地震破裂带特殊部位大型滑坡及其基于构造地貌发生模型的机制解释:以东河口抛射型滑坡为例
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摘要
汶川地震在龙门山地区激发了大量的次生地质灾害,其中尤以滑坡灾害分布最为广泛和严重。在所有滑坡灾害中,东河口滑坡发生在北川破裂带的北东端点,具有相当的特殊性,并造成了大量的生命财产损失。东河口滑坡是一种抛射型滑坡,具有与其他如重力或者降雨作用导致的滑坡不同的特点,即没有统一连续的滑动面,由上部比较深陡和下部比较浅缓的截然分开的两部分组成,在强地震加速度的作用下,滑坡体被抛射并在与地面发生碰撞之前沿抛物线轨迹运行。文章综合分析了东河口抛射型滑坡发生的地质地貌条件,并解释了该抛射型滑坡发生的动力源机制。结果显示,东河口滑坡区的滑坡带和翼状裂隙带在北川破裂带两侧的规则分布受控于断层的运动方式和滑坡的空间分布位置;此外,除地震动水平加速度和地质地貌条件外,垂直加速度和断层的运动方式对地震滑坡的激发也起着重要的作用。
On May 12,2008,Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake triggered widespread damaging landslides in many parts of the Longmenshan area.The Donghekou ejection landslide was a special one of them and caused the great loss of life,which was located at Donghekou village,Qinchuan,Sichuan Province.The Beichuan rupture terminated at there.As an ejection landslide occurred at the special place,it is different from landslides caused by gravity and rainstorm: there was no uniform continuous slide face;it was comprised of the upper deep slide face and the lower shallow slide face;and the landslide started from the ejected body because of the large seismic horizontal and vertical acceleration.Studies indicate that the regular distribution of the landslide zone and domino-like ground tension cracks zone at the both sides of the Beichuan rupture was controlled by the forming process of the ground rupture,namely the type of active fault moving.The phenomenon suggests that researchers should consider the vertical acceleration and the occurring place,besides the shaking,horizontal acceleration and geomorphological and geological conditions,when evaluating the earthquake-triggered huge landslides.
On May 12,2008,Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake triggered widespread damaging landslides in many parts of the Longmenshan area.The Donghekou ejection landslide was a special one of them and caused the great loss of life,which was located at Donghekou village,Qinchuan,Sichuan Province.The Beichuan rupture terminated at there.As an ejection landslide occurred at the special place,it is different from landslides caused by gravity and rainstorm: there was no uniform continuous slide face;it was comprised of the upper deep slide face and the lower shallow slide face;and the landslide started from the ejected body because of the large seismic horizontal and vertical acceleration.Studies indicate that the regular distribution of the landslide zone and domino-like ground tension cracks zone at the both sides of the Beichuan rupture was controlled by the forming process of the ground rupture,namely the type of active fault moving.The phenomenon suggests that researchers should consider the vertical acceleration and the occurring place,besides the shaking,horizontal acceleration and geomorphological and geological conditions,when evaluating the earthquake-triggered huge landslides.
引文
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[23]Chen G H,Xu X W,Yu G H,et al.Co-seismic slip and slippartitioning of multi-faults during theMs8.0 2008 Wenchuanearthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(5):1384-1394.
[24]Lin A,Ren Z,Jia D,et al.Co-seismic thrusting rupture andslip distribution produced by the 2008Mw7.9 Wenchuanearthquake,China[J].Tectonophysics,2009,471(3/4):203-215.
[25]Chen J H,Liu Q Y,Li S,et al.Seismotectonic study by re-location of the WenchuanMs8.0 earthquake sequence[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(2):390-397.
[26]Liu J,Zhang Z,Wen L,et al.TheMs8.0 Wenchuan earth-quake co-seismic rupture and its tectonic i mplications:Anout-of-sequence thrusting event with slip partitioned on multi-ple faults[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12):1707-1722.
[27]Li C Y,Wei Z Y.Deformation styles of the northernmostsurface rupture zone of theMs8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,2009,31(1):1-8(in Chinese).
[28]Yin,Y P.Features of landslides triggered by the Wenchuanearthquake[J].Journal of engineering geology,2009 17(1):29-38(in Chinese).
[29]Sun P,Yin YP,Wu S R,et al.Experi mental study on shearstrength of rocks from Donghekou Landslide in dried stateand saturated state[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2009,28(8):1163-1167(in Chinese).
[30]Sun P,Zhang Y S,Yin Y P,et al.Discussion on long run-out sliding mechanism of Donghekou landslide-debris flow[J].Journal of engineering geology,2009,17(6):737-744(in Chinese).
[31]Liu Q F,Li X J.Preli minary analysis of the hanging walleffect and velocity pulse of the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2009,8(2):165-177.
[32]Wang YS,Xu HB,Luo Y H,et al.Study of formation con-ditions and toss motion programof highlandslides induced byearthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engi-neering,2009,28(11):2360-2368(in Chinese).
[33]Griffiths D W,Bollinger G Q.The effects of AppalachianMountain topography on seismic waves[J].Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,1979,69:1081-1105.
[34]Gell L,Bard P Y,Jullien B.The effect of topography onearthquake ground motion:Areviewand newresult[J].Bul-letin of the Seismological Society of America,1988,78:42-63.
[35]Abrahamson N A,Somerville P G.Effects of the hangingwall and footwall on ground motions recorded during theNorthridge earthquake[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Soci-ety of America,1996,86(1B):93-99.
[36]Yu Y X,Gao MT.Effects of the hanging wall and foot wallon peak acceleration during the Chi-Chi earthquake,Tai wan[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2001,23(6):615-621.
[37]Chang T Y,Cotton F,Tsai Y B,et al.Quantification ofhanging-wall effects on ground motion:Some insights fromthe 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake[J].Bulletin of the SeismologicalSociety of America,2004,94(6):2186-2197.
[38]Li X,Zhou Z,Huang M,et al.Preli minary analysis ofstrong-motion recordings fromthe magnitude 8.0 Wenchuan,China,earthquake of 12 May 2008[J].Seismological Re-search Letters,2008,79(6):844-854.
[39]Mavrouli O,Corominas J,Wart man J.Methodology to eval-uate rock slope stability under seismic conditions at SolàdeSanta Coloma,Andorra.Nat[J].Hazards earth systemsci-ence,2009,9:1763-1773.
[6]许冲,戴福初,姚鑫.汶川地震诱发滑坡灾害的数量与面积[J].科技导报,2009,27(11):79-81.
[14]黄润秋,李为乐.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2585-2592.
[15]祁生文,许强,刘春玲,等.汶川地震极重灾区地质背景及次生斜坡灾害空间发育规律[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):39-49.
[16]张永双,雷伟志,石菊松,等.四川5.12地震次生地质灾害的基本特征分析[J].地质力学学报,2008,14(2):109-116.
[17]殷跃平.汶川8级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(4):7-12.
[20]徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.汶川M8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):597-629.
[22]何宏林,孙昭民,魏占玉.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带白沙河段破裂及其位移特征[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):658-673.
[26]李传有,魏占玉.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带北端位置的修订[J].地震地质,2009,31(1):1-8.
[28]殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):29-38.
[29]孙萍,张永双,吴树人,等.干湿状态下东河口滑坡岩石抗剪断性质实验研究[J].地质通报,2009,28(8):1163-1167.
[30]孙萍,张永双,殷跃平,等.东河口滑坡-碎屑流高速远程运移机制探讨[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(6):737-744.
[32]王运生,徐洪彪,罗永红,等.地震高位滑坡形成条件及抛射运动程式研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(11):2360-2368.
[2]Chigira M,Wang W N,Furuya T,et al.Geological causesand geomorphological precursors of the Tsaoling landslidetriggered by the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake,Tai wan[J].Engi-neering Geology,2003,68:259-273.
[3]China Geological Survey.Landslide disasters of Tai wan[R]∥Geohazard Report.Taipei:Central Geological Survey,2000:145.
[4]Harp E L,Jibson R W.Landslides triggered by the 1994Northridge,California earthquake[J].Bulletin of the Seis-mological Society of America,1996,86:319-332.
[5]David K K,Joseph W,Carlos N O,et al.Landslides causedby theM7.6 Tecomón,Mexico earthquake of January 21,2003[J].Engineering Geology,2006,86:183-197.
[6]Xu C,Dai F C,Yao X.Incidence number and affected area ofWenchuan Earthquake induced landslides[J].Review of Sci-ence of Technology,2009,27(11):79-81(in Chinese).
[7]Oui met W B.Landslide associated with the May 12,2008Whenchuan earthquake:I mplications for the erosion and tec-tonic evolution of the Longmenshan[J].Tectonophysics,2010,491:244-252.doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.09.012.
[8]Youd T L,Perkins D M.Mapping liquefaction-inducedgroundfailure potential[J].Journal of the Geotechnical Engi-neering Division,ASCE,1978,104:433-466.
[9]Keefer D K.Landslides caused by earthquakes[J].Bulletinof the Seismological Society of America,1984,95:406-421.
[10]Keefer D K.Statistical analysis of an earthquake-inducedlandslide distribution-the 1989 Loma Prieta,California event[J].Engineering geology,2000,58:213-249.
[11]Meunier P,Hovius N,Haines A J.Regional patterns ofearthquake-triggered landslides and their relation to groundmotion[J].Geophysical researchletter,2007,34(L20408).
[12]Bul mer M,Farquhar T,Roshan M,et al.Landslide hazardsafter the 2005 Kashmir earthquake[J].EOS Transactions,2007,88:53.
[13]Dunning S A,Mitchell WA,Rosser NJ,et al.The HattianBala rock avalanche and associatedlandslides triggered by theKashmir earthquake of 8 October 2005[J].Engineering Geol-ogy,2007,93:130-144.
[14]Huang R Q,Li WL.Research on development and distribu-tion rules of geohazards induced by Wenchuan earthquake on12th May 2008[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2008,27(12):2585-2592(in Chinese).
[15]Qi S W,Xu Q,Liu C L,et al.Slopeinstabilitiesinthe seve-rest disaster areas of 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journalof engineering geology,2009,17(1):39-49(in Chinese).
[16]Zhuang Y S,Lei WZ,Shi J S,et al.General characteristicsof 5.12 Earthquakeinducedlandslides[J].Journal of Geome-chanics,2008,14(2):109-116(in Chinese).
[17]Yin Y P.Researches on the geohazards triggered by Wen-chuan earthquake,Sichuan[J].Journal of engineering geolo-gy,2008,16(4):7-12(in Chinese).
[18]Xu X,Wen X,Yu G,et al.Co-seismic reverse-and oblique-slip surface faulting generated by the 2008Mw7.9 Wenchuanearthquake,China[J].Geology,2009,37(6):515-518.
[19]Dong S W,Zhang Y Q,Wu Z H,et al.Surface rupture andco-seismic displacement produced by theMs8.0 Wenchuanearthquake of May 12th,2008,Sichuan,China:Eastwardsgrowth of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Acta Geologica Sini-ca,2008,82(5):801-840.
[20]Xu X,Wen X,Ye J,et al.TheMs8.0 Wenchuan earth-quake surface ruptures andits seismogenic structure[J].Seis-mology and Geology,2008,30(3):597-629(in Chinese).
[21]Xu X,Yu G,Chen G,et al.Parameters of coseismic reverse-and oblique-slip surface ruptures of the 2008 Wenchuan earth-quake,Eastern Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2009,83(4):801-840.
[22]He H L,Sun Z M,Wei Z Y,et al.Rupture of theMs8.0Wenchuan earthquake along Baishahe river[J].Seismologyand Geology,2008,30(3):658-673(in Chinese).
[23]Chen G H,Xu X W,Yu G H,et al.Co-seismic slip and slippartitioning of multi-faults during theMs8.0 2008 Wenchuanearthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(5):1384-1394.
[24]Lin A,Ren Z,Jia D,et al.Co-seismic thrusting rupture andslip distribution produced by the 2008Mw7.9 Wenchuanearthquake,China[J].Tectonophysics,2009,471(3/4):203-215.
[25]Chen J H,Liu Q Y,Li S,et al.Seismotectonic study by re-location of the WenchuanMs8.0 earthquake sequence[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(2):390-397.
[26]Liu J,Zhang Z,Wen L,et al.TheMs8.0 Wenchuan earth-quake co-seismic rupture and its tectonic i mplications:Anout-of-sequence thrusting event with slip partitioned on multi-ple faults[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12):1707-1722.
[27]Li C Y,Wei Z Y.Deformation styles of the northernmostsurface rupture zone of theMs8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,2009,31(1):1-8(in Chinese).
[28]Yin,Y P.Features of landslides triggered by the Wenchuanearthquake[J].Journal of engineering geology,2009 17(1):29-38(in Chinese).
[29]Sun P,Yin YP,Wu S R,et al.Experi mental study on shearstrength of rocks from Donghekou Landslide in dried stateand saturated state[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2009,28(8):1163-1167(in Chinese).
[30]Sun P,Zhang Y S,Yin Y P,et al.Discussion on long run-out sliding mechanism of Donghekou landslide-debris flow[J].Journal of engineering geology,2009,17(6):737-744(in Chinese).
[31]Liu Q F,Li X J.Preli minary analysis of the hanging walleffect and velocity pulse of the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2009,8(2):165-177.
[32]Wang YS,Xu HB,Luo Y H,et al.Study of formation con-ditions and toss motion programof highlandslides induced byearthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engi-neering,2009,28(11):2360-2368(in Chinese).
[33]Griffiths D W,Bollinger G Q.The effects of AppalachianMountain topography on seismic waves[J].Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,1979,69:1081-1105.
[34]Gell L,Bard P Y,Jullien B.The effect of topography onearthquake ground motion:Areviewand newresult[J].Bul-letin of the Seismological Society of America,1988,78:42-63.
[35]Abrahamson N A,Somerville P G.Effects of the hangingwall and footwall on ground motions recorded during theNorthridge earthquake[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Soci-ety of America,1996,86(1B):93-99.
[36]Yu Y X,Gao MT.Effects of the hanging wall and foot wallon peak acceleration during the Chi-Chi earthquake,Tai wan[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2001,23(6):615-621.
[37]Chang T Y,Cotton F,Tsai Y B,et al.Quantification ofhanging-wall effects on ground motion:Some insights fromthe 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake[J].Bulletin of the SeismologicalSociety of America,2004,94(6):2186-2197.
[38]Li X,Zhou Z,Huang M,et al.Preli minary analysis ofstrong-motion recordings fromthe magnitude 8.0 Wenchuan,China,earthquake of 12 May 2008[J].Seismological Re-search Letters,2008,79(6):844-854.
[39]Mavrouli O,Corominas J,Wart man J.Methodology to eval-uate rock slope stability under seismic conditions at SolàdeSanta Coloma,Andorra.Nat[J].Hazards earth systemsci-ence,2009,9:1763-1773.
[6]许冲,戴福初,姚鑫.汶川地震诱发滑坡灾害的数量与面积[J].科技导报,2009,27(11):79-81.
[14]黄润秋,李为乐.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2585-2592.
[15]祁生文,许强,刘春玲,等.汶川地震极重灾区地质背景及次生斜坡灾害空间发育规律[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):39-49.
[16]张永双,雷伟志,石菊松,等.四川5.12地震次生地质灾害的基本特征分析[J].地质力学学报,2008,14(2):109-116.
[17]殷跃平.汶川8级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(4):7-12.
[20]徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.汶川M8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):597-629.
[22]何宏林,孙昭民,魏占玉.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带白沙河段破裂及其位移特征[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):658-673.
[26]李传有,魏占玉.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带北端位置的修订[J].地震地质,2009,31(1):1-8.
[28]殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):29-38.
[29]孙萍,张永双,吴树人,等.干湿状态下东河口滑坡岩石抗剪断性质实验研究[J].地质通报,2009,28(8):1163-1167.
[30]孙萍,张永双,殷跃平,等.东河口滑坡-碎屑流高速远程运移机制探讨[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(6):737-744.
[32]王运生,徐洪彪,罗永红,等.地震高位滑坡形成条件及抛射运动程式研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(11):2360-2368.
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