新时代国土空间格局变化和美丽愿景规划实施的若干问题探讨
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摘要
准确掌握中国21世纪以来国土空间格局变化的本底状态,科学有效地谋划未来国土空间管控途径,是实现"山水林田湖草"生态系统和自然资源集中统一管理及中国美丽愿景规划实施的重要举措。本文系统剖析了新时代国土空间格局优化和管控的科学内涵,分析了21世纪以来国家国土空间格局变化的时空特征,并提出了对标2035年目标和2050年愿景的国土空间格局优化配置和美丽愿景目标实现的调控模式。中国21世纪以来经历了快速的城市和工矿用地扩张、耕地面积减少和生态退耕还林还草等国土开发利用和生态保护模式,新时代需要加强对不同开发强度等级(人工建设活动、农业开发活动和自然生态系统保护)类型边界的空间管控,更需要加强各生态系统类型内部结构的优化和品质质量的提升,以促进国家粮食安全、生态安全和可持续发展目标的实现。同时,在国土空间格局本底的配置合理性检测、问题诊断和调控阈值界定基础上,对标2035年和2050年美丽愿景目标,在自然资源集中统一管理、"多规合一"等新时代背景下,高度重视国家自然生态系统保护和管控、基本农田保护和质量提升、生态草牧业建设发展以及"对标范例"宜居城市环境营造等方面未来愿景目标的实现。
Accurately delineating the background of China's land space pattern change since the21 stcentury and planning the future control of national land space scientifically and effectively is an important measure to realize the centralized management of landscape natural resources and China's beautiful vision. This study systematically identified the scientific connotation of the spatial pattern optimization and regulation. Then, the spatiotemporal characteristics of the national land space change since the 21 stcentury were analyzed. Finally, we proposed the optimal allocation of the 2035 and 2050 beautiful vision and regulating modes of the realization of this vision. China has experienced rapid urban and industrial land expansion, arable land reduction, "grain for green" and other modes of land development and ecological protection in the 21 stcentury. In the new era, it is necessary to strengthen the land space management and control of different development intensity types(artificial constructing activities, agricultural developing activities and natural ecosystem protection). It is also essential to strengthen the optimization of the internal structure of each ecosystem type and the improvement of quality to achieve the national food security, ecological security and sustainable development goals. At the same time, on the basis of the state detection, problem diagnosis and controlling threshold definition of the national land space background, the beautiful vision of 2035 and 2050 will be achieved. On the background of unified management of natural resources and the integration of multiple plans, the basic farmland protection and quality improvement, ecological grass and animal husbandry construction development, and the "target-oriented high-ranking examples" livable urban environment should be attached to the realization of the future vision of the national natural ecosystem protection.
Accurately delineating the background of China's land space pattern change since the21 stcentury and planning the future control of national land space scientifically and effectively is an important measure to realize the centralized management of landscape natural resources and China's beautiful vision. This study systematically identified the scientific connotation of the spatial pattern optimization and regulation. Then, the spatiotemporal characteristics of the national land space change since the 21 stcentury were analyzed. Finally, we proposed the optimal allocation of the 2035 and 2050 beautiful vision and regulating modes of the realization of this vision. China has experienced rapid urban and industrial land expansion, arable land reduction, "grain for green" and other modes of land development and ecological protection in the 21 stcentury. In the new era, it is necessary to strengthen the land space management and control of different development intensity types(artificial constructing activities, agricultural developing activities and natural ecosystem protection). It is also essential to strengthen the optimization of the internal structure of each ecosystem type and the improvement of quality to achieve the national food security, ecological security and sustainable development goals. At the same time, on the basis of the state detection, problem diagnosis and controlling threshold definition of the national land space background, the beautiful vision of 2035 and 2050 will be achieved. On the background of unified management of natural resources and the integration of multiple plans, the basic farmland protection and quality improvement, ecological grass and animal husbandry construction development, and the "target-oriented high-ranking examples" livable urban environment should be attached to the realization of the future vision of the national natural ecosystem protection.
引文
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[2]Steffen W,Richardson K,Rockstr?m J,et al.Planetary boundaries:guiding human development on a changing planet[J].Science,2015,347(6223):736-746.
[3]Newbold T,Hudson L N,Arnell A P,et al.Has land use pushed terrestrial biodiversity beyond the planetary boundary?A global assessment[J].Science,2016,353(6296):288-291.
[4]Creutzig F.Govern land as a global commons[J].Nature News,2017,546(7656):28-29.
[5]Seto K C,Güneralp B,Hutyra L R.Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2012,109(40):16083-16088.
[6]Pretty J,Benton T G,Bharucha Z P,et al.Global assessment of agricultural system redesign for sustainable intensification[J].Nature Sustainability,2018,1(8):441-446.
[7]Davis K F,Rulli M C,Seveso A,et al.Increased food production and reduced water use through optimized crop distribution[J].Nature Geoscience,2017,10(12):919-924.
[8]樊杰.中国主体功能区划方案[J].地理学报,2015,70(2):186-201.[Fan J.Draft of major function oriented zoning of China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(2):186-201.]
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[10]Liu J,Zhang Z,Xu X,et al.Spatial patterns and driving forces of land use change in China during the early 21st century[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2010,20(4):483-494.
[11]Liu J Y,Kuang W H,Zhang Z X,et al.Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns,and causes of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2014,24(2):195-210.
[12]Ning J,Liu J Y,Kuang W H,et al.Spatiotemporal patterns and characteristics of land-use change in China during 2010-2015[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2018,28(5):547-562.
[13]Kuang W H,Yang T Y,Liu A L,et al.An EcoCity model for regulating urban land cover structure and thermal environment:taking Beijing as an example[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2017,60(6):1098-1109.