基于高分辨率卫星影像估算汶川地震同震水平缩短量:以白沙河段为例
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摘要
2008年汶川地震(Mw7.9)造成了严重的人员伤亡和重大经济损失。震后现场调查获得大量的垂直和走滑同震位移数据,但缺乏同震水平缩短量数据,直接影响了对汶川地震的同震形变特征的研究。文中尝试从一个新的角度,通过地震前、后QuickBird卫星影像对比,同时结合野外实地测量来分析汶川地震地表破裂带同震水平缩短量。白沙河破裂段位于中央主破裂带的西南端,距震中区映秀镇最近仅有15 km。在该破裂段的两侧各有一条乡间公路,相距300～900 m,我们通过对比地震前、后QuickBird卫星影像的公路间距变化,对比震后实测公路位置与震前的差异,获得了一系列的同震水平缩短量,其平均值为6.8 m(RMS),最大值和最小值分别为13.2 m和1.1 m,综合误差为2.33 m。该估计值大于沿地表破裂带通过复原变形人工构造物以及变形地层所获得的同震水平缩短量,说明汶川地震在地表造成的水平缩短分布在一个较大的范围内,而破裂带附近所观测到的仅仅是其中的一部分。
The May 12th,2008 Wenchuan earthquake(Mw 7.9) in Sichuan Province led to severe casualties and a huge economic loss.Field investigations after the earthquake have obtained a lot of co-seismic deformation data.However,most of them are strike and vertical offset;the horizontal shortening which is as important as the strike and vertical offset was rarely reported.In order to estimate the horizontal shortening,we suggested a new method: drawing reference geometric features in QuickBird images first;then calculating the space between adjacent features before and after earthquake,respectively;finally obtaining the co-seismic horizontal shortening based on the contrast of the spaces before and after earthquake.The Baishahe rupture section was selected as the sample place to test this new method for estimating co-seismic horizontal shortening because there are two roads,one on the northern side of the rupture and another on the southern with 300 m to 900 m spacing.By contrasting the space between two roads before and after earthquake,we obtained a series of horizontal shortening amounts;the average,maximum and minimum of those are 6.8 m,13.2 m and 1.1 m,respectively,and the error is 2.33 m.Checking the field measurement of the two roads after earthquake,we inferred that about 1.18 m may have been overrated using this new method.Moreover,our estimated results using this new method are larger than the calculated results based on restoration of deformed constructions and strata near the surface rupture,suggesting that the co-seismic horizontal shortening should have been distributed in a wider area,including the immeasurable permeated deformation far from the rupture and the measurable near the rupture.
The May 12th,2008 Wenchuan earthquake(Mw 7.9) in Sichuan Province led to severe casualties and a huge economic loss.Field investigations after the earthquake have obtained a lot of co-seismic deformation data.However,most of them are strike and vertical offset;the horizontal shortening which is as important as the strike and vertical offset was rarely reported.In order to estimate the horizontal shortening,we suggested a new method: drawing reference geometric features in QuickBird images first;then calculating the space between adjacent features before and after earthquake,respectively;finally obtaining the co-seismic horizontal shortening based on the contrast of the spaces before and after earthquake.The Baishahe rupture section was selected as the sample place to test this new method for estimating co-seismic horizontal shortening because there are two roads,one on the northern side of the rupture and another on the southern with 300 m to 900 m spacing.By contrasting the space between two roads before and after earthquake,we obtained a series of horizontal shortening amounts;the average,maximum and minimum of those are 6.8 m,13.2 m and 1.1 m,respectively,and the error is 2.33 m.Checking the field measurement of the two roads after earthquake,we inferred that about 1.18 m may have been overrated using this new method.Moreover,our estimated results using this new method are larger than the calculated results based on restoration of deformed constructions and strata near the surface rupture,suggesting that the co-seismic horizontal shortening should have been distributed in a wider area,including the immeasurable permeated deformation far from the rupture and the measurable near the rupture.
引文
[1]Xu X W,Wen X Z,Ye J Q,et al.TheMs8.0 Wenchuanearthquake surface ruptures andits seismogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):597-629(in Chi-nese).
[2]Xu X W,Wen X W,Yu G H,et al.Co-seismic reverse-andoblique-slip surface faulting generated by the 2008Mw7.9Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Geology,2009,37(6):515-518.
[3]Zhou Q,Xu X W,Yu G H,et al.Investigation on widths ofsurface rupture zones of theMs8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan Province,China[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):778-788(in Chinese).
[4]Zhang P Z,Xu X W,Wen X Z,et al.Slip rates and recur-rence intervals of the Longmen Shan active fault zone,andtectonic i mplications for the mechanism of the May 12 Wen-chuan earthquake,2008,Sichuan,China[J].Chinese Jour-nal of Geophysics,2008,51(4):1066-1073(in Chinese).
[5]Ma B Q,Zhang S M,Tian QJ,et al.The surface rupture ofWenchuan earthquake(M8.0)[J].Quaternary Sciences,2008,28(4):513-517(in Chinese).
[6]He Z T,Ma B Q,Tian QJ,et al.Deformation features ofsurface rupture of Wenchuan earthquake(M8.0)at thePingtong Town[J].Quaternary Sciences,2008,28(5):789-795(in Chinese).
[7]He H L,Sun Z M,Wang S Y,et al.Rupture of theMs8.0Wenchuan earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(2):359-362(in Chinese).
[8]Burchfiel B C,Royden L H,van der Hilst R D,et al.Ageo-logical and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquakeof 12 May 2008,Sichuan,People s Republic of China[J].GSA Today,2008,18:4-11,doi:10.1130/GSATG18A.1.
[9]Li C Y,Wei Z Y,Ye J Q,et al.Amounts and styles of co-seismic deformation alongthe northern segment of surface ru-putre of the 2008 WenchuanMw7.9 earthquake,China[J].Tectonophysics(in press),doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.09.023.
[10]Liu Z J,Zhang Z,Wen L,et al.Co-seismic ruptures of the12 May 2008Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan:East-west crustal shortening on oblique,parallel thrusts along theeastern edge of Tibet[J].Earth and Planetary Science Let-ters,2009,286(3-4):355-370.
[11]Chen G H,Xu X W,Zheng R Z,et al.Quantitative analysisof the co-seismic surface rupture of the 2008 Wenchuan earth-quake,Sichuan,China along the Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):723-738(in Chi-nese).
[12]He H L,Sun Z M,Wei Z Y,et al.Rupture of theMs8.0Wenchuan earthquake along Baishahe River[J].Seismologyand Geology,2008,30(3):658-673(in Chinese).
[13]Gao X,He HL,Wei Z Y,et al.The causation of maxi mumhorizontal displacement of Wenchuan earthquake along theBaisha River[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(4):1004-1011(in Chinese).
[14]Wang H,Ran Y K,Chen L C,et al.The discussion on thecalculation method of surface shortening amount due to re-verse-faulting surface rupture:With the example of surfacedeformation of theMs8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Seis-mology and Geology,2008,30(4):1033-1045(in Chinese).
[15]Shi F,He H L,Wei Z Y.Co-seismic horizontal shorteningon Baishahe segment of Wenchuan earthquake rupture zone[J].Quaternary Sciences,2009,29(3):546-553(in Chi-nese).
[16]Chen G H,Xu X W,Yu G H,et al.Co-seismic slip and slippartitioning of multi-faults during theMs8.0 2008 Wenchuanearthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(5):1384-1394(in Chinese).
[17]Li T,Chen J,Huang MD,et al.Methods to calculating slipvectors of reverse-fault earthquake surface ruputure:A casestudy in Wenchuan earthquake[J].Quaternary Sciences,2009,29(3):524-534(in Chinese).
[18]Sun J B,Liang F,Shen Z K,et al.InSAR deformation ob-servation and preli minary analysis of theMs8 Wenchuanearthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):789-795(in Chinese).
[19]Qu C Y,Song X G,Zhang G F,et al.Analysis on the char-acteristics of InSAR coseismic deformation of theMs8.0Wenchuan earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(4):1076-1084(in Chinese).
[20]Manabu Hashi moto,Mari Enomoto,Yo Fukushi ma.Coseis-mic deformationfromthe 2008 Wenchuan,China,earthquakederived from ALOS/PALSARI mages[J].Tectonophysics(inpress),doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.08.034.
[21]The Project of Crustal Movement Observation Network ofChina.The coseismic displacement fields of WenchuanMs8.0 earthquake occurrence in 2008 using GPS data[J].Sci-ence in China:Series D,2008,38(10):1195-1206(in Chi-nese).
[22]Gu G H,Wang WX.Coseismic displacements fromthe 2008WenchuanM8.0 earthquake observed by GPS[J].Earth-quake,2009,29(1):92-99(in Chinese).
[23]Van Pumbroeck N,Michel R,Bient R,et al.Measuringearthquakes fromoptical satellitei mages[J].Applied Optics,2000,39(20):3486-3494.
[24]Michel R,Avouac J P.Deformation due to the 17 August1999 Izmit,Turkey,earthquake measured from SPOTi mages[J].Journal of Geophysics Research,2002,107(B4):2062,doi:10.1029/2001JB000102.
[25]Dominguez S,Avouac J P,Michel R.Horizontal coseismicdeformation of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake measured fromSPOTsatellite i mages:I mplications for the seismic cycle a-long the western foothills of central Tai wan[J].Journal ofGeophysics Research,2003,108(B2):2083,doi:10.1029/2001JB000951.
[26]Klinger Y,Michel R,King G C P.Evidence for an earth-quake barrier model fromMw-7.8 Kokoxili(Tibet)earth-quake slip-distribution[J].Earth and Planetary Science Let-ters,2006,242:354-364.
[27]Deng Q D,Ran Y K,Yang X P,et al.Map of Active Tec-tionics in China[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,2007(inChinese).
[28]http:∥www.digitalglobe.com/file.php/646/QuickBird_I m-agery_Products-Product_Guide.pdf.
[29]http:∥www.digitalglobe.com/file.php/645/QuickBird_I m-agery_Products-FAQ.pdf.
[30]Xu X W,Yu G H,Ma WT,et al.Evidence and methods fordetermining the safety distance fromthe potential earthquakesurface rupture on active fault[J].Seismology and Geology,2002,24(4):470-483(in Chinese).
[31]Lee Y H,Wu K C,Rau RJ,et al.Revealing coseismic dis-placements and the deformation zones of the 1999 Chi-ChiEarthquake in the Tsaotung Area,Central Tai wan,usingdigital cadastral data[J].Journal of Geophysics Research,2009,115,B03419,doi:10.1029/2009JB006397(in press).
[1]俆锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):597-629.
[3]周庆,俆锡伟,于贵华,等.汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带宽度调查[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):778-788.
[4]张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,等.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(4):1066-1073.
[5]马保起,张世民,田勤俭,等.汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(4):513-517.
[6]何仲太,马保起,田勤俭,等.汶川8.0地震地表破裂平通镇段的变形特征[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(5):789-795.
[7]何宏林,孙昭民,王世元,等.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带[J].地震地质,2008,30(2):359-362.
[11]陈桂华,俆锡伟,郑荣章,等.2008年汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂变形定量分析:北川—映秀断裂地表破裂带[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):723-738.
[12]何宏林,孙昭民,魏占玉,等.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带白沙河段破裂及其位移特征[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):658-673.
[13]高翔,何宏林,魏占玉,等.汶川地震白沙河段最大地表水平位移量的成因分析[J].地震地质,2008,30(4):1004-1011.
[14]王虎,冉勇康,陈立春,等.地表破裂型逆断层地表缩短量计算方法探讨:以汶川Ms8.0地震地表变形为例[J].地震地质,2008,30(4):1033-1045.
[15]石峰,何宏林,魏占玉.汶川地震破裂带白沙河段同震水平缩短量的估算[J].第四纪研究,2009,29(3):546-553.
[16]陈桂华,徐锡伟,于贵华,等.2008年汶川Ms8.0地震多断裂破裂的近地表同震滑移及滑移分解[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(5):1384-1394.
[17]李涛,陈杰,黄明达,等.逆断层型地震地表破裂带滑动矢量计算方法探讨:以汶川地震为例[J].第四纪研究,2009,29(3):524-534.
[18]孙建宝,梁芳,沈正康,等.汶川Ms8.0地震InSAR形变观测及初步分析[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):789-795.
[19]屈春燕,宋小刚,张桂芳,等.汶川Ms8.0地震InSAR同震形变场特征分析[J].地震地质,2008,30(4):1076-1084.
[21]国家重大科学工程中国地壳运动观测网络项目组.GPS测定的2008年汶川Ms8.0级地震的同震位移场[J].中国科学:D辑,2008,38(10):1195-1206.
[22]顾国华,王武星.GPS测得的汶川大地震同震位移[J].地震,2009,29(1):92-99.
[27]邓起东,冉勇康,杨晓平,等.中国活动构造图[M].北京:地震出版社,2007.
[30]徐锡伟,于贵华,马文涛,等.活断层地震地表破裂“避让带”宽度确定的依据与方法[J].地震地质,2002,24(4):470-483.
[2]Xu X W,Wen X W,Yu G H,et al.Co-seismic reverse-andoblique-slip surface faulting generated by the 2008Mw7.9Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Geology,2009,37(6):515-518.
[3]Zhou Q,Xu X W,Yu G H,et al.Investigation on widths ofsurface rupture zones of theMs8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan Province,China[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):778-788(in Chinese).
[4]Zhang P Z,Xu X W,Wen X Z,et al.Slip rates and recur-rence intervals of the Longmen Shan active fault zone,andtectonic i mplications for the mechanism of the May 12 Wen-chuan earthquake,2008,Sichuan,China[J].Chinese Jour-nal of Geophysics,2008,51(4):1066-1073(in Chinese).
[5]Ma B Q,Zhang S M,Tian QJ,et al.The surface rupture ofWenchuan earthquake(M8.0)[J].Quaternary Sciences,2008,28(4):513-517(in Chinese).
[6]He Z T,Ma B Q,Tian QJ,et al.Deformation features ofsurface rupture of Wenchuan earthquake(M8.0)at thePingtong Town[J].Quaternary Sciences,2008,28(5):789-795(in Chinese).
[7]He H L,Sun Z M,Wang S Y,et al.Rupture of theMs8.0Wenchuan earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(2):359-362(in Chinese).
[8]Burchfiel B C,Royden L H,van der Hilst R D,et al.Ageo-logical and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquakeof 12 May 2008,Sichuan,People s Republic of China[J].GSA Today,2008,18:4-11,doi:10.1130/GSATG18A.1.
[9]Li C Y,Wei Z Y,Ye J Q,et al.Amounts and styles of co-seismic deformation alongthe northern segment of surface ru-putre of the 2008 WenchuanMw7.9 earthquake,China[J].Tectonophysics(in press),doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.09.023.
[10]Liu Z J,Zhang Z,Wen L,et al.Co-seismic ruptures of the12 May 2008Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan:East-west crustal shortening on oblique,parallel thrusts along theeastern edge of Tibet[J].Earth and Planetary Science Let-ters,2009,286(3-4):355-370.
[11]Chen G H,Xu X W,Zheng R Z,et al.Quantitative analysisof the co-seismic surface rupture of the 2008 Wenchuan earth-quake,Sichuan,China along the Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):723-738(in Chi-nese).
[12]He H L,Sun Z M,Wei Z Y,et al.Rupture of theMs8.0Wenchuan earthquake along Baishahe River[J].Seismologyand Geology,2008,30(3):658-673(in Chinese).
[13]Gao X,He HL,Wei Z Y,et al.The causation of maxi mumhorizontal displacement of Wenchuan earthquake along theBaisha River[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(4):1004-1011(in Chinese).
[14]Wang H,Ran Y K,Chen L C,et al.The discussion on thecalculation method of surface shortening amount due to re-verse-faulting surface rupture:With the example of surfacedeformation of theMs8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Seis-mology and Geology,2008,30(4):1033-1045(in Chinese).
[15]Shi F,He H L,Wei Z Y.Co-seismic horizontal shorteningon Baishahe segment of Wenchuan earthquake rupture zone[J].Quaternary Sciences,2009,29(3):546-553(in Chi-nese).
[16]Chen G H,Xu X W,Yu G H,et al.Co-seismic slip and slippartitioning of multi-faults during theMs8.0 2008 Wenchuanearthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(5):1384-1394(in Chinese).
[17]Li T,Chen J,Huang MD,et al.Methods to calculating slipvectors of reverse-fault earthquake surface ruputure:A casestudy in Wenchuan earthquake[J].Quaternary Sciences,2009,29(3):524-534(in Chinese).
[18]Sun J B,Liang F,Shen Z K,et al.InSAR deformation ob-servation and preli minary analysis of theMs8 Wenchuanearthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):789-795(in Chinese).
[19]Qu C Y,Song X G,Zhang G F,et al.Analysis on the char-acteristics of InSAR coseismic deformation of theMs8.0Wenchuan earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(4):1076-1084(in Chinese).
[20]Manabu Hashi moto,Mari Enomoto,Yo Fukushi ma.Coseis-mic deformationfromthe 2008 Wenchuan,China,earthquakederived from ALOS/PALSARI mages[J].Tectonophysics(inpress),doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.08.034.
[21]The Project of Crustal Movement Observation Network ofChina.The coseismic displacement fields of WenchuanMs8.0 earthquake occurrence in 2008 using GPS data[J].Sci-ence in China:Series D,2008,38(10):1195-1206(in Chi-nese).
[22]Gu G H,Wang WX.Coseismic displacements fromthe 2008WenchuanM8.0 earthquake observed by GPS[J].Earth-quake,2009,29(1):92-99(in Chinese).
[23]Van Pumbroeck N,Michel R,Bient R,et al.Measuringearthquakes fromoptical satellitei mages[J].Applied Optics,2000,39(20):3486-3494.
[24]Michel R,Avouac J P.Deformation due to the 17 August1999 Izmit,Turkey,earthquake measured from SPOTi mages[J].Journal of Geophysics Research,2002,107(B4):2062,doi:10.1029/2001JB000102.
[25]Dominguez S,Avouac J P,Michel R.Horizontal coseismicdeformation of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake measured fromSPOTsatellite i mages:I mplications for the seismic cycle a-long the western foothills of central Tai wan[J].Journal ofGeophysics Research,2003,108(B2):2083,doi:10.1029/2001JB000951.
[26]Klinger Y,Michel R,King G C P.Evidence for an earth-quake barrier model fromMw-7.8 Kokoxili(Tibet)earth-quake slip-distribution[J].Earth and Planetary Science Let-ters,2006,242:354-364.
[27]Deng Q D,Ran Y K,Yang X P,et al.Map of Active Tec-tionics in China[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,2007(inChinese).
[28]http:∥www.digitalglobe.com/file.php/646/QuickBird_I m-agery_Products-Product_Guide.pdf.
[29]http:∥www.digitalglobe.com/file.php/645/QuickBird_I m-agery_Products-FAQ.pdf.
[30]Xu X W,Yu G H,Ma WT,et al.Evidence and methods fordetermining the safety distance fromthe potential earthquakesurface rupture on active fault[J].Seismology and Geology,2002,24(4):470-483(in Chinese).
[31]Lee Y H,Wu K C,Rau RJ,et al.Revealing coseismic dis-placements and the deformation zones of the 1999 Chi-ChiEarthquake in the Tsaotung Area,Central Tai wan,usingdigital cadastral data[J].Journal of Geophysics Research,2009,115,B03419,doi:10.1029/2009JB006397(in press).
[1]俆锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):597-629.
[3]周庆,俆锡伟,于贵华,等.汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带宽度调查[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):778-788.
[4]张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,等.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(4):1066-1073.
[5]马保起,张世民,田勤俭,等.汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(4):513-517.
[6]何仲太,马保起,田勤俭,等.汶川8.0地震地表破裂平通镇段的变形特征[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(5):789-795.
[7]何宏林,孙昭民,王世元,等.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带[J].地震地质,2008,30(2):359-362.
[11]陈桂华,俆锡伟,郑荣章,等.2008年汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂变形定量分析:北川—映秀断裂地表破裂带[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):723-738.
[12]何宏林,孙昭民,魏占玉,等.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带白沙河段破裂及其位移特征[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):658-673.
[13]高翔,何宏林,魏占玉,等.汶川地震白沙河段最大地表水平位移量的成因分析[J].地震地质,2008,30(4):1004-1011.
[14]王虎,冉勇康,陈立春,等.地表破裂型逆断层地表缩短量计算方法探讨:以汶川Ms8.0地震地表变形为例[J].地震地质,2008,30(4):1033-1045.
[15]石峰,何宏林,魏占玉.汶川地震破裂带白沙河段同震水平缩短量的估算[J].第四纪研究,2009,29(3):546-553.
[16]陈桂华,徐锡伟,于贵华,等.2008年汶川Ms8.0地震多断裂破裂的近地表同震滑移及滑移分解[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(5):1384-1394.
[17]李涛,陈杰,黄明达,等.逆断层型地震地表破裂带滑动矢量计算方法探讨:以汶川地震为例[J].第四纪研究,2009,29(3):524-534.
[18]孙建宝,梁芳,沈正康,等.汶川Ms8.0地震InSAR形变观测及初步分析[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):789-795.
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