巴拉克·奥巴马就职演说的批评性话语分析：社会认知视角
摘要
本文从批评性语篇分析的角度,采用社会-认知模式,从宏观和微观层面入手分析巴拉克·奥巴马在就职演说中怎样通过社会意识,即心理模式、知识、观点和态度、共识等来构建权威并影响听众的思维。
根据范·戴克关于批评性语篇分析的社会-认知模式以及他的理论,本文首先从奥巴马就职演说的认知层面入手。奥巴马基于美国及其人民当前所面临的形势形成自己的心理模式,而这些心理模式在语篇中通过他自己和群体的知识,观点和态度以及共识来生成和体现。
其次,在语篇的社会层面,社会认知是在一定社会群体中形成并受其影响,奥巴马不仅将自己视为纯粹的政治领导人,同时也是美国内部群体的一员,不仅是个纯粹的人,同时也是一个基督徒,不仅是安慰者和建造者,同时是个警告者,这些身份在不同的语境和角色中相互转变。
最后,在微观的语篇层面,通过主题表述,词汇选择,修辞格,语境限制等工具,奥巴马不断展示“我们”的优秀品质来鼓舞民众,明示和暗示“我们”有能力度过危机、重塑美国；同时,奥巴马通过多种手法强调“他们”的负面行为使听众对敌视美国的势力印象深刻,易于与听众达成共识。
In terms of the social cognition, namely, mental model as well as socially shared representations (knowledge, opinions, attitudes, common sense), the present study is a socio-cognitive interpretation on how President Barack·Obama controls the recipients and imposes his power from the macro-textual level as well as from the micro-textual level in the Inaugural Address.
In the light of the theoretical framework of Van Dijk's socio-cognitive model and his theories, the present study firstly focuses on cognitive dimension of Barack Obama's Inaugural Address. Obama's mental model is hinted by the current situation that U.S and Americans are facing. In the process of Obama's and the group's knowledge, opinions and attitudes, as well as the common sense, his mental model is represented and produced in the discourse.
In the second place, the present thesis investigates the social dimension of the Inaugural Address. Since social cognition is influenced in a certain social group, Obama identifies himself not merely as a single politician but also as a member of the in-group, not only as an individual but also as a Christian, not only as a comforter and healer, but also as a Warner, which vary in different contexts and positions.
In addition, this paper is also involved in the discursive analysis at the micro-level. It shows that Obama is inclined to explicitly and implicitly portrait "our" good characteristics with which "we" can realize the work of remarking America to recover the public's confidence by adopting various devices, such as topics, local meanings, rhetoric, context constraints. Meanwhile, we can not forget "their" negative behaviors, which help the recipients get a clear image of those who confront or hate America as well as reach a consensus with the new president.
根据范·戴克关于批评性语篇分析的社会-认知模式以及他的理论,本文首先从奥巴马就职演说的认知层面入手。奥巴马基于美国及其人民当前所面临的形势形成自己的心理模式,而这些心理模式在语篇中通过他自己和群体的知识,观点和态度以及共识来生成和体现。
其次,在语篇的社会层面,社会认知是在一定社会群体中形成并受其影响,奥巴马不仅将自己视为纯粹的政治领导人,同时也是美国内部群体的一员,不仅是个纯粹的人,同时也是一个基督徒,不仅是安慰者和建造者,同时是个警告者,这些身份在不同的语境和角色中相互转变。
最后,在微观的语篇层面,通过主题表述,词汇选择,修辞格,语境限制等工具,奥巴马不断展示“我们”的优秀品质来鼓舞民众,明示和暗示“我们”有能力度过危机、重塑美国；同时,奥巴马通过多种手法强调“他们”的负面行为使听众对敌视美国的势力印象深刻,易于与听众达成共识。
In terms of the social cognition, namely, mental model as well as socially shared representations (knowledge, opinions, attitudes, common sense), the present study is a socio-cognitive interpretation on how President Barack·Obama controls the recipients and imposes his power from the macro-textual level as well as from the micro-textual level in the Inaugural Address.
In the light of the theoretical framework of Van Dijk's socio-cognitive model and his theories, the present study firstly focuses on cognitive dimension of Barack Obama's Inaugural Address. Obama's mental model is hinted by the current situation that U.S and Americans are facing. In the process of Obama's and the group's knowledge, opinions and attitudes, as well as the common sense, his mental model is represented and produced in the discourse.
In the second place, the present thesis investigates the social dimension of the Inaugural Address. Since social cognition is influenced in a certain social group, Obama identifies himself not merely as a single politician but also as a member of the in-group, not only as an individual but also as a Christian, not only as a comforter and healer, but also as a Warner, which vary in different contexts and positions.
In addition, this paper is also involved in the discursive analysis at the micro-level. It shows that Obama is inclined to explicitly and implicitly portrait "our" good characteristics with which "we" can realize the work of remarking America to recover the public's confidence by adopting various devices, such as topics, local meanings, rhetoric, context constraints. Meanwhile, we can not forget "their" negative behaviors, which help the recipients get a clear image of those who confront or hate America as well as reach a consensus with the new president.
引文
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Byrns, J.H. (1997). Speak for Yourself-An Introduction to Public Speaking (4ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Campbell, K,&Jamieson, K. (1990). Deeds Done in Words:Presidential Rhetoric and the Genres of Governance.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Chouliaraki,L.& Fairclough. (1999). Rethinking Critical Discourse Analysis. Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press.
Thompson, G. (2008). Introducing Functional Grammar (2nded.). London:Hodder Arnold
Gronbeek, B. (1990). Ronald Reagan's enactment of the presidency in his 1981 inaugural address. Columbia:University of South Carolina Press.(pp.226-245).
Dance, Frank E.X.&Zak Dance,Carol C.(1996). Speaking Your Mind-Private Thinking and Public Speaking (2nded.). Jowa:Dendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
Fowler,R. (1979). Language and Control. London:Routledge and Keegan Paul.
Fowler, R. "Power." (1985). In T.A.Van Dijk (ed.) Handbook of Discourse Analysis Vol.4: Discourse Analysis in Society. Orlando, FL Academic Press,
Fowler, R. (1991). Language in news:Discourse and Ideology. London/Routledae.
Fairclough, N. (1989) Language and Power. London:Longman.
Fairclough, N. (1992a). Critical Language Awareness. Longman Group UK Limited.
Fairclough, N. (1992b). Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge:Polity Press
Fairclough, Norman (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis:The Critical Study of Language. London:Longman
Fairclough, N. (1996).'A reply to Henry Widdowson's discourse analysis:a critical view', Language and Literature.
Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York:International Publishers.
Hall, S. (1996). "The meaning of New Times". Critical Dialogue in Cultural Studies, London: Routledge.
Landtsheer,CD. (1998). Introduction to the Study of Political Discourse. In O.Feldman and C.D. Landtsheer. Politically speaking, A Worldwide Examination of Language Used in the Public Sphere. Prager Publishers
Lucas, S.E. (2000). The Art of Public Speaking (8th edition).Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,
Meyer, M. (2001). Between theory, method, and politics:positioning of approaches to CDA, in Wodak, R.& Meyer, M. (eds.) Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, London: Sage.
Ruth Wodak (2002). Aspects of Critical Discourse Analysis, in Wodak, R.& Meyer, M. (eds.) Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, London:Sage.
Hodge, R.& Kress, G. (1993). Language as ideology (2nd edition). London/New York: Routledge.
Simpson, P. (1993). Language, Ideology and Point of View. London/New York:Routledge.
Thompson, J.B. (1990). Ideology and modern culture. Cambridge:Polity Press
Van Dijk, T.A. (1997). Discourse as Social Interaction. London:Sage Pub. Critical Discourse Analysis by Norman Fairclough and Ruth Wodak. pp.258-281; Discourse and Politics.(pp.211-227).
Van Dijk, T.A. (1998a). Critical discourse analysis. Available: http://www.hum.uva.nl/teun/cda.htm. (1/25/2000)
Van Dijk, T.A. (1998b). Opinions and Ideologies in the Press. In Bell, Allan and Peter Garrett (Eds.). Approaches to Media Discourse. Oxford:Blackwell
Van Dijk, T A. (1998). "New(s) racism:a discourse analytical approach" in Simon Cottle (ed.)'Race:Racism and the Mass Media. Open University Press.
Van Dijk, T.A. (1998). Ideology:A multidisciplinary approach. London:Sage.
Whorf, B. L. (1956). Language, Thought and Reality:Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. J. B. Carroll(ed.)Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
Wilson, D. (1994). Relevance and Understanding. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Windt, T.& Ingold,B. (1987). Essays in Presidential Rhetoric. Dubuqe, Iowa:Kenwall/Hunt Publishing
Zimmerman,Gorden&Owen. (1986). Speech Communication:A Contemporary Introduction (3rd).Los Angles:West Publishing Company. http://www.whitehouse.gov/
俞金吾.(1993).《意识形态》.上海：上海人民出版社.
辛斌.(2005).《批评语言学：理论与应用》.上海：上海外语教育出版社.
陈浩,曾琦云.(2006).《宗教文化导论》.杭州：浙江大学出版社.
Byrns, J.H. (1997). Speak for Yourself-An Introduction to Public Speaking (4ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Campbell, K,&Jamieson, K. (1990). Deeds Done in Words:Presidential Rhetoric and the Genres of Governance.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Chouliaraki,L.& Fairclough. (1999). Rethinking Critical Discourse Analysis. Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press.
Thompson, G. (2008). Introducing Functional Grammar (2nded.). London:Hodder Arnold
Gronbeek, B. (1990). Ronald Reagan's enactment of the presidency in his 1981 inaugural address. Columbia:University of South Carolina Press.(pp.226-245).
Dance, Frank E.X.&Zak Dance,Carol C.(1996). Speaking Your Mind-Private Thinking and Public Speaking (2nded.). Jowa:Dendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
Fowler,R. (1979). Language and Control. London:Routledge and Keegan Paul.
Fowler, R. "Power." (1985). In T.A.Van Dijk (ed.) Handbook of Discourse Analysis Vol.4: Discourse Analysis in Society. Orlando, FL Academic Press,
Fowler, R. (1991). Language in news:Discourse and Ideology. London/Routledae.
Fairclough, N. (1989) Language and Power. London:Longman.
Fairclough, N. (1992a). Critical Language Awareness. Longman Group UK Limited.
Fairclough, N. (1992b). Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge:Polity Press
Fairclough, Norman (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis:The Critical Study of Language. London:Longman
Fairclough, N. (1996).'A reply to Henry Widdowson's discourse analysis:a critical view', Language and Literature.
Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York:International Publishers.
Hall, S. (1996). "The meaning of New Times". Critical Dialogue in Cultural Studies, London: Routledge.
Landtsheer,CD. (1998). Introduction to the Study of Political Discourse. In O.Feldman and C.D. Landtsheer. Politically speaking, A Worldwide Examination of Language Used in the Public Sphere. Prager Publishers
Lucas, S.E. (2000). The Art of Public Speaking (8th edition).Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,
Meyer, M. (2001). Between theory, method, and politics:positioning of approaches to CDA, in Wodak, R.& Meyer, M. (eds.) Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, London: Sage.
Ruth Wodak (2002). Aspects of Critical Discourse Analysis, in Wodak, R.& Meyer, M. (eds.) Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, London:Sage.
Hodge, R.& Kress, G. (1993). Language as ideology (2nd edition). London/New York: Routledge.
Simpson, P. (1993). Language, Ideology and Point of View. London/New York:Routledge.
Thompson, J.B. (1990). Ideology and modern culture. Cambridge:Polity Press
Van Dijk, T.A. (1997). Discourse as Social Interaction. London:Sage Pub. Critical Discourse Analysis by Norman Fairclough and Ruth Wodak. pp.258-281; Discourse and Politics.(pp.211-227).
Van Dijk, T.A. (1998a). Critical discourse analysis. Available: http://www.hum.uva.nl/teun/cda.htm. (1/25/2000)
Van Dijk, T.A. (1998b). Opinions and Ideologies in the Press. In Bell, Allan and Peter Garrett (Eds.). Approaches to Media Discourse. Oxford:Blackwell
Van Dijk, T A. (1998). "New(s) racism:a discourse analytical approach" in Simon Cottle (ed.)'Race:Racism and the Mass Media. Open University Press.
Van Dijk, T.A. (1998). Ideology:A multidisciplinary approach. London:Sage.
Whorf, B. L. (1956). Language, Thought and Reality:Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. J. B. Carroll(ed.)Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
Wilson, D. (1994). Relevance and Understanding. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Windt, T.& Ingold,B. (1987). Essays in Presidential Rhetoric. Dubuqe, Iowa:Kenwall/Hunt Publishing
Zimmerman,Gorden&Owen. (1986). Speech Communication:A Contemporary Introduction (3rd).Los Angles:West Publishing Company. http://www.whitehouse.gov/
俞金吾.(1993).《意识形态》.上海：上海人民出版社.
辛斌.(2005).《批评语言学：理论与应用》.上海：上海外语教育出版社.
陈浩,曾琦云.(2006).《宗教文化导论》.杭州：浙江大学出版社.