城市供水绿色水源评价与设计研究
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摘要
清洁、安全的优质饮用水是现代城市发展的目标,传统的取用河网水作为城市供水已不能满足城市发展的需要,建设供水水库、保护优质水源成为城市水利的重要内容。在当今这个追求高品质的社会中,人们对饮用水水质的问题越来越关注,对饮用水水质的要求也愈来愈高,因此在明确绿色水源内涵的基础上进行绿色水源评价及系统的设计显得十分必要。本论文以陕西省渭南市涧峪水库绿色水源工程为依托,对绿色水源的三要素水质安全、水量安全、生态安全进行了评价,并对水源地功能分区及采取措施进行了分析研究,本文主要研究的内容有以下几方面：
1)在阐述了绿色水源系统设计的相关概念后阐述了饮用水源地安全涉及到的多学科理论,这些理论支持了绿色水源评价指标体系的建立,为科学、公平的评价绿色水源奠定了基础。然后,讲述了饮用水源保护区划及水功能区划方法,以利于保护措施的分区实施;最后阐述了可持续发展理论,目的在于达到水源地的长期可持续发展。
2)在现有安全评价体系分析及评价指标体系构建原则的基础上、通过专家咨询、问卷调查及文献查阅法对影响水源地水质安全、水量安全及生态安全的因素进行了全面分析,揭示了各个指标的内涵以及指标的评判方法,构建了绿色水源评价指标体系框架。
3)根据《全国城市饮用水水源地安全状况评价技术细则》中的水质综合指数法进行水质安全评价;水量安全评价对单项指标的最差项目赋全权;通过查阅文献和咨询专家并结合涧峪水库实际自然情况以及实际监测情况,采用PSR(压力——状态——响应)模型,建立一套水源地生态安全评价指标体系,通过综合指数法进行生态安全评价。
4)以涧峪水库进行实证分析,得出绿色水源评价结果：涧峪水库水质对2级水质标准隶属度最高(0.647),总体上处于1～2级,水质状况较好；涧峪水库水量安全指数为5,水量不安全；生态安全综合评价值为0.814,属于较安全级别,压力系统(0.897)、状态系统(0.773)、响应系统(0.775)均属于较安全级别,但状态系统和响应系统的安全指数接近较不安全级别数值,因此涧峪水库水源地不安全状态主要是由状态和响应系统引起的。
5)对涧峪水库绿色水源工程系统采用功能分区的方法采取措施：①坝上游系统设计中遵循保护的理念,不发展旅游项目,实施水土保持、水源地涵养、生态移民、绿色屏障工程；②坝体系统设计中主要突出安全性、宣传性、装饰性；③坝下游系统设计中突出生态景观、休闲休憩、文化科教的功能。通过功能区分区设计及配套措施的实施推动绿色水源的构建。
最后,系统总结了本文的工作和研究成果,并提出有待改进的地方和新的技术发展研究方向。
Clean, safe and high quality drinking water is objective of modern urban development. Traditional access to river water as urban water supply can not meet the needs of urban development. Constructing reservoirs and protecting water quality has become an important part of urban water conservancy. In current society in the pursuit of high-quality, people are increasingly concerned about drinking water quality and requirements for drinking water quality are getting higher and higher. Therefore, designing of green water resource system on the basis of green water resource evaluation has become necessary. In this paper, took Jianyu reservoir in Weinan city of Shaanxi province as an example, evaluated water quality security, water quantity security and ecological security, studied methods of function zoning and measures to protect source water area. The main contents of this paper summarized as following:
1) Researching the theories about designing of g green water resource systemically after describing relevant concept. These theories supported the establishment of evaluation index system and laid the foundation for evaluating green water resource scientifically and fairly.Then, narrating the methods of drinking water protection zoning and water function zoning, which conducive to the zonal implementation of protection measures.Finally, expounding the theory of sustainable development aims to achieve long-term sustainable development of source water area.
2) On the basis of analyzing current security evaluation index system and definiting the principle of establishing evaluation index system, analyzing comprehensively factors that affect the water quality safety, water quantity safety and ecological safety through consulting document and expert, questionnaire method, etc. Moreover, revealing the meaning and evaluation method of individual indicators. Finally, establishing a framework of comprehensive evaluation index system of green water resource.
3) Evaluating water quality safety by the method of synthetical index method written in the evaluation methods towards drinking water head sites safety in national urban cities. Attaching full weight to the worst project of the individual indicators in water safety evaluation. Using PSR model to establish an ecological security evaluation index system through consulting document and expert meanwhile monitoring technological standards and actual situation of Jianyu reservoir. Finally, evaluating ecological security by the method of synthetical index method.
4) Taking Jianyu reservoir as an example and obtaining evaluation results as following: Jianyu reservoir's membership of two degree water quality standards is the highest (0.647). On the whole, the water quality is during one and two degree and is in good condition. Water quantity safety index of Jianyu reservoir is five, thus the water quantity is unsafe.The comprehensive evaluation value of ecological security is 0.814, belonging to relatively safer level. The value of the pressure system, the state system and the response system is 0.897, 0.773 and 0.775 which all belong to relatively safer level. But, security index value of the state system and response system are close to unsafe degree. Therefore, Jianyu reservoir's unsafe condition is mainly caused by the state and the response system.
5) Taking functional zoning measures in green water engineering system:①In the designing of upstream dam system, following the concept of protection, that is, no tourism projects, implementing soil and water conservation, water resources conservation, ecological migration, green barrier engineering.②In the designing of dam system, mainly highlighting safety, advertorial and decorative.③In the designing of downstream dam system, highlighting the ecological landscape, leisure, culture, science and education functions. Promoting the construction of green water resource through designing of the functional areas and implementing of supporting measures.
In the end, summarizing textual works and research findings systematically, meanwhile putting forward the problems of improving and new direction of technical development.
1)在阐述了绿色水源系统设计的相关概念后阐述了饮用水源地安全涉及到的多学科理论,这些理论支持了绿色水源评价指标体系的建立,为科学、公平的评价绿色水源奠定了基础。然后,讲述了饮用水源保护区划及水功能区划方法,以利于保护措施的分区实施;最后阐述了可持续发展理论,目的在于达到水源地的长期可持续发展。
2)在现有安全评价体系分析及评价指标体系构建原则的基础上、通过专家咨询、问卷调查及文献查阅法对影响水源地水质安全、水量安全及生态安全的因素进行了全面分析,揭示了各个指标的内涵以及指标的评判方法,构建了绿色水源评价指标体系框架。
3)根据《全国城市饮用水水源地安全状况评价技术细则》中的水质综合指数法进行水质安全评价;水量安全评价对单项指标的最差项目赋全权;通过查阅文献和咨询专家并结合涧峪水库实际自然情况以及实际监测情况,采用PSR(压力——状态——响应)模型,建立一套水源地生态安全评价指标体系,通过综合指数法进行生态安全评价。
4)以涧峪水库进行实证分析,得出绿色水源评价结果：涧峪水库水质对2级水质标准隶属度最高(0.647),总体上处于1～2级,水质状况较好；涧峪水库水量安全指数为5,水量不安全；生态安全综合评价值为0.814,属于较安全级别,压力系统(0.897)、状态系统(0.773)、响应系统(0.775)均属于较安全级别,但状态系统和响应系统的安全指数接近较不安全级别数值,因此涧峪水库水源地不安全状态主要是由状态和响应系统引起的。
5)对涧峪水库绿色水源工程系统采用功能分区的方法采取措施：①坝上游系统设计中遵循保护的理念,不发展旅游项目,实施水土保持、水源地涵养、生态移民、绿色屏障工程；②坝体系统设计中主要突出安全性、宣传性、装饰性；③坝下游系统设计中突出生态景观、休闲休憩、文化科教的功能。通过功能区分区设计及配套措施的实施推动绿色水源的构建。
最后,系统总结了本文的工作和研究成果,并提出有待改进的地方和新的技术发展研究方向。
Clean, safe and high quality drinking water is objective of modern urban development. Traditional access to river water as urban water supply can not meet the needs of urban development. Constructing reservoirs and protecting water quality has become an important part of urban water conservancy. In current society in the pursuit of high-quality, people are increasingly concerned about drinking water quality and requirements for drinking water quality are getting higher and higher. Therefore, designing of green water resource system on the basis of green water resource evaluation has become necessary. In this paper, took Jianyu reservoir in Weinan city of Shaanxi province as an example, evaluated water quality security, water quantity security and ecological security, studied methods of function zoning and measures to protect source water area. The main contents of this paper summarized as following:
1) Researching the theories about designing of g green water resource systemically after describing relevant concept. These theories supported the establishment of evaluation index system and laid the foundation for evaluating green water resource scientifically and fairly.Then, narrating the methods of drinking water protection zoning and water function zoning, which conducive to the zonal implementation of protection measures.Finally, expounding the theory of sustainable development aims to achieve long-term sustainable development of source water area.
2) On the basis of analyzing current security evaluation index system and definiting the principle of establishing evaluation index system, analyzing comprehensively factors that affect the water quality safety, water quantity safety and ecological safety through consulting document and expert, questionnaire method, etc. Moreover, revealing the meaning and evaluation method of individual indicators. Finally, establishing a framework of comprehensive evaluation index system of green water resource.
3) Evaluating water quality safety by the method of synthetical index method written in the evaluation methods towards drinking water head sites safety in national urban cities. Attaching full weight to the worst project of the individual indicators in water safety evaluation. Using PSR model to establish an ecological security evaluation index system through consulting document and expert meanwhile monitoring technological standards and actual situation of Jianyu reservoir. Finally, evaluating ecological security by the method of synthetical index method.
4) Taking Jianyu reservoir as an example and obtaining evaluation results as following: Jianyu reservoir's membership of two degree water quality standards is the highest (0.647). On the whole, the water quality is during one and two degree and is in good condition. Water quantity safety index of Jianyu reservoir is five, thus the water quantity is unsafe.The comprehensive evaluation value of ecological security is 0.814, belonging to relatively safer level. The value of the pressure system, the state system and the response system is 0.897, 0.773 and 0.775 which all belong to relatively safer level. But, security index value of the state system and response system are close to unsafe degree. Therefore, Jianyu reservoir's unsafe condition is mainly caused by the state and the response system.
5) Taking functional zoning measures in green water engineering system:①In the designing of upstream dam system, following the concept of protection, that is, no tourism projects, implementing soil and water conservation, water resources conservation, ecological migration, green barrier engineering.②In the designing of dam system, mainly highlighting safety, advertorial and decorative.③In the designing of downstream dam system, highlighting the ecological landscape, leisure, culture, science and education functions. Promoting the construction of green water resource through designing of the functional areas and implementing of supporting measures.
In the end, summarizing textual works and research findings systematically, meanwhile putting forward the problems of improving and new direction of technical development.
引文
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