户用型风力发电系统的功率控制研究
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摘要
最近的统计数据显示,中国大约还有29000个村庄的约700万个家庭至今未能用上电。这些县、乡、村和数百万个分散的家庭主要分布在中国西部省份的边远地区,以及东部沿海的一些岛屿上。无电缺电在很大程度上制约了当地经济的发展。另一方面,中国的这些西部省份和沿海岛屿有着极丰富的风能和太阳能资源。他们中的大部分完全可以利用既环保又经济的可再生能源来解决他们的用电问题。
对于独立运行的户用型风力发电系统,最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)控制是提高功率转换效率的重要方法,合理的蓄电池管理和控制是延长其寿命的重要手段。本文给出了结合MPPT控制、蓄电池充放电控制以及风机保护的功率控制策略,以期实现独立运行的户用型风力发电系统的优化及可靠运行。
论文首先介绍了课题的背景、目的和意义,综述了国内外风力发电发展概况;给出了支持功率控制策略且结构简单的户用型风力发电系统结构,它包括风力机、永磁同步发电机(PMSG)、二极管整流桥、Buck变换器、蓄电池、逆变器和控制器;为将空气动力学、机械学、电机学、电力电子技术等组成风力发电技术的理论应用于实际风力发电系统中,构建了直驱式永磁同步风力发电机仿真系统,将数学模型模块化,仿真结果验证了所搭建的风电控制系统的可行性,同时对硬件电路的设计与参数的选择具有一定的指导意义。
其次,从发电机保护、蓄电池保护以及最大功率跟踪三个方面阐述了户用型风力发电系统的功率控制思想。并在分析了叶尖速比控制、功率信号反馈控制和传统爬山搜索算法等几种现有的最大功率点跟踪策略的基础上,提出一种新的MPPT策略;基于系统模型,进行了MPPT控制的仿真验证,结果表明了新的MPPT策略的优越性。
最后,设计了户用型风力发电机系统控制器中用于功率变换的整流电路、直流升压电路、逆变电路以及控制电路等电气环节,给出了电气参数的计算方法与电路结构的设计方案,并结合新型最大功率跟踪策略编写了相关软件。相应算法在matlab中的仿真结果验证了设计的正确性和优越性。
New statistics shows that about 29,000 villages, 7,000,000 families haven’t use electricity till now in China. These countries and villages include millions of families are disperse and distributed in western China and the southeastern littoral islands. They are out of the way. By lake of or out of the power, local economic development was restricted extremely. On the other hand, these areas are full of wind and solar. The economical and reproduced resource could be made use of solving the power problem for most of the families.
For Home-typed wind power generation systems, the Maximum Power Point Tracking(MPPT)control is an important method of improving power conversion efficiency, and the reasonable management and control of battery is an important means of prolonging their life. A power control strategy, which combines with MPPT control, charging and discharging control of batteries and wind turbine protecting control, is given to make the Home-typed wind power generation systems to operate in both optimal and reliable conditions in this thesis.
Firstly, the background of research work is introduced, and the domestic and oversea development of wind power is summarized. Home-typed wind power generation systems which support power control strategy and have simple structures are put forward. And they consists of wind turbine, PMSG, diode rectify bridge, Buck converter, batteries, and controller, Based on the analysis of work system principle, the wind power technology is based on the aerodynamics, mechanics, electrical engineering and power electronic technology, for the purpose of utilizing it in the practical wind power system, the simulation system is built to modularize the mathematical model and used to prove the feasibility of the system and direct the design the whole system.
Secondly, Thesis expatiate wind generating system power control policy separately in generator protection, battery protection, and maximum power tracking aspects. After analyzing Tip-Speed-Ratio Control, Power Signal Feedback Control and Hill-Climb Searching Control MPPT methods, a new MPPT method is put forward and be validated in the system model, the simulation result make it clear that the new method has some superiority.
Finally, the electrical parts like rectifier, buck circuit and the inverter are designed; the methods of calculating the parameters and the design project of circuit’s structure are presented. Software, which is validated in Matlab, based on new MPPT method is programmed. Simulation results approved the correctness and advantage of the system design.
对于独立运行的户用型风力发电系统,最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)控制是提高功率转换效率的重要方法,合理的蓄电池管理和控制是延长其寿命的重要手段。本文给出了结合MPPT控制、蓄电池充放电控制以及风机保护的功率控制策略,以期实现独立运行的户用型风力发电系统的优化及可靠运行。
论文首先介绍了课题的背景、目的和意义,综述了国内外风力发电发展概况;给出了支持功率控制策略且结构简单的户用型风力发电系统结构,它包括风力机、永磁同步发电机(PMSG)、二极管整流桥、Buck变换器、蓄电池、逆变器和控制器;为将空气动力学、机械学、电机学、电力电子技术等组成风力发电技术的理论应用于实际风力发电系统中,构建了直驱式永磁同步风力发电机仿真系统,将数学模型模块化,仿真结果验证了所搭建的风电控制系统的可行性,同时对硬件电路的设计与参数的选择具有一定的指导意义。
其次,从发电机保护、蓄电池保护以及最大功率跟踪三个方面阐述了户用型风力发电系统的功率控制思想。并在分析了叶尖速比控制、功率信号反馈控制和传统爬山搜索算法等几种现有的最大功率点跟踪策略的基础上,提出一种新的MPPT策略;基于系统模型,进行了MPPT控制的仿真验证,结果表明了新的MPPT策略的优越性。
最后,设计了户用型风力发电机系统控制器中用于功率变换的整流电路、直流升压电路、逆变电路以及控制电路等电气环节,给出了电气参数的计算方法与电路结构的设计方案,并结合新型最大功率跟踪策略编写了相关软件。相应算法在matlab中的仿真结果验证了设计的正确性和优越性。
New statistics shows that about 29,000 villages, 7,000,000 families haven’t use electricity till now in China. These countries and villages include millions of families are disperse and distributed in western China and the southeastern littoral islands. They are out of the way. By lake of or out of the power, local economic development was restricted extremely. On the other hand, these areas are full of wind and solar. The economical and reproduced resource could be made use of solving the power problem for most of the families.
For Home-typed wind power generation systems, the Maximum Power Point Tracking(MPPT)control is an important method of improving power conversion efficiency, and the reasonable management and control of battery is an important means of prolonging their life. A power control strategy, which combines with MPPT control, charging and discharging control of batteries and wind turbine protecting control, is given to make the Home-typed wind power generation systems to operate in both optimal and reliable conditions in this thesis.
Firstly, the background of research work is introduced, and the domestic and oversea development of wind power is summarized. Home-typed wind power generation systems which support power control strategy and have simple structures are put forward. And they consists of wind turbine, PMSG, diode rectify bridge, Buck converter, batteries, and controller, Based on the analysis of work system principle, the wind power technology is based on the aerodynamics, mechanics, electrical engineering and power electronic technology, for the purpose of utilizing it in the practical wind power system, the simulation system is built to modularize the mathematical model and used to prove the feasibility of the system and direct the design the whole system.
Secondly, Thesis expatiate wind generating system power control policy separately in generator protection, battery protection, and maximum power tracking aspects. After analyzing Tip-Speed-Ratio Control, Power Signal Feedback Control and Hill-Climb Searching Control MPPT methods, a new MPPT method is put forward and be validated in the system model, the simulation result make it clear that the new method has some superiority.
Finally, the electrical parts like rectifier, buck circuit and the inverter are designed; the methods of calculating the parameters and the design project of circuit’s structure are presented. Software, which is validated in Matlab, based on new MPPT method is programmed. Simulation results approved the correctness and advantage of the system design.
引文
1李俊峰风力12在中国.化学工业出版社.2005:1
2李德孚.离网型风力发电行业现状及其在节能环保的应用.节能与环保, 2007,6 :19~21
3鄂春良.海上风力发电及其控制技术.电器工业.2007(1):28~30
4张国宝,在2005北京国际可再生能源大会部长论坛上的讲话(2005.1.7),太阳能,2005,(6):5~7
5田德国内外风力发电技术的现状与发展趋势.农业工程技术(新能源产业)2007.1:1~10
6陈忠斌,胡文华.电力电子技术在风力发电中的应用.电源技术应用.2006.11:22~26
7杨俊华,吴捷,杨金明,杨苹.现代控制技术在风能转换系统控制中的应用.第二十一届中国控制会议论文集.2002.614~620
8刘万琨,张志英,李银凤.风能与风力发电技术.化学工业出版社2007:166~169
9张方军.风力发电技术及其发展方向.电气时代,2005,(11):22~24
10张新房,徐大平,柳亦兵,王国平.风力发电技术的发展及相关控制问题综述.华北电力技术.2005(5):42~45
11李俊峰.中国风电发展报告2007.中国环境科学出版社.2007:1~9
12 Global Wind 2007 Report. Global Wind Energy Council, 2007:5~12
13马凤英.美国风力发电机制、政策和法规简介.中国建设动态.2006(4):57
14周鹤良.我国风力发电产业前景与策略.电力电子2006(6):6~8
15姚兴佳.中国风力发电发展之路.大众用电.2005.(12):3~4
16国家风力发电工程技术研究中心.中国风电制造业四月份报告.现代零部件.2007(6):34~35
17王素霞.国内外风力发电的情况及发展趋势.电力技术经济.2007(2):21-24
18叶杭冶.风力发电机组的控制技术.机械工业出版社.2007:11~14
19 Tony Burton著,武鑫译.风能技术.科学出版社.2007:38~42
20 CHAU K T. A novel three-phase doubly salient permanent magnet machine for wind power generation. Industry Applications Annual 2004,USA, Seattle,2004, 3~7
21杨兴满,何玉林,金鑫,刘桦.风力机总体性能分析与仿真.现代制造工程.2007,(2):118~121
22 HEIER Siegtied. Grid integration of wind energy conversion systems. John Winley Sons Ltd, Chicester, UK1998,(2):13~17
23叶杭冶.风力发电机组的控制技术.北京:机械工业出版社,2002:132~147
24陈伯时.电力拖动自动控制系统.机械工业出版社.2007:239~246
25唐任远.现代永磁电机理论与设计.机械工业出版社.1997:172~184
26谢若初.直接驱动式永磁风力发电机设计研究.沈阳工业大学硕士学位论文.2005:16-21
27王江,李韬,曾启明.基于观测器的永磁同步电动机微分代数非线性控制.中国电机工程学报.2005:87~92
28金晓东,丁明.分布式发电系统中的蓄电池模型.仪器仪表用户.2008:88~90
29桂长青,柳瑞华.密封铅酸蓄电池内阻分析.电池.2000:19~21
30林渭勋.现代电力电子电路.浙江大学出版社.2002:169-178
31马洪飞,徐殿国.几种变速恒频风力发电系统控制方案的对比分析.电工技术杂志,2000:1~4
32 (澳)D.A.J.Rand等主编.阀控式铅酸蓄电池.机械工业出版社.2006:406~427
33周震宇,张军明,钱照明.基于PIC单片机的数字式智能铅酸电池充电器的设计.电源技术应用.2006.6:18~21
34金如麟,谭圭娃.小型风力发电机的最大输出功率.上海交通大学.中小型电机.2000.27(2):37~39
35张宁.永磁同步发电机整流系统的研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文.2006:11~14
36 Cardenas. R, Pena. R. Sensor less Vector Control of Induction Machines for Variable-Speed Wind Energy Applications.IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion.2004,(19):196-205
37 M.Sadre.Electro-mechanical Converters Associated to Wind Turbines and Their control. Solar Energy. 1997(2):119~125
38 T.Thiringer, J.Linders.Control by Variable Rotor Speed of a Fixed-Pitch Wind Turbine Operating in a Wide Speed Range. IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion.1993,(18):20~26
39 Liu Qihui, He Yikang, Zhao Rende. The Maximal Wind-Energy TrackingControl of a variable-speed constant-frequency. Wind-Power Generation System. Automation of Electric Power Systems.2003(27):62~67
40 R.Chedid, F.Mrad and M.Basma.Intelligent Control for Wind Energy Conversion Systems.Wind Engineering.1998(22):1~16
41 P. Stergenakis, E. Tatakis etc. Investigation of the optimal operation of a wind generation using a microprocessor controlled drive system.Electro-motion.1997(4):44~49
42 R.Hilloowala, A.M.Sharaf.A Rule-Based Fuzzy Logic Controller for a PWM Inverter in a Stand Alone Wind Energy Conversion scheme.IEEE Trans.Ind.1996(32):57~65
43 Quincy Wang and Liuchen Chang.An Intelligent Maximum Power Extraction Algorithm for Inverter-Based Variable speed wind turbine systems.IEEE Trans.On Power Electronics.2006(53):1242~1249
44 Miguel Lopez,Philippe Dessante and Daniel Sadarnac.Optimisation of a Small Non Controlled Wind Energy Conversion System for Stand-Alone Applications.International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality.Spain.2007(12):1~10
45贾要勤,曹秉刚,杨仲庆.风力机模拟平台的MPPT快速响应控制方法.太阳能学报.2004:364~370
46 Jia Yaoqin, Yang Zhongqing, Cao Binggang. A new maximum power point tracking control scheme for wind generation. Power System Technology Proceedings PowerCon.2002 (10):144~148
47离网型风力发电机组用发电机技术条件GB/T 10760.1-2003:1~12
48小型风力发电机组用控制器技术条件JB/T 6939.1-93:1~10
49冉元庆.基于DSP的逆变电源数字化控制的研究.西北工业大学硕士论文.2005:3~8
50魏立秋.正弦波逆变器高稳定控制方法的研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文.2004:6~8
51陈道炼.DC-AC逆变技术及其应用.机械工业出版社.2005.1:42~47
2李德孚.离网型风力发电行业现状及其在节能环保的应用.节能与环保, 2007,6 :19~21
3鄂春良.海上风力发电及其控制技术.电器工业.2007(1):28~30
4张国宝,在2005北京国际可再生能源大会部长论坛上的讲话(2005.1.7),太阳能,2005,(6):5~7
5田德国内外风力发电技术的现状与发展趋势.农业工程技术(新能源产业)2007.1:1~10
6陈忠斌,胡文华.电力电子技术在风力发电中的应用.电源技术应用.2006.11:22~26
7杨俊华,吴捷,杨金明,杨苹.现代控制技术在风能转换系统控制中的应用.第二十一届中国控制会议论文集.2002.614~620
8刘万琨,张志英,李银凤.风能与风力发电技术.化学工业出版社2007:166~169
9张方军.风力发电技术及其发展方向.电气时代,2005,(11):22~24
10张新房,徐大平,柳亦兵,王国平.风力发电技术的发展及相关控制问题综述.华北电力技术.2005(5):42~45
11李俊峰.中国风电发展报告2007.中国环境科学出版社.2007:1~9
12 Global Wind 2007 Report. Global Wind Energy Council, 2007:5~12
13马凤英.美国风力发电机制、政策和法规简介.中国建设动态.2006(4):57
14周鹤良.我国风力发电产业前景与策略.电力电子2006(6):6~8
15姚兴佳.中国风力发电发展之路.大众用电.2005.(12):3~4
16国家风力发电工程技术研究中心.中国风电制造业四月份报告.现代零部件.2007(6):34~35
17王素霞.国内外风力发电的情况及发展趋势.电力技术经济.2007(2):21-24
18叶杭冶.风力发电机组的控制技术.机械工业出版社.2007:11~14
19 Tony Burton著,武鑫译.风能技术.科学出版社.2007:38~42
20 CHAU K T. A novel three-phase doubly salient permanent magnet machine for wind power generation. Industry Applications Annual 2004,USA, Seattle,2004, 3~7
21杨兴满,何玉林,金鑫,刘桦.风力机总体性能分析与仿真.现代制造工程.2007,(2):118~121
22 HEIER Siegtied. Grid integration of wind energy conversion systems. John Winley Sons Ltd, Chicester, UK1998,(2):13~17
23叶杭冶.风力发电机组的控制技术.北京:机械工业出版社,2002:132~147
24陈伯时.电力拖动自动控制系统.机械工业出版社.2007:239~246
25唐任远.现代永磁电机理论与设计.机械工业出版社.1997:172~184
26谢若初.直接驱动式永磁风力发电机设计研究.沈阳工业大学硕士学位论文.2005:16-21
27王江,李韬,曾启明.基于观测器的永磁同步电动机微分代数非线性控制.中国电机工程学报.2005:87~92
28金晓东,丁明.分布式发电系统中的蓄电池模型.仪器仪表用户.2008:88~90
29桂长青,柳瑞华.密封铅酸蓄电池内阻分析.电池.2000:19~21
30林渭勋.现代电力电子电路.浙江大学出版社.2002:169-178
31马洪飞,徐殿国.几种变速恒频风力发电系统控制方案的对比分析.电工技术杂志,2000:1~4
32 (澳)D.A.J.Rand等主编.阀控式铅酸蓄电池.机械工业出版社.2006:406~427
33周震宇,张军明,钱照明.基于PIC单片机的数字式智能铅酸电池充电器的设计.电源技术应用.2006.6:18~21
34金如麟,谭圭娃.小型风力发电机的最大输出功率.上海交通大学.中小型电机.2000.27(2):37~39
35张宁.永磁同步发电机整流系统的研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文.2006:11~14
36 Cardenas. R, Pena. R. Sensor less Vector Control of Induction Machines for Variable-Speed Wind Energy Applications.IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion.2004,(19):196-205
37 M.Sadre.Electro-mechanical Converters Associated to Wind Turbines and Their control. Solar Energy. 1997(2):119~125
38 T.Thiringer, J.Linders.Control by Variable Rotor Speed of a Fixed-Pitch Wind Turbine Operating in a Wide Speed Range. IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion.1993,(18):20~26
39 Liu Qihui, He Yikang, Zhao Rende. The Maximal Wind-Energy TrackingControl of a variable-speed constant-frequency. Wind-Power Generation System. Automation of Electric Power Systems.2003(27):62~67
40 R.Chedid, F.Mrad and M.Basma.Intelligent Control for Wind Energy Conversion Systems.Wind Engineering.1998(22):1~16
41 P. Stergenakis, E. Tatakis etc. Investigation of the optimal operation of a wind generation using a microprocessor controlled drive system.Electro-motion.1997(4):44~49
42 R.Hilloowala, A.M.Sharaf.A Rule-Based Fuzzy Logic Controller for a PWM Inverter in a Stand Alone Wind Energy Conversion scheme.IEEE Trans.Ind.1996(32):57~65
43 Quincy Wang and Liuchen Chang.An Intelligent Maximum Power Extraction Algorithm for Inverter-Based Variable speed wind turbine systems.IEEE Trans.On Power Electronics.2006(53):1242~1249
44 Miguel Lopez,Philippe Dessante and Daniel Sadarnac.Optimisation of a Small Non Controlled Wind Energy Conversion System for Stand-Alone Applications.International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality.Spain.2007(12):1~10
45贾要勤,曹秉刚,杨仲庆.风力机模拟平台的MPPT快速响应控制方法.太阳能学报.2004:364~370
46 Jia Yaoqin, Yang Zhongqing, Cao Binggang. A new maximum power point tracking control scheme for wind generation. Power System Technology Proceedings PowerCon.2002 (10):144~148
47离网型风力发电机组用发电机技术条件GB/T 10760.1-2003:1~12
48小型风力发电机组用控制器技术条件JB/T 6939.1-93:1~10
49冉元庆.基于DSP的逆变电源数字化控制的研究.西北工业大学硕士论文.2005:3~8
50魏立秋.正弦波逆变器高稳定控制方法的研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文.2004:6~8
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