中国境内天山上地幔小尺度对流与造山作用
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摘要
根据横跨天山的流动地震台阵记录的走时数据,利用地震层析成像技术获得了库车-奎屯剖面660km深度内上地幔P波速度结构.由P波速度模型导出了相应的上地幔二维密度模型.利用有限单元方法联合网格-粒子方法,研究了中国境内天山由于密度差异分布引起的上地幔小尺度对流.给出了对流的基本形态特征,并分析了上地幔对流与造山作用的相互影响关系.结果表明:(1)北天山—准噶尔盆地下方的上地幔中存在一个逆时针对流环,对流环尺度为500km左右;(2)南天山—塔里木盆地一侧的上地幔中存在一个顺时针对流环,但相对较弱;(3)上地幔对流速度值在很大程度上受黏滞系数变化的影响,但天山上地幔顶部对流速度值不应小于20mm/a;(4)塔里木盆地向北的水平推挤作用是天山新生代隆升的决定性因素,同时,上地幔小尺度对流对天山现今构造变形格局也起着重要作用;(5)塔里木板块向北的运动对上地幔对流场的影响很小.
引文
1刘启元.关于天山陆内造山带动力学问题.见:张中杰,主编.中国大陆地球深部结构与动力学研究.北京:科学出版社,2004.792—799
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3Tapponnier P,Monlar P.Active faulting and Cenozonic tectonics of the Tien Shan,Mongolia,and Baykal regions.J Geophys Res,1979,84:3425—3459
4England P,McKenzie D.A thin viscous sheet model for continen-tal deformation.Geophys J R Astr Soc,1982,70:295—321
5England P,Houseman G.Finite strain calculation of continental deformation,2.Comparison with the India-Asia collision zone.J Geophys Res,1986,91(B3):3664—3676
6郭令智,施央申,卢华复,等.印藏碰撞的两种远距离构造效应.现代地质学研究文集(上).南京:南京大学出版社,1992.1—8
7任金卫,马宗晋.东亚地区现代地壳运动特征与构造变形.地学前缘,2003,10(增刊):58—65
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9Hendrix M S,Dumitru T A,Graham S A.Late Oligocence-early Miocene unroofing in the Chinese Tianshan:an early effect of the India-Asia collision.Geology,1994,22:487—490
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11邓起东,冯先岳,张培震,等.天山活动构造.北京:地震出版社,2000
12Vinnik,L P,Saipekova A M.Structure of the lithosphere and as-thenosphere of the Tien Shan.Ann Geophys,1984,2(6):621—626
13Roecker S W,Sabitova T M,Vinnik L P,et al.3-Dimensional elas-tic wave velocity structure of the western and central Tian Shan.J Geophys Res,1993,98(B9):15779—15795
14Kosarev G L,Petersen N V,Vinnik L P,et al.Receiver function for the Tien Shan analog broadband network:contrasts in the evolu-tion of structures across the Talasso-Fergana fault.J Geophys Res,1993,98(B3):4437—4448
15Chen Y H,Roecker S W,Kosarev G L.Elevation of the400km discontinuity beneath the central Tien Shan:case of missing root.Eos,1996,77:416
16傅容珊,黄建华,徐耀民,等.青藏高原-天山地区岩石层构造运动的地幔动力学机制.地球物理学报,1998,41(5):658—668
17King S D,Ritsema J.African hot spot volcanism:small-scale con-vection in the upper mantle beneath cratons.Science,2000,290:1137—1140
18Kerr R A.A lava lamp model for the deep earth.Science,1999,283:1826—1827
19Dziewonski A M.Mapping the lower mantle:determination of lat-eral heterogeneities in P velocity up to degree and order6.J Geo-phys Res,1984,89:5925—5952
20李顺成,刘启元,陈九辉,等.横跨天山的宽频带流动地震台阵观测.地球物理学进展,2005,20(4):955—960
21郭飚,刘启元,陈九辉,等.中国境内天山地壳上地幔结构的地震层析成像.地球物理学报,2006,49(6):1693—1700
22刘洁,刘启元,宋惠珍.非均匀介质热蠕变流动数值求解.地球物理学报,2006,49(4):1029—1036
23李昱,刘启元,陈九辉,等.中国境内天山地壳上地幔S波速度结构.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2007,37(3):344—352
24李强,刘瑞丰,杜安陆,等.新疆及其毗邻地区地震层析成像.地球物理学报,1994,37(3):311—320
25胥颐,刘福田,刘建华,等.中国西北大陆造山带及毗邻盆地的地震层析成像.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2000,30(2):113—122
26王琪,丁国瑜,乔学军,等.天山现今地壳快速缩短与南北地块的相对运动.科学通报,2000,45(14):1543—1547
27Birch F.The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to10kilo-bars,1.J Geophys Res,1960,65:1083—1102
28Birch F.The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to10kilo-bars,2.J Geophys Res,1961,66:2199—2224
29Schubert G,Turcott D L,Olsen P.Mantle convection in the earth and planets.Oxford:Cambridge University Press,2001
30Kumar P,Yuan X,Kind R,et al.The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary in the Tien Shan-Karakoram region from S receiver functions:evidence for continental subduction.Geophys Res Lett,2005,32,L07305,doi:10.1029/2004GL022291,1—4
31Jeanloz R,Morris S.Temperature distribution in the crust and mantle.Ann Rev Earth Plannet Sci,1986,14:377—415
32Stuwe K.Geodynamics of the Lithosphere.Berlin:Springer,2002
33King S D.Models of mantle viscosity.In:Ahrens T J,ed.Mineral and Crystallography:a Handbook of Physical Constants.Wash-ington:AGU,1995.227—235
34Haskell N A.The motion of a viscous fluid under a surface load,I.Physics,1935,6:265—269
35Haskell N A.The motion of a viscous fluid under a surface load,II.Physics,1936,7:56—61
36Karato S.The dynamic structure of the deep earth:an interdisci-plinary approach.Princeton:Princeton University Press,2003
37Forte A M,Mitrovica J X.Deep-mantle high-viscosity flow and thermochemical structure inferred from seismic and geodynamic data.Nature,2001,410:1049—1055
38Mitrovica J X,Forte A M.A new inference of mantle viscosity based upon joint inversion of convection and glacial isostatic ad-justment data.Earth Plannet Sci Lett,2004,225:177—189
39Turcotte D L,Schubert G.Geodynamics:Applications of Contin-uum Physics to Geological Problems.New York:John Wiley&Sons,1982
40Christensen U.Convection with pressure-and temperature-de-pendent non-Newtonian rheology.Geophys J R Astron Soc,1984,77:343—384
41彭树森.大地形变测量所反应的天山最新构造运动.内陆地震,1993,7(2):136—141
42牛之俊,王敏,孙汉荣,等.中国大陆现今地壳运动速度场的最新观测结果.科学通报,2005,50(8):839—840
2Molnar P,Tapponnier P.Cenozoic tectonics of Asia:effects of a continental collision.Science,1975,189:419—425
3Tapponnier P,Monlar P.Active faulting and Cenozonic tectonics of the Tien Shan,Mongolia,and Baykal regions.J Geophys Res,1979,84:3425—3459
4England P,McKenzie D.A thin viscous sheet model for continen-tal deformation.Geophys J R Astr Soc,1982,70:295—321
5England P,Houseman G.Finite strain calculation of continental deformation,2.Comparison with the India-Asia collision zone.J Geophys Res,1986,91(B3):3664—3676
6郭令智,施央申,卢华复,等.印藏碰撞的两种远距离构造效应.现代地质学研究文集(上).南京:南京大学出版社,1992.1—8
7任金卫,马宗晋.东亚地区现代地壳运动特征与构造变形.地学前缘,2003,10(增刊):58—65
8Avouac J P,Tapponnier P,Bai M,et al.Active thrusting and fold-ing along the Northern Tien Shan and late Cenozoic rotation of the Tarim relative to Dzungarian and Kazakhstan.J Geophys Res,1993,98:6755—6804
9Hendrix M S,Dumitru T A,Graham S A.Late Oligocence-early Miocene unroofing in the Chinese Tianshan:an early effect of the India-Asia collision.Geology,1994,22:487—490
10Yin A,Nie S,Craig P,et al.Late Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the southern Chinses Tian Shan.Tectonics,1998,17(1):1—27
11邓起东,冯先岳,张培震,等.天山活动构造.北京:地震出版社,2000
12Vinnik,L P,Saipekova A M.Structure of the lithosphere and as-thenosphere of the Tien Shan.Ann Geophys,1984,2(6):621—626
13Roecker S W,Sabitova T M,Vinnik L P,et al.3-Dimensional elas-tic wave velocity structure of the western and central Tian Shan.J Geophys Res,1993,98(B9):15779—15795
14Kosarev G L,Petersen N V,Vinnik L P,et al.Receiver function for the Tien Shan analog broadband network:contrasts in the evolu-tion of structures across the Talasso-Fergana fault.J Geophys Res,1993,98(B3):4437—4448
15Chen Y H,Roecker S W,Kosarev G L.Elevation of the400km discontinuity beneath the central Tien Shan:case of missing root.Eos,1996,77:416
16傅容珊,黄建华,徐耀民,等.青藏高原-天山地区岩石层构造运动的地幔动力学机制.地球物理学报,1998,41(5):658—668
17King S D,Ritsema J.African hot spot volcanism:small-scale con-vection in the upper mantle beneath cratons.Science,2000,290:1137—1140
18Kerr R A.A lava lamp model for the deep earth.Science,1999,283:1826—1827
19Dziewonski A M.Mapping the lower mantle:determination of lat-eral heterogeneities in P velocity up to degree and order6.J Geo-phys Res,1984,89:5925—5952
20李顺成,刘启元,陈九辉,等.横跨天山的宽频带流动地震台阵观测.地球物理学进展,2005,20(4):955—960
21郭飚,刘启元,陈九辉,等.中国境内天山地壳上地幔结构的地震层析成像.地球物理学报,2006,49(6):1693—1700
22刘洁,刘启元,宋惠珍.非均匀介质热蠕变流动数值求解.地球物理学报,2006,49(4):1029—1036
23李昱,刘启元,陈九辉,等.中国境内天山地壳上地幔S波速度结构.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2007,37(3):344—352
24李强,刘瑞丰,杜安陆,等.新疆及其毗邻地区地震层析成像.地球物理学报,1994,37(3):311—320
25胥颐,刘福田,刘建华,等.中国西北大陆造山带及毗邻盆地的地震层析成像.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2000,30(2):113—122
26王琪,丁国瑜,乔学军,等.天山现今地壳快速缩短与南北地块的相对运动.科学通报,2000,45(14):1543—1547
27Birch F.The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to10kilo-bars,1.J Geophys Res,1960,65:1083—1102
28Birch F.The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to10kilo-bars,2.J Geophys Res,1961,66:2199—2224
29Schubert G,Turcott D L,Olsen P.Mantle convection in the earth and planets.Oxford:Cambridge University Press,2001
30Kumar P,Yuan X,Kind R,et al.The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary in the Tien Shan-Karakoram region from S receiver functions:evidence for continental subduction.Geophys Res Lett,2005,32,L07305,doi:10.1029/2004GL022291,1—4
31Jeanloz R,Morris S.Temperature distribution in the crust and mantle.Ann Rev Earth Plannet Sci,1986,14:377—415
32Stuwe K.Geodynamics of the Lithosphere.Berlin:Springer,2002
33King S D.Models of mantle viscosity.In:Ahrens T J,ed.Mineral and Crystallography:a Handbook of Physical Constants.Wash-ington:AGU,1995.227—235
34Haskell N A.The motion of a viscous fluid under a surface load,I.Physics,1935,6:265—269
35Haskell N A.The motion of a viscous fluid under a surface load,II.Physics,1936,7:56—61
36Karato S.The dynamic structure of the deep earth:an interdisci-plinary approach.Princeton:Princeton University Press,2003
37Forte A M,Mitrovica J X.Deep-mantle high-viscosity flow and thermochemical structure inferred from seismic and geodynamic data.Nature,2001,410:1049—1055
38Mitrovica J X,Forte A M.A new inference of mantle viscosity based upon joint inversion of convection and glacial isostatic ad-justment data.Earth Plannet Sci Lett,2004,225:177—189
39Turcotte D L,Schubert G.Geodynamics:Applications of Contin-uum Physics to Geological Problems.New York:John Wiley&Sons,1982
40Christensen U.Convection with pressure-and temperature-de-pendent non-Newtonian rheology.Geophys J R Astron Soc,1984,77:343—384
41彭树森.大地形变测量所反应的天山最新构造运动.内陆地震,1993,7(2):136—141
42牛之俊,王敏,孙汉荣,等.中国大陆现今地壳运动速度场的最新观测结果.科学通报,2005,50(8):839—840
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