
[48] http://www.gnuplot.info/docs/gnuplot.html
[49] (美)Stephen Prata：C++Primer Plus第4版，人民邮电出版社，2002．7
[50] 郑莉，董渊编著．C++语言程序设计(第二版)．清华大学出版社．2001．7
[2] Wikipedia: Mobile ad hoc network, http://en.wikilib.com/wiki/Mobile_ad-hoc_network
[3] USA Roadmap 2005-2030. Office of the Secretary of Defense, U. S. A., 2005. 8
[4] http://www.csuav.com
[5] http://www.cs.ucla.edu/NRL/wireless/
[6] http://jczs.sina.com.cn.
[7] B Postel. Transmission Control Protoco. RFC 793. 1981
[8] Fu Z, Meng X, Lu S. How bad TCP can perform in mobile ad hoc networks. In: Elmaghraby A, Asatani K, eds. Proc. of the 7th Int'l Syrup. On Computers and Communications(ISCC 02).Taormian: IEEE Computer Society Press. 2002. 298-303.
[9] Sonia Fahmy, Venkatesh Prabhakar. TCP over Wireless Links: Mechanisms and Implications.
[10] M. Allman, V. Paxson, W. Stevens. RFC2581, TCP Congestion Control. 1999. 04.
[11] Li J, Blake C, De Couto D, Lee HI, Morrs R. Capacity of ad hoc wireless networks. In: Rose C, Palazzo S, eds. Pro. Of the 7th int'l Conf. on Mobile Computing and Networking(MOBICOM 01). Rome: ACM Press. 2001. 61-69.
[12] Behrouz A．Forouzan，Sophia Chung Fegan著 谢希仁译．TCP／IP协议族，第二版．清华大学出版社，2003．
[13] H. S. Chhaya and S. Gupta. Performance modeling of asynchronous data transfer methods of IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. In: Proceedings of IEEE Personal Communications Conference. pp. 8-15. October 1996.
[14] L. Kleinrock and E. A. Tobagi. Packet switching in radio channels: Part-1-carrier sense multiple access modes and their throughput-delay characteristics. IEEE Transactions in Communications. COM-23(12): 1400-1416. 1975
[15] P. Karn. MACA-A New Channel Access Method for Packte Radio. ARRL/CRRL Amateur Radio 9th Computer Networking Conference. September 22, 1990.
[16] Bharghavan V, Demers A, Shenker S, Zhang L. MACAW: a media access protocol for wireless LANs. Proceeding ofACM SIGCOMM 1994.
[17] IEEE Standards Department. Wireless LAN medium access control(MAC) and physical layer(PHY) specifications. IEEE standard 802.11-1997. 1997.
[18] Deng J, Haas Z J, Dual busy tone multiple access(DBTMA): a new medium access control for packet radio networks.IEEE ICUPC'98. Sep. 1999
[19] Naipuri A, Zhuang J, Das S R. A multi-channel CSMA MAC protocol for multihop wireless networks. In: Proceeding of WCNC'99. Sep.1999.
[20] Perkins C E, Bhagw at P. Highly dynamic destination-sequenced distance-vector routing(DSDV) for mobile computer[a]. Proceeding of the ACM SIGCOMM'94 Conference on Communication Architectures, Protocols and Applications [C]. London, U K. Aug, 1994.234-244.
[21] David B. Johnson, David A. Maltz,Yih-Chun Hu. The dynamic source routing for mobile ad hoc networks, http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-manet-dsr-10.txt.19 July 2004. IETF Internet Draft(work in progress).
[22] C. Perking, E. Belding-Royer, S. Das. Ad hoc on-demand distance vector(AODV) Routing. RFC 3561. July 2003.
[23] Shakkottai S, Rappaport T, Karlsson P. Cross-layer design for wireless networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2003, 41(10):74-80.
[24] K.Chandran,S.Raghunathan,S.Venkatesan,and R.Prakash. A feedback based scheme for improving TCP performance in Ad-Hoc wireless network. In: Proc.of the International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS'98), Amsterdam, Netherlands,May 1998.
[25] G.Holland and N.Vaidya. Analysis of TCP performance over mobile ad hoc networks.ACM Wireless Networks,vol.8,no.2,pp. 275-288,Mar.2002.
[26] J.Liu and S.Singh. ATCP: TCP for mobile ad hoc networks. IEEE JSAC,vol. 19,no. 17,pp. 1300-1315. Jul. 2001.
[27] T.Dyer and R.Boppana. A comparison of TCP performance over three routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. In: Proc.of ACM MOBIHOC,Long Beach,CA,USA,2001,pp.56-66
[28] F. Wang and Y. Zhang. Improving TCP performance over mobile ad hoc networks with out-of-order detection and response. In: Proc. of ACM MOB1HOC,LAUSANNE,Switzerland, Jun. 2002,pp. 217-225.
[29] Xu S, Saadawi T. Revealing the problems with 802.11 medium access control protocol in multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks. Computer Networks,2002,38(4):531-538.
[30] 徐雷鸣，庞博等编著，NS与网络模拟，人民邮电出版社，2003．11
[31] http://nile.wpi.edu/NS/
[32] http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-problems.html
[33] http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/tutorial/
[34] http://140.116.72.80/～smallko/ns2/ns2.htm
[35] 李云，陈前斌，隆克平，吴诗其．无线自组织网络中TCP稳定性的分析及改进。软件学报，2003，14(6)：1178-1186．
[36] Z. Fu, R Zerfos, H. Luo, S. Lu, L. Zhang. and M. Gerla, "The impact of multihop wireless channel on tcp throughput and loss", in Proc. IEEE Infocom 2003, San Francisco, California, USA, Apr. 2003
[37] Kitae Nahm, Ahmed Helmy, C. -C Jay Kuo "TCP over Multihop 802.11 Networks: Issues and Performance Enhancement", in Proc MobiHoc' 05 May 5-27, 2005, Urbana-Champaign, Illinouis, USA
[39] 冯彦君，孙利民，钱华林，宋成．MANET中TCP改进研究综述．软件学报，2005，16(3)：0434-444．
[40] 曾华燊．现代网络通信技术．西南交通大学出版社．2003
[41] Douglas E．Comer著，林瑶，蒋慧，杜蔚轩等译，谢希仁审校．用TCP／IP进行网际互连 第一卷(第四版)．电子工业出版社，2001．12
[42] Andrew S．Tanenbaum 著，潘爱民译，计算机网络(第4版)，清华大学出版社，2004．8
[43] 郑少仁，王海涛等编著．Ad Hoc 网络技术，人民邮电出版社，2005．1
[44] 陈林星，曾曦，曹毅编著．移动Ad Hoc网络——自组织分组无线网络技术．电子工业出版社．2006．4．
[45] 郑相全等编著．无线自组织网络实用教程．清华大学出版社．2004．6．
[46] John Muster著，王玉馨，郑建超等译，UNIX和Linux权威教程(第三版)，清华大学出版社，2003．1
[47] http://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/manual/gawk.html
[48] http://www.gnuplot.info/docs/gnuplot.html
[49] (美)Stephen Prata：C++Primer Plus第4版，人民邮电出版社，2002．7
[50] 郑莉，董渊编著．C++语言程序设计(第二版)．清华大学出版社．2001．7