Spatial variability of soil water content and related factors across the Hexi Corridor of China
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摘要
Soil water content(SWC) is a key factor limiting ecosystem sustainability in arid and semi-arid areas of the Hexi Corridor of China, which is characterized by an ecological environment that is vulnerable to climate change. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding the large-scale spatial distribution of SWC in this region. The specific objectives of this study were to determine the spatial distribution patterns of SWC across the Hexi Corridor and identify the factors responsible for spatial variation of SWC at a regional scale. This study collected and analyzed SWC in the 0–100 cm soil profile from 109 field sampling sites(farmland, grassland and forestland) across the Hexi Corridor in 2017. We selected 17 factors, including land use, topography(latitude, longitude, elevation, slope gradient, and slope aspect), soil properties(soil clay content, soil silt content, soil bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, field capacity, and soil organic carbon content), climate factors(mean annual precipitation, potential evaporation, and aridity index), plant characteristic(vegetation coverage) and planting pattern(irrigation or rain-fed), as possible environmental variables to analyze their effects on SWC. The results showed that SWC was 0.083(±0.067) g/g in the 0–100 cm soil profile and decreased in the order of farmland, grassland and forestland. The SWC in the upper soil layers(0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm) had obvious difference when the mean annual precipitation differed by 200 mm. The SWC decreased from southeast to northwest following the same pattern as precipitation, and had a moderate to strong spatial dependence in a large effective range(75–378 km). The SWC showed a similar distribution and had no significant difference between soil layers in the 0–100 cm soil profile. The principal component analysis showed that the mean annual precipitation, geographical position(longitude and latitude) and soil properties(soil bulk density and soil clay content) were the main factors dominating the variance of environmental variables. A stepwise linear regression equation showed that plant characteristic(vegetation coverage) and soil properties(soil organic carbon content, field capacity and soil clay content) were the optimal factors to predict the variation of SWC. Soil clay content could be better to explain the SWC variation in the deeper soil layers compared with the other factors.
Soil water content(SWC) is a key factor limiting ecosystem sustainability in arid and semi-arid areas of the Hexi Corridor of China, which is characterized by an ecological environment that is vulnerable to climate change. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding the large-scale spatial distribution of SWC in this region. The specific objectives of this study were to determine the spatial distribution patterns of SWC across the Hexi Corridor and identify the factors responsible for spatial variation of SWC at a regional scale. This study collected and analyzed SWC in the 0–100 cm soil profile from 109 field sampling sites(farmland, grassland and forestland) across the Hexi Corridor in 2017. We selected 17 factors, including land use, topography(latitude, longitude, elevation, slope gradient, and slope aspect), soil properties(soil clay content, soil silt content, soil bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, field capacity, and soil organic carbon content), climate factors(mean annual precipitation, potential evaporation, and aridity index), plant characteristic(vegetation coverage) and planting pattern(irrigation or rain-fed), as possible environmental variables to analyze their effects on SWC. The results showed that SWC was 0.083(±0.067) g/g in the 0–100 cm soil profile and decreased in the order of farmland, grassland and forestland. The SWC in the upper soil layers(0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm) had obvious difference when the mean annual precipitation differed by 200 mm. The SWC decreased from southeast to northwest following the same pattern as precipitation, and had a moderate to strong spatial dependence in a large effective range(75–378 km). The SWC showed a similar distribution and had no significant difference between soil layers in the 0–100 cm soil profile. The principal component analysis showed that the mean annual precipitation, geographical position(longitude and latitude) and soil properties(soil bulk density and soil clay content) were the main factors dominating the variance of environmental variables. A stepwise linear regression equation showed that plant characteristic(vegetation coverage) and soil properties(soil organic carbon content, field capacity and soil clay content) were the optimal factors to predict the variation of SWC. Soil clay content could be better to explain the SWC variation in the deeper soil layers compared with the other factors.
Soil water content(SWC) is a key factor limiting ecosystem sustainability in arid and semi-arid areas of the Hexi Corridor of China, which is characterized by an ecological environment that is vulnerable to climate change. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding the large-scale spatial distribution of SWC in this region. The specific objectives of this study were to determine the spatial distribution patterns of SWC across the Hexi Corridor and identify the factors responsible for spatial variation of SWC at a regional scale. This study collected and analyzed SWC in the 0–100 cm soil profile from 109 field sampling sites(farmland, grassland and forestland) across the Hexi Corridor in 2017. We selected 17 factors, including land use, topography(latitude, longitude, elevation, slope gradient, and slope aspect), soil properties(soil clay content, soil silt content, soil bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, field capacity, and soil organic carbon content), climate factors(mean annual precipitation, potential evaporation, and aridity index), plant characteristic(vegetation coverage) and planting pattern(irrigation or rain-fed), as possible environmental variables to analyze their effects on SWC. The results showed that SWC was 0.083(±0.067) g/g in the 0–100 cm soil profile and decreased in the order of farmland, grassland and forestland. The SWC in the upper soil layers(0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm) had obvious difference when the mean annual precipitation differed by 200 mm. The SWC decreased from southeast to northwest following the same pattern as precipitation, and had a moderate to strong spatial dependence in a large effective range(75–378 km). The SWC showed a similar distribution and had no significant difference between soil layers in the 0–100 cm soil profile. The principal component analysis showed that the mean annual precipitation, geographical position(longitude and latitude) and soil properties(soil bulk density and soil clay content) were the main factors dominating the variance of environmental variables. A stepwise linear regression equation showed that plant characteristic(vegetation coverage) and soil properties(soil organic carbon content, field capacity and soil clay content) were the optimal factors to predict the variation of SWC. Soil clay content could be better to explain the SWC variation in the deeper soil layers compared with the other factors.
引文
Bao C,Fang C L.2007.Water resources constraint force on urbanization in water deficient regions:A case study of the Hexi Corridor,arid area of NW China.Ecological Economics,62(3-4):508-517.
Bao S D.2000.Soil Agro-Chemistrical Analysis.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,30-33.(in Chinese)
Cheng G D,Xin L,Zhao W Z,et al.2014.Integrated study of the water-ecosystem-economy in the Heihe River Basin.National Science Review,1(3):413-428.
Deng L,Yan W M,Zhang Y W,et al.2016.Severe depletion of soil moisture following land-use changes for ecological restoration:Evidence from northern China.Forest Ecology and Management,366:1-10.
Hu W,Shao M A,Wan L,et al.2014.Spatial variability of soil electrical conductivity in a small watershed on the Loess Plateau of China.Geoderma,230-231:212-220.
Huang Y L,Chen L D,Fu B J,et al.2012.Effect of land use and topography on spatial variability of soil moisture in a gully catchment of the Loess Plateau,China.Ecohydrology,5(6):826-833.
Jia X X,Shao M A,Zhu Y J,et al.2017a.Soil moisture decline due to afforestation across the Loess Plateau,China.Journal of Hydrology,546:113-122.
Jia X X,Shao M A,Zhao C L,et al.2017b.Spatiotemporal characteristics of soil water storage along regional transect on the Loess Plateau,China.Clean-Soil Air Water,45.
Jin T T,Fu B J,Liu G H,et al.2011.Hydrologic feasibility of artificial forestation in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,15:2519-2530.
Klute A,Dirksen,C.1986.Hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity:laboratory methods.In:Klute A.Methods of Soil Analysis,Part 1,Physical and Mineralogical Methods.Madison:American Society of Agronomy,694-700.
Li D F,Shao M A.2015.Temporal stability of soil water storage in three landscapes in the middle reaches of the Heihe River,northwestern China.Environmental Earth Sciences,73(7):3095-3107.
Li M X,Ma Z G.2015.Soil moisture drought detection and multi-temporal variability across China.Science China Earth Sciences,58(10):1798-1813.
Li X Z,Shao M A,Jia X X,et al.2015.Depth persistence of the spatial pattern of soil-water storage along a small transect in the Loess Plateau of China.Journal of Hydrology,529:685-695.
Liu C Z.2003.The vulnerability of water resources in Northwest China.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,25(6):309-314.
Liu Y X,Zhao W W,Wang L X,et al.2016.Spatial variations of soil moisture under Caragana korshinskii Kom.from different precipitation zones:field based analysis in the Loess Plateau,China.Forests,7(2):31.
Liu Z P,Shao M A,Wang Y Q.2013.Spatial patterns of soil total nitrogen and soil total phosphorus across the entire Loess Plateau region of China.Geoderma,197-198:67-78.
McColl K A,Alemohammad S H,Akbar R,et al.2017.The global distribution and dynamics of surface soil moisture.Nature Geoscience,10:100-104.
Mollnau C,Newton M,Stringham T.2014.Soil water dynamics and water use in a western juniper(Juniperus occidentalis)woodland.Journal of Arid Environments,102:117-126.
Moore G W,Jones J A,Bond B J.2011.How soil moisture mediates the influence of transpiration on streamflow at hourly to interannual scales in a forested catchment.Hydrological Processes,25(24):3701-3710.
Niu Y,Cheng C X,Li X Y,et al.2016.The relation between plant growth and soil water in desert district of Hexi Corridor.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1417-1424.(in Chinese)
Orth R,Seneviratne S I.2017.Variability of soil moisture and sea surface temperatures similarly important for warm-season land climate in the community earth system model.Journal of Climate,30:2141-2162.
Qiu Y,Fu B J,Wang J,et al.2001.Soil moisture variation in relation to topography and land use in a hillslope catchment of the Loess Plateau,China.Journal of Hydrology,240(3-4):243-263.
Ran H,Kang S Z,Li F S,et al.2017.Responses of water productivity to irrigation and N supply for hybrid maize seed production in an arid region of Northwest China.Journal of Arid Land,9(4):504-514.
Ratliff L F,Ritchie J T,Cassel D K.1983.Field-measured limits of soil water availability as related to laboratory-measured properties.Soil Science Society of America Journal,47(4):770-775.
Romero P,Mu?ozR G,Fernandez-Fernandez,et al.2015.Improvement of yield and grape and wine composition in field-grown Monastrell grapevines by partial root zone irrigation,in comparison with regulated deficit irrigation.Agricultural Water Management,149:55-73.
Seneviratne S I,Corti T,Davin E L,et al.2010.Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate:a review.Earth-Science Reviews,99(3-4):125-161.
Shao M A,Wang Q J,Huang M B.2006.Soil Physics.Beijing:Higher Education Press,228-261.(in Chinese)
Sonnenborg T O,Christiansen J R,Pang B,et al.2017.Analyzing the hydrological impact of afforestation and tree species in two catchments with contrasting soil properties using the spatially distributed model MIKE SHE SWET.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,239:118-133.
Sun T,Liu S Z,Ji Y F,et al.2017.Evaluation of the hydrological status and water quality in the gobi areas of Hexi Corridor,Gansu Province.Journal of Lanzhou University:Natural Sciences,53(4):494-500.(in Chinese)
Trangmar B B,Yost R S,Uehara G.1986.Application of geostatistics to spatial studies of soil properties.Advances in Agronomy,38:45-94.
Wang L,Cheung K K W.2017.Potential impact of reforestation programmes and uncertainties in land cover effects over the loess plateau:a regional climate modeling study.Climatic Change,144(3):475-490.
Wang M,Su Y,Yang X.2014.Spatial distribution of soil organic carbon and its influencing factors in desert grasslands of the Hexi Corridor,Northwest China.PloS One,9(4):e94652.
Wang Y Q,Shao M A,Liu Z P.2010a.Large-scale spatial variability of dried soil layers and related factors across the entire Loess Plateau of China.Geoderma,159(1-2):99-108.
Wang Y Q,Shao M A,Shao H B.2010b.A preliminary investigation of the dynamic characteristics of dried soil layers on the Loess Plateau of China.Journal of Hydrology,381(1-2):9-17.
Wang Y Q,Shao M A,Liu Z P.2013.Vertical distribution and influencing factors of soil water content within 21-m profile on the Chinese Loess Plateau.Geoderma,193-194:300-310.
Wang Z S,Cai H J,YU L Y,et al.2016.Estimation of evapotranspiration and soil evaporation of winter wheat in arid region of Northwest China based on SIMDualKC model.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,32(5):126-136.(in Chinese)
Wu L L.2016.Study on optimal layout of ecological network of oasis in Hexi Corridor.PhD Dissertation.Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,11-15.(in Chinese)
Wu Y Z,Huang M B,Warrington D N.2015.Black locust transpiration responses to soil water availability as affected by meteorological factors and soil texture.Pedosphere,25(1):57-71.
Xia J,Ning L,Wang Q,et al.2017.Vulnerability of and risk to water resources in arid and semi-arid regions of West China under a scenario of climate change.Climatic Change,144(3):549-563.
Yao Y Y,Zheng C M,Tian Y,et al.2018.Eco-hydrological effects associated with environmental flow management:A case study from the arid desert region of China.Ecohydrology,11(1):e1914.
Zhang C C,Shao M A,Jia X X.2017.Spatial continuity and local conditions determine spatial pattern of dried soil layers on the Chinese Loess Plateau.Journal of Soils and Sediments,17(8):2030-2039.
Zhang C X,Wang X M,Dong Z B,et al.2017.Aeolian process of the dried-up riverbeds of the Hexi Corridor,China:a wind tunnel experiment.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,189:419.
Zhang K,Su Y Z,Yang R.2017.Biomass and nutrient allocation strategies in a desert ecosystem in the Hexi Corridor,northwest China.Journal of Plant Research,130(4):699-708.
Zhang S P,Shao M A,Li D F.2017.Prediction of soil moisture scarcity using sequential Gaussian simulation in an arid region of China.Geoderma,295:119-128.
Zhang Y W,Deng L,Yan W M,et al.2016.Interaction of soil water storage dynamics and long-term natural vegetation succession on the Loess Plateau,China.Catena,137:52-60.
Zhao C L,Shao M A,Jia X X,et al.2017.Estimation of spatial variability of soil water storage along the south-north transect on China’s Loess Plateau using the state-space approach.Journal of Soils and Sediments,17(4):1009-1020.
Zhao T B,Dai A G.2017.Uncertainties in historical changes and future projections of drought.Part II:model-simulated historical and future drought changes.Climatic Change,144(3):535-548.
Zheng Z Y,Ma Z G,Li M X,et al.2017.Regional water budgets and hydroclimatic trend variations in Xinjiang from 1951 to2000.Climatic Change,144:447-460.
Bao S D.2000.Soil Agro-Chemistrical Analysis.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,30-33.(in Chinese)
Cheng G D,Xin L,Zhao W Z,et al.2014.Integrated study of the water-ecosystem-economy in the Heihe River Basin.National Science Review,1(3):413-428.
Deng L,Yan W M,Zhang Y W,et al.2016.Severe depletion of soil moisture following land-use changes for ecological restoration:Evidence from northern China.Forest Ecology and Management,366:1-10.
Hu W,Shao M A,Wan L,et al.2014.Spatial variability of soil electrical conductivity in a small watershed on the Loess Plateau of China.Geoderma,230-231:212-220.
Huang Y L,Chen L D,Fu B J,et al.2012.Effect of land use and topography on spatial variability of soil moisture in a gully catchment of the Loess Plateau,China.Ecohydrology,5(6):826-833.
Jia X X,Shao M A,Zhu Y J,et al.2017a.Soil moisture decline due to afforestation across the Loess Plateau,China.Journal of Hydrology,546:113-122.
Jia X X,Shao M A,Zhao C L,et al.2017b.Spatiotemporal characteristics of soil water storage along regional transect on the Loess Plateau,China.Clean-Soil Air Water,45.
Jin T T,Fu B J,Liu G H,et al.2011.Hydrologic feasibility of artificial forestation in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,15:2519-2530.
Klute A,Dirksen,C.1986.Hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity:laboratory methods.In:Klute A.Methods of Soil Analysis,Part 1,Physical and Mineralogical Methods.Madison:American Society of Agronomy,694-700.
Li D F,Shao M A.2015.Temporal stability of soil water storage in three landscapes in the middle reaches of the Heihe River,northwestern China.Environmental Earth Sciences,73(7):3095-3107.
Li M X,Ma Z G.2015.Soil moisture drought detection and multi-temporal variability across China.Science China Earth Sciences,58(10):1798-1813.
Li X Z,Shao M A,Jia X X,et al.2015.Depth persistence of the spatial pattern of soil-water storage along a small transect in the Loess Plateau of China.Journal of Hydrology,529:685-695.
Liu C Z.2003.The vulnerability of water resources in Northwest China.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,25(6):309-314.
Liu Y X,Zhao W W,Wang L X,et al.2016.Spatial variations of soil moisture under Caragana korshinskii Kom.from different precipitation zones:field based analysis in the Loess Plateau,China.Forests,7(2):31.
Liu Z P,Shao M A,Wang Y Q.2013.Spatial patterns of soil total nitrogen and soil total phosphorus across the entire Loess Plateau region of China.Geoderma,197-198:67-78.
McColl K A,Alemohammad S H,Akbar R,et al.2017.The global distribution and dynamics of surface soil moisture.Nature Geoscience,10:100-104.
Mollnau C,Newton M,Stringham T.2014.Soil water dynamics and water use in a western juniper(Juniperus occidentalis)woodland.Journal of Arid Environments,102:117-126.
Moore G W,Jones J A,Bond B J.2011.How soil moisture mediates the influence of transpiration on streamflow at hourly to interannual scales in a forested catchment.Hydrological Processes,25(24):3701-3710.
Niu Y,Cheng C X,Li X Y,et al.2016.The relation between plant growth and soil water in desert district of Hexi Corridor.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1417-1424.(in Chinese)
Orth R,Seneviratne S I.2017.Variability of soil moisture and sea surface temperatures similarly important for warm-season land climate in the community earth system model.Journal of Climate,30:2141-2162.
Qiu Y,Fu B J,Wang J,et al.2001.Soil moisture variation in relation to topography and land use in a hillslope catchment of the Loess Plateau,China.Journal of Hydrology,240(3-4):243-263.
Ran H,Kang S Z,Li F S,et al.2017.Responses of water productivity to irrigation and N supply for hybrid maize seed production in an arid region of Northwest China.Journal of Arid Land,9(4):504-514.
Ratliff L F,Ritchie J T,Cassel D K.1983.Field-measured limits of soil water availability as related to laboratory-measured properties.Soil Science Society of America Journal,47(4):770-775.
Romero P,Mu?ozR G,Fernandez-Fernandez,et al.2015.Improvement of yield and grape and wine composition in field-grown Monastrell grapevines by partial root zone irrigation,in comparison with regulated deficit irrigation.Agricultural Water Management,149:55-73.
Seneviratne S I,Corti T,Davin E L,et al.2010.Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate:a review.Earth-Science Reviews,99(3-4):125-161.
Shao M A,Wang Q J,Huang M B.2006.Soil Physics.Beijing:Higher Education Press,228-261.(in Chinese)
Sonnenborg T O,Christiansen J R,Pang B,et al.2017.Analyzing the hydrological impact of afforestation and tree species in two catchments with contrasting soil properties using the spatially distributed model MIKE SHE SWET.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,239:118-133.
Sun T,Liu S Z,Ji Y F,et al.2017.Evaluation of the hydrological status and water quality in the gobi areas of Hexi Corridor,Gansu Province.Journal of Lanzhou University:Natural Sciences,53(4):494-500.(in Chinese)
Trangmar B B,Yost R S,Uehara G.1986.Application of geostatistics to spatial studies of soil properties.Advances in Agronomy,38:45-94.
Wang L,Cheung K K W.2017.Potential impact of reforestation programmes and uncertainties in land cover effects over the loess plateau:a regional climate modeling study.Climatic Change,144(3):475-490.
Wang M,Su Y,Yang X.2014.Spatial distribution of soil organic carbon and its influencing factors in desert grasslands of the Hexi Corridor,Northwest China.PloS One,9(4):e94652.
Wang Y Q,Shao M A,Liu Z P.2010a.Large-scale spatial variability of dried soil layers and related factors across the entire Loess Plateau of China.Geoderma,159(1-2):99-108.
Wang Y Q,Shao M A,Shao H B.2010b.A preliminary investigation of the dynamic characteristics of dried soil layers on the Loess Plateau of China.Journal of Hydrology,381(1-2):9-17.
Wang Y Q,Shao M A,Liu Z P.2013.Vertical distribution and influencing factors of soil water content within 21-m profile on the Chinese Loess Plateau.Geoderma,193-194:300-310.
Wang Z S,Cai H J,YU L Y,et al.2016.Estimation of evapotranspiration and soil evaporation of winter wheat in arid region of Northwest China based on SIMDualKC model.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,32(5):126-136.(in Chinese)
Wu L L.2016.Study on optimal layout of ecological network of oasis in Hexi Corridor.PhD Dissertation.Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,11-15.(in Chinese)
Wu Y Z,Huang M B,Warrington D N.2015.Black locust transpiration responses to soil water availability as affected by meteorological factors and soil texture.Pedosphere,25(1):57-71.
Xia J,Ning L,Wang Q,et al.2017.Vulnerability of and risk to water resources in arid and semi-arid regions of West China under a scenario of climate change.Climatic Change,144(3):549-563.
Yao Y Y,Zheng C M,Tian Y,et al.2018.Eco-hydrological effects associated with environmental flow management:A case study from the arid desert region of China.Ecohydrology,11(1):e1914.
Zhang C C,Shao M A,Jia X X.2017.Spatial continuity and local conditions determine spatial pattern of dried soil layers on the Chinese Loess Plateau.Journal of Soils and Sediments,17(8):2030-2039.
Zhang C X,Wang X M,Dong Z B,et al.2017.Aeolian process of the dried-up riverbeds of the Hexi Corridor,China:a wind tunnel experiment.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,189:419.
Zhang K,Su Y Z,Yang R.2017.Biomass and nutrient allocation strategies in a desert ecosystem in the Hexi Corridor,northwest China.Journal of Plant Research,130(4):699-708.
Zhang S P,Shao M A,Li D F.2017.Prediction of soil moisture scarcity using sequential Gaussian simulation in an arid region of China.Geoderma,295:119-128.
Zhang Y W,Deng L,Yan W M,et al.2016.Interaction of soil water storage dynamics and long-term natural vegetation succession on the Loess Plateau,China.Catena,137:52-60.
Zhao C L,Shao M A,Jia X X,et al.2017.Estimation of spatial variability of soil water storage along the south-north transect on China’s Loess Plateau using the state-space approach.Journal of Soils and Sediments,17(4):1009-1020.
Zhao T B,Dai A G.2017.Uncertainties in historical changes and future projections of drought.Part II:model-simulated historical and future drought changes.Climatic Change,144(3):535-548.
Zheng Z Y,Ma Z G,Li M X,et al.2017.Regional water budgets and hydroclimatic trend variations in Xinjiang from 1951 to2000.Climatic Change,144:447-460.