砒霜名实考辨
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摘要
受传统科学的启发,现代科学利用砒霜治疗白血病取得重大进展,砒霜药用价值越来越受到学界关注。但是从古至今,医书中对砒霜的名和实记述一直较为混乱,和砒霜有关的概念多达21个。本研究为了厘清砒霜的名与实,对2390篇现代文献、867条古文献记载进行分析,比对相关术语的定义、解释、产地、药性、功能、用法、宜忌、选方等,初步厘清诸多医书中"砒霜"真正的名与实,并区分了其相似物。
Inspired by traditional science,modern science has made great progress in the treatment of leukemia with arsenic. However,since ancient times,the name and actual description of arsenic in medical books has been confusing,and there are as many as 21 concepts related to arsenic.In order to clarify the name and reality of arsenic,this study analyzes 2,390 modern literatures and 867 ancient literatures,compared the definition,interpretation,origin,medicine,function,usage,taboo and prescription of relevant terms,and preliminarily clarifies the real name and reality of arsenic in many medical books,and distinguishes its analogues.
Inspired by traditional science,modern science has made great progress in the treatment of leukemia with arsenic. However,since ancient times,the name and actual description of arsenic in medical books has been confusing,and there are as many as 21 concepts related to arsenic.In order to clarify the name and reality of arsenic,this study analyzes 2,390 modern literatures and 867 ancient literatures,compared the definition,interpretation,origin,medicine,function,usage,taboo and prescription of relevant terms,and preliminarily clarifies the real name and reality of arsenic in many medical books,and distinguishes its analogues.
引文
1饶毅,黎润红,张大庆.化毒为药:三氧化二砷对急性早幼粒细胞白血病治疗作用的发现[J].中国科学:生命科学,2013,43(8):700-707.
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4 Zhu J,&Dingcheng Ren,Arsenic Prepared by Chinese Alchemist-pharmacists[J].SCIENCE CHINA Life Sciences,2016,59(10):1086-1089.
5高学敏,钟赣生.中药学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2000.22.
6(明)李时珍.本草纲目[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2004.49-61.
7叶定江,张世臣.中药炮制学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2011.311.
8(宋)寇宗奭.本草衍义[M].北京:中华书局,1985.33.
9南京中医药大学.中药大辞典[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2014.1976.
10张亭栋.开发砒霜[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2003,23(1).65-66.
11傅献彩.大学化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1999.687.
12(东晋)葛洪.肘后备急方[M].天津:天津科学技术出版社,2005.60-76.
13(唐)日华子.日华子本草[M].芜湖:皖南医学院,1983.23.
14汉语大词典编纂处.汉语大词典.第七卷下册[M].上海:汉语大词典出版社,2001.1012.
15(五代)韩鄂.四时纂要[M].北京:农业出版社,1984.71.
16(宋)唐慎微.证类本草[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1991.123.
17(清)徐士銮.医方丛话[M].北京:中国中医药出版社,2015.12.
18李约瑟.中国科学技术史,第五卷第二分册,化学及相关技术·炼丹术的发明和发现:金丹与长生[M].周曾雄等译.北京:科学出版社,2010.162-164.
19赵匡华,阮慎康,骆萌.我国金丹术中砷白铜的源流与验证[J].自然辩证法研究,1983,2(1).24-31.
20赵匡华,张慧珍.中国炼丹家最先发现元素砷[J].化学通报,1985,(10).57-60.
21佚名.庚道集.中华道藏第十八册[M].北京:华夏出版社,2004.507-514.
22(明)宋应星.天工开物[M].广州:广东人民出版社,1976.297-302.
23(清)王子接.绛雪园古方选注[M].北京:中国中医药出版社,1993.126.
24(明)郎瑛.七修类稿[M].北京:中华书局,1959.676.
25邓居昌.雄黄、白矾粗制滥用引起砷中毒[J].中药通报,1982(1).16.
26(宋)苏颂.本草图经[M].合肥:安徽科学技术出版社,1994.62.
27(清)厉荃.事物异名录[M].长沙:岳麓书社,1991.423.
28(明)徐用诚.玉机微义[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1991.391.
29(明)朱橚.普济方,第四册,诸疾[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1983.901
30(唐)白居易.白氏长庆集[M].长春:吉林出版集团,2005.719.
31(清)刘锦藻.清续文献通考[M].杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2000.630.
32(春秋·晋)师旷.禽经[M].北京:中国文史出版社,1999.19.
33薛愚.中国药学史料[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1984.81.
34(唐)梅彪.石药尔雅[M].北京:中华书局,1985.2-11.
35朱晶.秋石名称考[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2012,27(3):149.
36 Sivin,Nathan.Chinese Alchemy:Preliminary Studies[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1968.160.
37(清)刘岳云.格物中法[M].长沙:岳麓书社,1908.55.
38华海清,王佛鸿,秦叔迫.砒霜古今应用探讨[J].中国中药杂志,2003,28(2):186-189.
2赵匡华,周嘉华.中国科学技术史(化学卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,1998.342-413.
3朱晶,任定成.欧洲人制备单质砷的早期历史的再考察[J].自然科学史研究,2008,27(2):151-165.
4 Zhu J,&Dingcheng Ren,Arsenic Prepared by Chinese Alchemist-pharmacists[J].SCIENCE CHINA Life Sciences,2016,59(10):1086-1089.
5高学敏,钟赣生.中药学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2000.22.
6(明)李时珍.本草纲目[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2004.49-61.
7叶定江,张世臣.中药炮制学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2011.311.
8(宋)寇宗奭.本草衍义[M].北京:中华书局,1985.33.
9南京中医药大学.中药大辞典[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2014.1976.
10张亭栋.开发砒霜[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2003,23(1).65-66.
11傅献彩.大学化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1999.687.
12(东晋)葛洪.肘后备急方[M].天津:天津科学技术出版社,2005.60-76.
13(唐)日华子.日华子本草[M].芜湖:皖南医学院,1983.23.
14汉语大词典编纂处.汉语大词典.第七卷下册[M].上海:汉语大词典出版社,2001.1012.
15(五代)韩鄂.四时纂要[M].北京:农业出版社,1984.71.
16(宋)唐慎微.证类本草[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1991.123.
17(清)徐士銮.医方丛话[M].北京:中国中医药出版社,2015.12.
18李约瑟.中国科学技术史,第五卷第二分册,化学及相关技术·炼丹术的发明和发现:金丹与长生[M].周曾雄等译.北京:科学出版社,2010.162-164.
19赵匡华,阮慎康,骆萌.我国金丹术中砷白铜的源流与验证[J].自然辩证法研究,1983,2(1).24-31.
20赵匡华,张慧珍.中国炼丹家最先发现元素砷[J].化学通报,1985,(10).57-60.
21佚名.庚道集.中华道藏第十八册[M].北京:华夏出版社,2004.507-514.
22(明)宋应星.天工开物[M].广州:广东人民出版社,1976.297-302.
23(清)王子接.绛雪园古方选注[M].北京:中国中医药出版社,1993.126.
24(明)郎瑛.七修类稿[M].北京:中华书局,1959.676.
25邓居昌.雄黄、白矾粗制滥用引起砷中毒[J].中药通报,1982(1).16.
26(宋)苏颂.本草图经[M].合肥:安徽科学技术出版社,1994.62.
27(清)厉荃.事物异名录[M].长沙:岳麓书社,1991.423.
28(明)徐用诚.玉机微义[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1991.391.
29(明)朱橚.普济方,第四册,诸疾[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1983.901
30(唐)白居易.白氏长庆集[M].长春:吉林出版集团,2005.719.
31(清)刘锦藻.清续文献通考[M].杭州:浙江古籍出版社,2000.630.
32(春秋·晋)师旷.禽经[M].北京:中国文史出版社,1999.19.
33薛愚.中国药学史料[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1984.81.
34(唐)梅彪.石药尔雅[M].北京:中华书局,1985.2-11.
35朱晶.秋石名称考[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2012,27(3):149.
36 Sivin,Nathan.Chinese Alchemy:Preliminary Studies[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1968.160.
37(清)刘岳云.格物中法[M].长沙:岳麓书社,1908.55.
38华海清,王佛鸿,秦叔迫.砒霜古今应用探讨[J].中国中药杂志,2003,28(2):186-189.