汶川地震滑坡崩塌的空间分布特征
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摘要
汶川地震发生在青藏高原东部边界的龙门山断裂带。该区域由一系列叠瓦状冲断带构成,在大地构造上是连接青藏高原与扬子地台的过渡地带。此次地震引发了大规模的滑坡、崩塌、碎屑流等地质灾害,造成严重的人员伤亡和社会经济财产损失。震后的调查和研究结果表明,在龙门山断裂带的两侧,滑坡崩塌灾害的分布很不均匀。大多数的滑坡崩塌存在于龙门山中央断裂带上盘,只有12%左右的滑坡、崩塌出现在下盘;滑坡、崩塌等地质灾害发育的高密度区出现在断裂带的两端和中部地区。相关的统计分析表明,此次地震中,滑坡和崩塌等灾害的发育与地形地貌、地震动、坡体岩石性质等密切相关。在硬岩、较硬岩区域,滑坡、崩塌等灾害也广泛发育,这种特点与炉霍、昭通等地震滑坡中获得的认识有所不同。初步的研究结果表明,汶川地震的区域地质构造背景通过对地形地貌及岩石等地质条件的影响,进而对滑坡、崩塌等地质灾害的空间分布起到了一定的控制作用。
On May 12,2008,a huge earthquake(MS=8.0)named Wenchuan earthquake hit Sichuan Province in Southwest China and triggered thousands of landslides.Post-seismic investigation and analysis discovered some characteristics of the landslides' spatial distribution.Landslides occurred unevenly on both sides of Longmenshan Fault zone,which are reverse faults and responsible for the Wenchuan earthquake.The majority of the landslides are distributed on the hanging wall of Longmenshan central fault,while only 12%of the total occurring on the footwall.The higher density of landslide is located at both ends of the Longmenshan Faults as well as the middle section.Statistical studies also show the occurrence of landslides has close relationship with ground motion,slope gradient and rock properties and so on.The geological background and evolution history of Wenchuan earthquake region have controlled the local geological and topographical setting and affected the landslide distribution when the great earthquake took place.Due to the exceptionally high topographic gradient and geological features such as loose soil and fragile rocks,this region is notoriously prone to landslide.
On May 12,2008,a huge earthquake(MS=8.0)named Wenchuan earthquake hit Sichuan Province in Southwest China and triggered thousands of landslides.Post-seismic investigation and analysis discovered some characteristics of the landslides' spatial distribution.Landslides occurred unevenly on both sides of Longmenshan Fault zone,which are reverse faults and responsible for the Wenchuan earthquake.The majority of the landslides are distributed on the hanging wall of Longmenshan central fault,while only 12%of the total occurring on the footwall.The higher density of landslide is located at both ends of the Longmenshan Faults as well as the middle section.Statistical studies also show the occurrence of landslides has close relationship with ground motion,slope gradient and rock properties and so on.The geological background and evolution history of Wenchuan earthquake region have controlled the local geological and topographical setting and affected the landslide distribution when the great earthquake took place.Due to the exceptionally high topographic gradient and geological features such as loose soil and fragile rocks,this region is notoriously prone to landslide.
引文
①四川省革委会地震办公室,国家地震局成都地震大队,炉霍地震考察队,1973,一九七三年二月六日炉霍地震宏观考察报告。
陈晓利,冉洪流,祁生文.2009.1976年龙陵地震诱发滑坡的影响因子敏感性分析[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),45(1):104—110.CHEN Xiao-li,RAN Hong-liu,QI Sheng-wen.2009.Triggering factors susceptibility of earthquake-induced landslides in1976Longling earthquake[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,45(1):104—110(in Chi-nese).
何宏林,孙昭民,魏占玉,等.2008.汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带白沙河段破裂及其位移特征[J].地震地质,30(3):658—673.HE Hong-lin,SUN Zhao-min,WEI Zhan-yu,et al.2008.Rupture of the MS8.0Wenchuan earthquake along Baishaheriver[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):658—673(in Chinese).
黄润秋,李为乐.2008.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,27(12):2585—2592.HUANG Run-qiu,LI Wei-le.2008.A study on the development and distribution rules of geohazards triggered by“5.12”Wenchuan earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,27(12):2585—2592(in Chinese).
国家汶川地震专家委员会.2008.汶川地震灾区地震-地质灾害图集[Z].北京:中国地图出版社.National Wenchuan Earthquake Experts Committee.2008.Atlas of seismic hazard during Wenchuan earthquake[Z].SinoMaps Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
李志强,袁一凡,李晓丽,等.2008.对汶川地震宏观震中和极震区的认识[J].地震地质,30(3):768—777.LI Zhi-qiang,YUAN Yi-fan,LI Xiao-li,et al.2008.Some insights into the macro-epicenter and meizoseismal region ofWenchuan earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):768—777(in Chinese).
祁生文,伍法权,刘春玲,等.2004.地震边坡稳定性的工程地质分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,23(16):2792—2797.QI Sheng-wen,WU Fa-quan,LIU Chun-ling,et al.2004.Engineering geology analysis on stability of slope under earth-quake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,23(16):2792—2797(in Chinese).
祁生文,许强,刘春玲,等.2009.汶川地震极重灾区地质背景及次生斜坡灾害空间发育规律[J].工程地质学报,17(1):39—49.QI Sheng-wen,XU Qiang,LIU Chun-ling,et al.2009.Slope instabilities in the severest disaster areas of5.12Wenchuanearthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,17(1):39—49(in Chinese).
孙崇绍,蔡红卫.1997.我国历史地震时滑坡崩塌的发育及分布特征[J].自然灾害学报,6(1):25—30.SUN Chong-shao,CAI Hong-wei.1997.Developing and distributing characteristics of collapses and landslides duringstrong historic earthquake in China[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,6(1):25—30(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.2008.汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,30(3):597—629.XU Xi-wei,WEN Xue-ze,YE Jian-qing,et al.2008.The MS8.0Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seis-mogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):597—629(in Chinese).
殷跃平.2008.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,16(4):433—444.YIN Yue-ping.2008.Research on the geo-hazards triggered by Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan[J].Journal of Engi-neering Geology,16(4):433—444(in Chinese).
Densmore A L,Michael A E,et al.2007.Active tectonics of the Beichuan and Pengguan Faults at the eastern margin ofthe Tibetan Plateau[J].Tectonics,26:1—17.
Kawabe H.2000.Earthquake and earthquake motion[A].In:Nakamura H et al(eds).Earthquake-Sabo,KokonShoin,Tokyo.pp.1—13(in Japanese).
Keefer D K.1984.Landslides caused by earthquake[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,95:406—421.
Keefer D K.2000.Statistical analysis of an earthquake-induced landslide distribution—the1989Loma Prieta,Californiaevent[J].Engineering Geology,58:231—249.
LI Xiao-jun,ZHOU Zheng-hua,HUANG Moh,et al.2008.Preliminary analysis of strong-motion recordings from themagnitude8.0Wenchuan,China,earthquake of12May2008[J].Seismological Research Letters,79(6):844—854.
Wang H B,Sassa K,XU W Y.2007.Analysis of a spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the2004Chuetsu earth-quakes of Niigata Prefecture,Japan[J].Nat Hazards,41:43—60.
WANG Wen-neng,WU huei-long,Nakamura H.2003.Mass movements caused by recent tectonic activity:The1999Chi-chi earthquake in central Taiwan[J].The Island Arc,12:325—334.
WEN Bao-ping,WANG Si-jing,WANG En-zhi,et al.2004.Characteristics of rapid giant landslides in China[J].Land-slides,1:247—261.
陈晓利,冉洪流,祁生文.2009.1976年龙陵地震诱发滑坡的影响因子敏感性分析[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),45(1):104—110.CHEN Xiao-li,RAN Hong-liu,QI Sheng-wen.2009.Triggering factors susceptibility of earthquake-induced landslides in1976Longling earthquake[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,45(1):104—110(in Chi-nese).
何宏林,孙昭民,魏占玉,等.2008.汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带白沙河段破裂及其位移特征[J].地震地质,30(3):658—673.HE Hong-lin,SUN Zhao-min,WEI Zhan-yu,et al.2008.Rupture of the MS8.0Wenchuan earthquake along Baishaheriver[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):658—673(in Chinese).
黄润秋,李为乐.2008.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,27(12):2585—2592.HUANG Run-qiu,LI Wei-le.2008.A study on the development and distribution rules of geohazards triggered by“5.12”Wenchuan earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,27(12):2585—2592(in Chinese).
国家汶川地震专家委员会.2008.汶川地震灾区地震-地质灾害图集[Z].北京:中国地图出版社.National Wenchuan Earthquake Experts Committee.2008.Atlas of seismic hazard during Wenchuan earthquake[Z].SinoMaps Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
李志强,袁一凡,李晓丽,等.2008.对汶川地震宏观震中和极震区的认识[J].地震地质,30(3):768—777.LI Zhi-qiang,YUAN Yi-fan,LI Xiao-li,et al.2008.Some insights into the macro-epicenter and meizoseismal region ofWenchuan earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):768—777(in Chinese).
祁生文,伍法权,刘春玲,等.2004.地震边坡稳定性的工程地质分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,23(16):2792—2797.QI Sheng-wen,WU Fa-quan,LIU Chun-ling,et al.2004.Engineering geology analysis on stability of slope under earth-quake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,23(16):2792—2797(in Chinese).
祁生文,许强,刘春玲,等.2009.汶川地震极重灾区地质背景及次生斜坡灾害空间发育规律[J].工程地质学报,17(1):39—49.QI Sheng-wen,XU Qiang,LIU Chun-ling,et al.2009.Slope instabilities in the severest disaster areas of5.12Wenchuanearthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,17(1):39—49(in Chinese).
孙崇绍,蔡红卫.1997.我国历史地震时滑坡崩塌的发育及分布特征[J].自然灾害学报,6(1):25—30.SUN Chong-shao,CAI Hong-wei.1997.Developing and distributing characteristics of collapses and landslides duringstrong historic earthquake in China[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,6(1):25—30(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.2008.汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,30(3):597—629.XU Xi-wei,WEN Xue-ze,YE Jian-qing,et al.2008.The MS8.0Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seis-mogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):597—629(in Chinese).
殷跃平.2008.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,16(4):433—444.YIN Yue-ping.2008.Research on the geo-hazards triggered by Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan[J].Journal of Engi-neering Geology,16(4):433—444(in Chinese).
Densmore A L,Michael A E,et al.2007.Active tectonics of the Beichuan and Pengguan Faults at the eastern margin ofthe Tibetan Plateau[J].Tectonics,26:1—17.
Kawabe H.2000.Earthquake and earthquake motion[A].In:Nakamura H et al(eds).Earthquake-Sabo,KokonShoin,Tokyo.pp.1—13(in Japanese).
Keefer D K.1984.Landslides caused by earthquake[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,95:406—421.
Keefer D K.2000.Statistical analysis of an earthquake-induced landslide distribution—the1989Loma Prieta,Californiaevent[J].Engineering Geology,58:231—249.
LI Xiao-jun,ZHOU Zheng-hua,HUANG Moh,et al.2008.Preliminary analysis of strong-motion recordings from themagnitude8.0Wenchuan,China,earthquake of12May2008[J].Seismological Research Letters,79(6):844—854.
Wang H B,Sassa K,XU W Y.2007.Analysis of a spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the2004Chuetsu earth-quakes of Niigata Prefecture,Japan[J].Nat Hazards,41:43—60.
WANG Wen-neng,WU huei-long,Nakamura H.2003.Mass movements caused by recent tectonic activity:The1999Chi-chi earthquake in central Taiwan[J].The Island Arc,12:325—334.
WEN Bao-ping,WANG Si-jing,WANG En-zhi,et al.2004.Characteristics of rapid giant landslides in China[J].Land-slides,1:247—261.
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