澜湄水资源合作机制
|
摘要
水资源合作是澜湄合作的五大优先方向,是各国重点打造的旗舰领域。本文分析了澜沧江—湄公河流域现有水资源合作机制的现状,梳理了澜湄水资源合作机制的框架和合作进展,并在此基础上归纳总结了澜湄水资源合作机制合作层次高、领域广、全流域参与等优势。结合澜湄水资源合作机制现阶段合作情况,提出加强水资源工作组与其他工作组沟通协调,设立专项水资源行动计划专项基金和加强澜湄水资源合作智库建设,完善和加强澜湄合作机制,发挥新型平台作用的几点建议。
Water resources cooperation is one of five key priority areas of the Lancang-Mekong Cooperation(LMC) and is also the flagship field that LMC members will value most. Sanya Declaration of the First Lancang-Mekong Cooperation(LMC) Leaders' Meeting agreed to enhance cooperation among LMC countries in sustainable management and utilization of water resources such as technical exchanges, capacity building, drought and flood mitigation, data and information sharing, as well as conducting joint research and analysis related to resources of the Lancang-Mekong River Basin(LMRB). The paper firstly analyzed the current situation and defects of water resources cooperation mechanisms in the LMRB. At present, cooperation mechanisms are dominated by extra-regional countries with prominent conflicts of interest, and lack the participation of upstream countries, which generally focuses on the economic fields instead of on water resources. Then, we review the frame structure and the latest advances of the Water Resources Cooperation of LMC. Several levels like Leaders' Meeting, Foreign Ministers' Meeting and Joint Working Groups on water resources were established to promote cooperation in the LMC countries. Water resources cooperation has accelerated its pace based on the above structure, and a series of significant meetings and dialogues have been held. What is more, we summarized its advantages compared to current water resources cooperation mechanisms in the LMRB. The level of the cooperation is high under the leadership of heads of state and government of the LMC countries. Meanwhile, the fields of cooperation should be deepened in an all-round way. The cooperation mechanisms are associated with the countries in the whole basin and need to be built on a solid foundation. At last, some suggestions were given to improve and reinforce water resources cooperation of LMC, including strengthening consultation and coordination between Joint Working Group on Water Resources Cooperation of LMC and other Joint Working Groups, setting up a special fund to support water resources cooperation and constructing cooperation network Think Tanks.
Water resources cooperation is one of five key priority areas of the Lancang-Mekong Cooperation(LMC) and is also the flagship field that LMC members will value most. Sanya Declaration of the First Lancang-Mekong Cooperation(LMC) Leaders' Meeting agreed to enhance cooperation among LMC countries in sustainable management and utilization of water resources such as technical exchanges, capacity building, drought and flood mitigation, data and information sharing, as well as conducting joint research and analysis related to resources of the Lancang-Mekong River Basin(LMRB). The paper firstly analyzed the current situation and defects of water resources cooperation mechanisms in the LMRB. At present, cooperation mechanisms are dominated by extra-regional countries with prominent conflicts of interest, and lack the participation of upstream countries, which generally focuses on the economic fields instead of on water resources. Then, we review the frame structure and the latest advances of the Water Resources Cooperation of LMC. Several levels like Leaders' Meeting, Foreign Ministers' Meeting and Joint Working Groups on water resources were established to promote cooperation in the LMC countries. Water resources cooperation has accelerated its pace based on the above structure, and a series of significant meetings and dialogues have been held. What is more, we summarized its advantages compared to current water resources cooperation mechanisms in the LMRB. The level of the cooperation is high under the leadership of heads of state and government of the LMC countries. Meanwhile, the fields of cooperation should be deepened in an all-round way. The cooperation mechanisms are associated with the countries in the whole basin and need to be built on a solid foundation. At last, some suggestions were given to improve and reinforce water resources cooperation of LMC, including strengthening consultation and coordination between Joint Working Group on Water Resources Cooperation of LMC and other Joint Working Groups, setting up a special fund to support water resources cooperation and constructing cooperation network Think Tanks.
引文
[1]屠酥,胡德坤.澜湄水资源合作:矛盾与解决路径.国际问题研究,2016,(3):51-63.[TU S,HU D K.Lancang-Mekong water resources cooperation:Contradiction and solution path.International Studies,2016,(3):51-63.]
[2]陈丽晖,曾尊固,何大明.国际河流流域开发中的利益冲突及其关系协调:以澜沧江-湄公河为例.世界地理研究,2003,12(1):71-78.[CHEN L H,ZENG Z G,HE D M.Coordinating the relationships between interest parties in development of the international river.World Regional Studies,2003,12(1):71-78.]
[3]YORTH B.International Mekong River Basin:Events,conflicts or cooperation,and policy implications.Corvallis:Oregon State University,2014.
[4]李志斐.水问题与国际关系:区域公共产品视角的分析.外交评论,2013,30(2):108-118.[LI Z F.Water problem and international relations:An analysis from the perspective of regional public goods.Froeign Affairs Review,2013,30(2):108-118.]
[5]SCOTT W D.Pearse-Smith,"'Water War'in the Mekong Basin?".Asia Pacific Viewpoint,2012,53(2):147-162.
[6]朴键一,李志斐.水合作管理:澜沧江-湄公河区域关系构建新议题.东南亚研究,2013,(5):27-35.[PIAO J Y,LI ZF.Water cooperation governance:New issues of the regional relationship construction in the Langcang-Mekong River Basin.Southeast Asian Studies,2013,(5):27-35.]
[7]尤卫红,何大明,索渺清.澜沧江的跨境径流量变化及其对云南降水量场变化的响应.自然资源学报,2005,20(3):361-369.[YOU W H,HE D M,SUO M Q.Transboundary flow change of the Lancang River and its response to the variation of precipitation field over Yunnan.Journal of Natural Resources,2005,20(3):361-369.]
[8]汪霞.澜沧江-湄公河流域水资源合作机制研究.东南亚纵横,2012,(10):73-76.[WANG X.Research on the cooperation mechanism of Lancang-Mekong River water resource.Around Southeast Asia,2012,(10):73-76.]
[9]刘宗瑞,周海炜,赵又霖.国际河流跨境洪灾防治的合作特征及演进趋势:基于防洪合作协议的内容分析.中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(12):78-84.[LIU Z R,ZHOU H W,ZHAO Y L.Cooperation characters and evolution trends of international rivers cross-border flood prevention based on the content analysis of flood prevention cooperation agreements.China Population,Resources and Envionment,2015,25(12):78-84.]
[10]YOFFE S,WOLF A T,GIORDANO M.Conflict and cooperation over international freshwater resources:Indicators of basins at Risr.Jawra Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2003,39(5):1109-1126.
[11]HENSENGERTH O.Transboundary river cooperation and the regional public good:The case of the Mekong River.Contemporary Southeast Asia,2009,31(2):326-349.
[12]胡文俊,简迎辉,杨建基,等.国际河流管理合作模式的分类及演进规律探讨.自然资源学报,2013,28(12):2034-2043.[HU W J,JIAN Y H,YANG J J,et al.Exploring the classification and evolving principles of the cooperation models in international river management.Journal of Natural Resources,2013,28(12):2034-2043.]
[13]张励,卢光盛,伊恩·乔治·贝尔德.中国在澜沧江-湄公河跨界水资源合作中的信任危机与互信建设.印度洋经济体研究,2016,(2):16-27.[ZHANG L,LU G S,IAN GEORGE B.Trust crisis and construction of mutual trust of China in the cooperation of transboundary water resources in the Lancang-Mekong River.Indian Ocean Economic and Political Review,2016,(2):16-27.]
[14]黄河,杨海燕.区域性公共产品与澜湄合作机制.深圳大学学报:人文社会科学版,2017,34(1):130-137.[HUANGH,YANG H Y.Regional public goods and the Lancang-Mekong cooperation initiative.Journal of Shenzhen University:Humanities&Social Sciences,2017,34(1):130-137.]
[15]全毅.中国-东盟澜湄合作机制建设背景及重要意义.国际贸易,2016,(8):29-34.[QUAN Y.Background and significance of the China-ASEAN Lancang-Mekong cooperation mechanism.Intertrade,2016,(8):29-34.]
[16]DOUVEN W,MUL M L,SON L,et al.Games to create awareness and design policies for transboundary cooperation in river basins:Lessons from the Shariva game of the Mekong River commission.Water Resources Management,2014,28(5):1431-1447.
[17]BHAGABATI S,KAWASAKI A,BABEL M,et al.A cooperative game analysis of transboundary hydropower development in the lower Mekong:Case of the 3S Sub-basins.Water Resources Management,2014,28(11):3417-3437.
[18]YU X.Regional cooperation and energy development in the Greater Mekong Sub-region.Energy Policy,2003,31(12):1221-1234.
[19]LEE S.Benefit sharing in the Mekong River Basin.Water International,2015,40(1):139-152.
[20]宋效峰.湄公河次区域的地缘政治经济博弈与中国对策.世界经济与政治论坛,2013,(5):37-49.[SONG X F.Geopolitical economic game in great Mekong subregion and China's countermeasures.Forum of World Economics&Politics,2013,(5):37-49.]
[21]郭延军.大湄公河水资源安全:多层治理及中国的政策选择.外交评论,2011,28(2):88-101.[GUO Y J.Water resources security in great Mekong Subregion:Multi-layer governance and China's countermeasures.Froeign Affairs Review,2011,28(2):88-101.]
[22]邢伟.水资源治理与澜湄命运共同体建设.太平洋学报,2016,24(6):43-53.[XING W.Water resources governance and building the Lancang-Mekong community of common destiny.Pacific Journal,2016,24(6):43-53.]
[23]邢伟.澜湄合作机制视角下的水资源安全治理.东南亚研究,2016,(6):72-82.[XING W.An analysis of thewater resources security governance in the framework of the Lancang-Mekong cooperation mechanism.Southeast Asian Studies,2016,(6):72-82.]
[24]齐虹丽,龙悦宁.澜沧江-湄公河流域淡水资源保护国际合作机制探析.云南社会科学,2011,(5):69-73.[QI H L,LONG Y N.Study on international cooperation mechanism of fresh water resource in Lancang-Mekong River.Social Sciences in Yunnan,2011,(5):69-73.]
[25]张励,卢光盛.从应急补水看澜湄合作机制下的跨境水资源合作.国际展望,2016,8(5):95-112.[ZHANG L,LU GS.Water cooperation under the Lancang-Mekong cooperation framework from the perspective of China's emergency water released to Mekong River.World Outlook,2016,8(5):95-112.]
[26]卢光盛,别梦婕.澜湄合作机制:一个“高阶的”次区域主义.亚太经济,2017,(2):43-49.[LU G S,BIE M J.LancangMekong cooperation:A"high order"sub-regionalism.Asia-Pacific Economic Review,2017,(2):43-49.]
[27]王庆忠.大湄公河次区域合作:域外大国介入及中国的战略应对.太平洋学报,2011,19(11):40-49.[WANG Q Z.GMS cooperation:Intervention of powers and China's counter strategy.Pacific Journal,2011,19(11):40-49.]
[28]CHANG F K.The lower Mekong initiative&U.S.foreign policy in Southeast Asia:Energy,environment&power.Orbis,2013,57(2):282-299.
[29]卢光盛,金珍.“澜湄机制”:湄公河次区域合作的新尝试.世界知识,2015,(22):16-18.[LU G S,JIN Z.Lancang-Mekong cooperation mechanism:A new approach to the subregional cooperation in the Mekong River.World Affairs,2015(22):16-18.]
[30]张励,卢光盛.“水外交”视角下的中国和下湄公河国家跨界水资源合作.东南亚研究,2015,(1):42-50.[ZHANG L,LU G S.Transboundary water cooperation between China and the lower Mekong countries from the perspective of water diplomacy.Southeast Asian Studies,2015,(1):42-50.]
[2]陈丽晖,曾尊固,何大明.国际河流流域开发中的利益冲突及其关系协调:以澜沧江-湄公河为例.世界地理研究,2003,12(1):71-78.[CHEN L H,ZENG Z G,HE D M.Coordinating the relationships between interest parties in development of the international river.World Regional Studies,2003,12(1):71-78.]
[3]YORTH B.International Mekong River Basin:Events,conflicts or cooperation,and policy implications.Corvallis:Oregon State University,2014.
[4]李志斐.水问题与国际关系:区域公共产品视角的分析.外交评论,2013,30(2):108-118.[LI Z F.Water problem and international relations:An analysis from the perspective of regional public goods.Froeign Affairs Review,2013,30(2):108-118.]
[5]SCOTT W D.Pearse-Smith,"'Water War'in the Mekong Basin?".Asia Pacific Viewpoint,2012,53(2):147-162.
[6]朴键一,李志斐.水合作管理:澜沧江-湄公河区域关系构建新议题.东南亚研究,2013,(5):27-35.[PIAO J Y,LI ZF.Water cooperation governance:New issues of the regional relationship construction in the Langcang-Mekong River Basin.Southeast Asian Studies,2013,(5):27-35.]
[7]尤卫红,何大明,索渺清.澜沧江的跨境径流量变化及其对云南降水量场变化的响应.自然资源学报,2005,20(3):361-369.[YOU W H,HE D M,SUO M Q.Transboundary flow change of the Lancang River and its response to the variation of precipitation field over Yunnan.Journal of Natural Resources,2005,20(3):361-369.]
[8]汪霞.澜沧江-湄公河流域水资源合作机制研究.东南亚纵横,2012,(10):73-76.[WANG X.Research on the cooperation mechanism of Lancang-Mekong River water resource.Around Southeast Asia,2012,(10):73-76.]
[9]刘宗瑞,周海炜,赵又霖.国际河流跨境洪灾防治的合作特征及演进趋势:基于防洪合作协议的内容分析.中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(12):78-84.[LIU Z R,ZHOU H W,ZHAO Y L.Cooperation characters and evolution trends of international rivers cross-border flood prevention based on the content analysis of flood prevention cooperation agreements.China Population,Resources and Envionment,2015,25(12):78-84.]
[10]YOFFE S,WOLF A T,GIORDANO M.Conflict and cooperation over international freshwater resources:Indicators of basins at Risr.Jawra Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2003,39(5):1109-1126.
[11]HENSENGERTH O.Transboundary river cooperation and the regional public good:The case of the Mekong River.Contemporary Southeast Asia,2009,31(2):326-349.
[12]胡文俊,简迎辉,杨建基,等.国际河流管理合作模式的分类及演进规律探讨.自然资源学报,2013,28(12):2034-2043.[HU W J,JIAN Y H,YANG J J,et al.Exploring the classification and evolving principles of the cooperation models in international river management.Journal of Natural Resources,2013,28(12):2034-2043.]
[13]张励,卢光盛,伊恩·乔治·贝尔德.中国在澜沧江-湄公河跨界水资源合作中的信任危机与互信建设.印度洋经济体研究,2016,(2):16-27.[ZHANG L,LU G S,IAN GEORGE B.Trust crisis and construction of mutual trust of China in the cooperation of transboundary water resources in the Lancang-Mekong River.Indian Ocean Economic and Political Review,2016,(2):16-27.]
[14]黄河,杨海燕.区域性公共产品与澜湄合作机制.深圳大学学报:人文社会科学版,2017,34(1):130-137.[HUANGH,YANG H Y.Regional public goods and the Lancang-Mekong cooperation initiative.Journal of Shenzhen University:Humanities&Social Sciences,2017,34(1):130-137.]
[15]全毅.中国-东盟澜湄合作机制建设背景及重要意义.国际贸易,2016,(8):29-34.[QUAN Y.Background and significance of the China-ASEAN Lancang-Mekong cooperation mechanism.Intertrade,2016,(8):29-34.]
[16]DOUVEN W,MUL M L,SON L,et al.Games to create awareness and design policies for transboundary cooperation in river basins:Lessons from the Shariva game of the Mekong River commission.Water Resources Management,2014,28(5):1431-1447.
[17]BHAGABATI S,KAWASAKI A,BABEL M,et al.A cooperative game analysis of transboundary hydropower development in the lower Mekong:Case of the 3S Sub-basins.Water Resources Management,2014,28(11):3417-3437.
[18]YU X.Regional cooperation and energy development in the Greater Mekong Sub-region.Energy Policy,2003,31(12):1221-1234.
[19]LEE S.Benefit sharing in the Mekong River Basin.Water International,2015,40(1):139-152.
[20]宋效峰.湄公河次区域的地缘政治经济博弈与中国对策.世界经济与政治论坛,2013,(5):37-49.[SONG X F.Geopolitical economic game in great Mekong subregion and China's countermeasures.Forum of World Economics&Politics,2013,(5):37-49.]
[21]郭延军.大湄公河水资源安全:多层治理及中国的政策选择.外交评论,2011,28(2):88-101.[GUO Y J.Water resources security in great Mekong Subregion:Multi-layer governance and China's countermeasures.Froeign Affairs Review,2011,28(2):88-101.]
[22]邢伟.水资源治理与澜湄命运共同体建设.太平洋学报,2016,24(6):43-53.[XING W.Water resources governance and building the Lancang-Mekong community of common destiny.Pacific Journal,2016,24(6):43-53.]
[23]邢伟.澜湄合作机制视角下的水资源安全治理.东南亚研究,2016,(6):72-82.[XING W.An analysis of thewater resources security governance in the framework of the Lancang-Mekong cooperation mechanism.Southeast Asian Studies,2016,(6):72-82.]
[24]齐虹丽,龙悦宁.澜沧江-湄公河流域淡水资源保护国际合作机制探析.云南社会科学,2011,(5):69-73.[QI H L,LONG Y N.Study on international cooperation mechanism of fresh water resource in Lancang-Mekong River.Social Sciences in Yunnan,2011,(5):69-73.]
[25]张励,卢光盛.从应急补水看澜湄合作机制下的跨境水资源合作.国际展望,2016,8(5):95-112.[ZHANG L,LU GS.Water cooperation under the Lancang-Mekong cooperation framework from the perspective of China's emergency water released to Mekong River.World Outlook,2016,8(5):95-112.]
[26]卢光盛,别梦婕.澜湄合作机制:一个“高阶的”次区域主义.亚太经济,2017,(2):43-49.[LU G S,BIE M J.LancangMekong cooperation:A"high order"sub-regionalism.Asia-Pacific Economic Review,2017,(2):43-49.]
[27]王庆忠.大湄公河次区域合作:域外大国介入及中国的战略应对.太平洋学报,2011,19(11):40-49.[WANG Q Z.GMS cooperation:Intervention of powers and China's counter strategy.Pacific Journal,2011,19(11):40-49.]
[28]CHANG F K.The lower Mekong initiative&U.S.foreign policy in Southeast Asia:Energy,environment&power.Orbis,2013,57(2):282-299.
[29]卢光盛,金珍.“澜湄机制”:湄公河次区域合作的新尝试.世界知识,2015,(22):16-18.[LU G S,JIN Z.Lancang-Mekong cooperation mechanism:A new approach to the subregional cooperation in the Mekong River.World Affairs,2015(22):16-18.]
[30]张励,卢光盛.“水外交”视角下的中国和下湄公河国家跨界水资源合作.东南亚研究,2015,(1):42-50.[ZHANG L,LU G S.Transboundary water cooperation between China and the lower Mekong countries from the perspective of water diplomacy.Southeast Asian Studies,2015,(1):42-50.]