地球内部物质、能量交换与资源和灾害
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摘要
研究地球内部结构、圈层耦合和深层动力过程是一系列地学前沿问题的基础。地球表面所见地球物理场异常、地质构造格局、地球化学组分无一不受到地球内部物质、能量交换过程的制约 ,如地球圈层的形成与演化 ,大陆伸展与裂谷形成 ,造山带与盆地 ,资源与能源 ,地震“孕育”、发生和发展的深部介质和构造环境 ,地球内核速度差异旋转等 ,均为深部物质运移和物理学、化学及地质构造耦合的产物。然而至今有很多要素与深层过程尚处于定性的与推断的阶段 ,对其探索的深度与本质知之甚少 ,故尚待不断深入研究和发现。文中提出的科学问题乃是当今地球科学领域中的前沿问题。文章主要讨论 3个问题 :( 1)问题的提出与思考 ;( 2 )金属矿产 ,大陆伸展与裂谷、盆地形成 ,地震“孕育” ,地球内核速度差异旋转与深部物质上涌 ;( 3 )地球内部物质、能量交换和圈层耦合与深层动力过程。当今世界上对这些科学问题的研究刚刚开始 ,有一些结果或说法也还是定性的、轮廓的或推断的。为此 ,文中对所论述的每一方面的科学内涵均提出了一系列问题 ,并给出了为解决这些问题而必须研究的主体领域。
The scientific problems of the exchange of substance and energy, of the different sphere coupling and of the deep process within the Earth are the inevitability for the development and the quantitative study of Earth science in recent years. They are the foundation and source of a series of scientific frontiers and key problems of Earth science. Recent observations in the ground surface have shown that the geophysical anomalies, the tectonic pattern and the geochemical compositions are all controlled by the exchange of substance and energy and the deep process in Earth's interior. For example, the origin and evolution of different spheres within the Earth, continental extension and rift valley, orogenic zone and basin, nature resources and sources of energy, deep medium and structure environment for occurrence and development of strong earthquakes, differential rotation of the Earth's inner core and so on were the results of the coupling effect of deep substance movement, physical and chemical process and geological tectonics.In this paper,the author is discussing the following three problems:(1) Advancing and deep thinking of the problems;(2) Mineral resources, continental extension and rift valley, basin formation, earthquake "pregnancy", differential rotation of the Earth's inner core with upwelling of deep substance;(3) The exchange of substance and energy, different sphere coupling and deep dynamical process within the Earth.The study of these scientific problems is just at its beginning at present. Some results or formulations were formed in a qualitative form, or as an outline or an inference. Definitely, for some problems we have only little knowledge.This paper also analyses and advances a series of problems for the scientific connotation discussed, and indicates the main research domains that are important for deepening the understanding of these geoscience problems and solving them.
The scientific problems of the exchange of substance and energy, of the different sphere coupling and of the deep process within the Earth are the inevitability for the development and the quantitative study of Earth science in recent years. They are the foundation and source of a series of scientific frontiers and key problems of Earth science. Recent observations in the ground surface have shown that the geophysical anomalies, the tectonic pattern and the geochemical compositions are all controlled by the exchange of substance and energy and the deep process in Earth's interior. For example, the origin and evolution of different spheres within the Earth, continental extension and rift valley, orogenic zone and basin, nature resources and sources of energy, deep medium and structure environment for occurrence and development of strong earthquakes, differential rotation of the Earth's inner core and so on were the results of the coupling effect of deep substance movement, physical and chemical process and geological tectonics.In this paper,the author is discussing the following three problems:(1) Advancing and deep thinking of the problems;(2) Mineral resources, continental extension and rift valley, basin formation, earthquake "pregnancy", differential rotation of the Earth's inner core with upwelling of deep substance;(3) The exchange of substance and energy, different sphere coupling and deep dynamical process within the Earth.The study of these scientific problems is just at its beginning at present. Some results or formulations were formed in a qualitative form, or as an outline or an inference. Definitely, for some problems we have only little knowledge.This paper also analyses and advances a series of problems for the scientific connotation discussed, and indicates the main research domains that are important for deepening the understanding of these geoscience problems and solving them.
引文
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[16] 解习农.中国东部中新生代盆地形成演化与深部过程的耦合关系[J].地学前缘,1998,5(增刊):162163.
[17] 滕吉文,张秉铭,胡家富,等.地震“孕育”的深部介质和构造环境研究[A].中国地震学研究进展[C].北京:地震出版社,1997.
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[19] 曾融生,张少泉,周海南,等.唐山地震区的地壳结构及大陆地震成因探讨[J].地震学报,1977,7(1):3747.
[20] 王椿镛,张先康,盖玉杰.邢台地震区及相邻地震区地壳上地幔速度结构研究[J].地震学报,1995,17(3):328334.
[21] 刘启元,陈九辉,李顺成,等.新疆伽师地震群及三维地壳上地幔S波速度结构及其地震成因的探讨[J].地球物理学报,2000,43(3):356365.
[22] SONGXO ,RICHARDSPG .Seismologicalevidencefordiffer entialrotationoftheEarth’sinnercore[J].Nature,1996,238:221224.
[23] GARNEROEJ ,HELMBERGERDV .Seismicdetectionofathinlaterallyvaryingforthree dimensionallowermantlestruc ture[J].GeophysResLett,1997,24:18631866.
[24] WILLIAMSQ ,GARNEROEJ .SeismicevidenceforpartialmeltatthebaseofEarth’smantle[J].Science,1996,273:15281530.
[25] BUFFELTBA .Amechanismfordecadefluctuationinthelengthofday[J].GeophysResLett,1996,23:38033806.
[26] BOFFETTBA .GeodynamicestimatesoftheviscosityoftheEarth’sinnercore[J].Nature,1997,388:571573.
[27] 宋晓东地球内核与地球深部动力学[J].地学前缘,1998,5(增刊):110.
[28] 徐义刚上地幔熔体岩石相互作用与大陆地幔演化[J].地学前缘,1998,5(增刊):7685.
[29] MENZIESMA .Archaean,ProterozoicandPhanerozoiclitho spheres[A].MENZIESMA .ContinentalMantle[M ].NewYork:OxfordSciencePublications,1990.6786.
[30] MENZIESMA ,CHAZOTG .Fluidprocessesindiamondtospinelfaciesshallowmantle[J].JGeodynamics,1995,20:387415.
[2] 邓晋福,莫宣学,赵海玲,等.壳幔物质与深层过程[J].地学前缘,1998,5(3):6775.
[3] 涂光炽,霍明远.金的经济地质学[M ].北京:科学出版社,1991.
[4] 中国有色金属工业总公司北京矿产地质研究所.国外主要有色金属矿产[M ].北京:冶金工业出版社,1987.
[5] MORGENP ,BAKERBH .ProcessesofContinentalRifting[M ].[s.l.]:Els,Pub,1983.
[6] WHITER ,McKENZIED .Magmatismatriftzones:thegenera tionofvolcaniccontinentalmarginsandfloodbasalts[J].JourGeophysRes,1989,94(B6):76857729.
[7] NationalResearchCouncil(USA).SolidEarthScienceandSo ciety[M ].WashingtonDC :NationAcadPress,1993.
[8] MARUYAMAS .Plumetectonics[J].JourGeolSocJapan,1994,100(1):2429.
[9] RINGWOODAE .ConstitutionandEvolutionoftheMantle[C].GeolSocAustraliaSpPub,1998,14:457485.
[10] ANDERSONDL .Lithosphere,asthenosphersandperisphere,Rev[J].Geophys,1995,33:125149.
[11] 邓晋福,赵海玲,吴宗絮,等.中国北方的地幔热柱与岩石圈运动[J].现代地质,1992,6(3):267274.
[12] 滕吉文,王谦身,魏斯禹,等.中国东部地区地球物理场特征与含油气盆地的分布和形成[J].地球物理学报,1983,26(4):319330.
[13] 滕吉文,胡家富,张中杰,等.中国西北地区岩石圈瑞利波三维速度结构与沉积盆地[J].地球物理学报,1995,36(6):737749.
[14] McKENZIEE .SomeremarksonthedevelopmentofSedimenta rybasins[J].EarthPlanetSciLet,1978,40:2532.
[15] WERNICKEB .Uniform sensenormalsensesimpleshearofthecontinentallithosphere[J].CanJEathSci,1985,22:108125.
[16] 解习农.中国东部中新生代盆地形成演化与深部过程的耦合关系[J].地学前缘,1998,5(增刊):162163.
[17] 滕吉文,张秉铭,胡家富,等.地震“孕育”的深部介质和构造环境研究[A].中国地震学研究进展[C].北京:地震出版社,1997.
[18] WEISY ,TENGJW .Apreliminarystudyoftherelationshipbetweenthecrustandtopstructureoftheuppermantleinsever allargeseismicregionsinChina[J].EarthquakeResearchonChina,1987,1(4):567575.
[19] 曾融生,张少泉,周海南,等.唐山地震区的地壳结构及大陆地震成因探讨[J].地震学报,1977,7(1):3747.
[20] 王椿镛,张先康,盖玉杰.邢台地震区及相邻地震区地壳上地幔速度结构研究[J].地震学报,1995,17(3):328334.
[21] 刘启元,陈九辉,李顺成,等.新疆伽师地震群及三维地壳上地幔S波速度结构及其地震成因的探讨[J].地球物理学报,2000,43(3):356365.
[22] SONGXO ,RICHARDSPG .Seismologicalevidencefordiffer entialrotationoftheEarth’sinnercore[J].Nature,1996,238:221224.
[23] GARNEROEJ ,HELMBERGERDV .Seismicdetectionofathinlaterallyvaryingforthree dimensionallowermantlestruc ture[J].GeophysResLett,1997,24:18631866.
[24] WILLIAMSQ ,GARNEROEJ .SeismicevidenceforpartialmeltatthebaseofEarth’smantle[J].Science,1996,273:15281530.
[25] BUFFELTBA .Amechanismfordecadefluctuationinthelengthofday[J].GeophysResLett,1996,23:38033806.
[26] BOFFETTBA .GeodynamicestimatesoftheviscosityoftheEarth’sinnercore[J].Nature,1997,388:571573.
[27] 宋晓东地球内核与地球深部动力学[J].地学前缘,1998,5(增刊):110.
[28] 徐义刚上地幔熔体岩石相互作用与大陆地幔演化[J].地学前缘,1998,5(增刊):7685.
[29] MENZIESMA .Archaean,ProterozoicandPhanerozoiclitho spheres[A].MENZIESMA .ContinentalMantle[M ].NewYork:OxfordSciencePublications,1990.6786.
[30] MENZIESMA ,CHAZOTG .Fluidprocessesindiamondtospinelfaciesshallowmantle[J].JGeodynamics,1995,20:387415.
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