新疆南天山亚肯背斜晚更新世以来的隆起和缩短
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摘要
野外考察见到亚肯背斜区发育 3级主要地貌面 ,在第 2级和第 1级地貌面 (冲洪积扇 )之下采集了堆积物的热释光样品 ,测年结果分别为距今 3 96～ 4 36万年和 0 78万年 ,区域地貌对比研究认为 ,第 2级地貌面被废弃的时代为距今 4万年至 1 2～ 1 3万年 ,第 1级地貌面被废弃的时代为距今 0 78万年之后。横跨背斜不同部位地貌面的地形剖面表明 ,第 2级地貌面形成以来褶皱隆起高度达 6 0m ,第 1级地貌面褶皱隆起高度为 2 0m。地震反射剖面显示 ,亚肯背斜区滑脱面深度约7km ,由平衡地质剖面法得到第 2和第 1级地貌面形成以来褶皱的缩短量分别为 4 7m和 17 9m。第 2级地貌面形成以来褶皱的隆起和缩短速率分别为 1 5～ 5mm/a和 1 2～ 3 9mm/a,第 1级地貌面形成以来褶皱隆起和缩短速率分别为 2 5 6mm/a和 2 2 9mm/a。
The Yaken anticline is located on the southernmost side of Cenozioc Kuqa rejuvenated foreland basin in southern Tianshan. The anticline can be assigned to fault-bend-fold, which involved the Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary and Quaternary strata. The length of the Yaken fold belt is about 80km in east-west direction, and the width in north-south direction is about 6～7km. The oldest deposits exposed in the anticline core is Pliocene in age, while the deposits exposed on both limbs and periclinal part are early Pleistocene Xiyu conglomerate, as well as late Pleistocene and Holocene alluvial-pluvial gravel beds. The anticline appears as a broad fold, both the southern and northern limbs of which are basically symmetric. Dip angles of the deposits on both limbs of the anticline are only 5°～17°. The reverse fault controlling the development of Yaken anticline is not exposed on the surface and occurs in the form of a blind reverse fault. Seismic reflection data indicate that the deposits above the Jurassic strata are folded, and that the reverse fault merges downward into the horizontal detanchment surface at about 7km depth. Three levels of terraces were developed in Yaken anticline zone. Among them, the third level terrace has the highest elevation, and was strongly dissected to form some gullies. The second level terrace consists of a large paleo alluvial pluvial fan, and connects with the modern desert plane on both sides of the Yaken anticline. The surface of the terrace is broad and smooth. The age of deposit collected at 0.3～0.5m depth below the surface is determined to be 39.5～43.6ka by thermoluminescent dating, while the time of the abandon of this terrace is about 4～1.2ka. The first level terrace exists only in large south-north-trending gully or on the plunging crown of the anticline. The amounts of uplift of the first, second, and third level terraces to the northwest of Yaha village are 6.5m, 40m and 50m, respectively. To the northwest of Shiyou-Wuqi farm, the amounts of uplift of the second and third level terraces are about 60m and 100m, respectively, while the amount of shortening of the second level terrace is about 47m. The rates of uplift and shortening for the second level terrace in the middle segment of the anticline in the vicinity of the Shiyou-Wuqi farm, are 1.5～5mm/a and 1.2～3.9mm/a, respectively. On the western plunging crown of the anticline, the time of the abandon of the first level terrace is less than 7 8ka. The amounts of uplift and shortening here are 20m and 17 9m, respectively, while the rates of uplift and shortening are 2 56mm/a and 2 29mm/a, respectively.
The Yaken anticline is located on the southernmost side of Cenozioc Kuqa rejuvenated foreland basin in southern Tianshan. The anticline can be assigned to fault-bend-fold, which involved the Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary and Quaternary strata. The length of the Yaken fold belt is about 80km in east-west direction, and the width in north-south direction is about 6～7km. The oldest deposits exposed in the anticline core is Pliocene in age, while the deposits exposed on both limbs and periclinal part are early Pleistocene Xiyu conglomerate, as well as late Pleistocene and Holocene alluvial-pluvial gravel beds. The anticline appears as a broad fold, both the southern and northern limbs of which are basically symmetric. Dip angles of the deposits on both limbs of the anticline are only 5°～17°. The reverse fault controlling the development of Yaken anticline is not exposed on the surface and occurs in the form of a blind reverse fault. Seismic reflection data indicate that the deposits above the Jurassic strata are folded, and that the reverse fault merges downward into the horizontal detanchment surface at about 7km depth. Three levels of terraces were developed in Yaken anticline zone. Among them, the third level terrace has the highest elevation, and was strongly dissected to form some gullies. The second level terrace consists of a large paleo alluvial pluvial fan, and connects with the modern desert plane on both sides of the Yaken anticline. The surface of the terrace is broad and smooth. The age of deposit collected at 0.3～0.5m depth below the surface is determined to be 39.5～43.6ka by thermoluminescent dating, while the time of the abandon of this terrace is about 4～1.2ka. The first level terrace exists only in large south-north-trending gully or on the plunging crown of the anticline. The amounts of uplift of the first, second, and third level terraces to the northwest of Yaha village are 6.5m, 40m and 50m, respectively. To the northwest of Shiyou-Wuqi farm, the amounts of uplift of the second and third level terraces are about 60m and 100m, respectively, while the amount of shortening of the second level terrace is about 47m. The rates of uplift and shortening for the second level terrace in the middle segment of the anticline in the vicinity of the Shiyou-Wuqi farm, are 1.5～5mm/a and 1.2～3.9mm/a, respectively. On the western plunging crown of the anticline, the time of the abandon of the first level terrace is less than 7 8ka. The amounts of uplift and shortening here are 20m and 17 9m, respectively, while the rates of uplift and shortening are 2 56mm/a and 2 29mm/a, respectively.
引文
邓起东,冯先岳,张培震,等.2000.天山活动构造.北京:地震出版社
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FengXianyue,DengQidong,ShiJianbang,etal.1991.ActivetectonicsonthesouthernandnorthernmarginsofTianshanandtheirtectonicevolution.In:InstituteofGeology,SSB .,ed.ResearchonActiveFaults(1).Bei jing:SeismologicalPress.1～16(inChinese).
卢华复,贾东,陈楚铭,等.1999.库车新生代构造性质和变形时间.地学前缘,6(4):215～221.
LuHuafu,JiaDong,ChenChuming,etal.1999.NatureandtimingoftheKuqaCenozoicstructures,EarthScienceFrontiers,6(4):215～221(inChinese).
王作勋.1990.天山多旋回构造演化与成矿.北京:科学出版社.1～120.
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尹功明,赵华,沈军,等.1999.天山北麓三个泉河河流阶地的光释光测年.见:中国地震局地质研究所编.活动断裂研究(7).北京:地震出版社.49～57.
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杨晓平,沈军.2000.天山内部博罗可努断裂精河—阿拉山口段晚更新世以来的活动特征.地震地质,22(3):305～315.
YangXiaoping,ShenJun.2000.LateQuaternaryactivityofJinghe-AlashankousectionoftheBoluokenufault.SeismologyandGeology,22(3):305～315(inChinese).
张培震,邓起东,杨晓平,等.1995.天山北麓的冰水冲洪积地貌与新构造运动.见:国家地震局地质研究所编.活动断裂研究(4).北京:地震出版社.63～78.
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BurchfielBC ,BrownET ,DengQidong,etal.1999.CrustalshorteningonthemarginsoftheTienshan,Xinjiang,China.InternGeolReview,41:665～700.
BrownET ,BourlesDl,BurchfielBC ,etal.1998.EstimationofslipratesinthesouthernTienShanusingcosmicrayexposuredatesofabandonedalluvialfans.GeolSocAmerBull,110:377～386.
LuHuafu,JiaDong,ChenChuming,etal.1996.Evidenceforgrowthfault-bendfoldsintheTarimBasinanditsimplicationforfault-slipratesintheMesozoicandCenozoic.Proc30 thInt’lGeolCongr,14:253～262.
MolnarP ,DengQ .1984.FaultingassociatedwithlargeearthquakeandtheaveragerateofdeformationincentralandeasternAsia.JourGeophysRes,89:6203～6227.
MolnarP ,BrownET ,BurchfielBC ,etal.1994.QuaternaryclimatechangeandtheformationofriverterracesacrossgrowinganticlinesontheNorthFlankoftheTienshan,China.JournalofGeology,102:583～602.
ShiYangshen,LuHuafu,JiaDong,etal.1994.PaleoziocplatetectonicevolutionoftheTarimandTianshanre gions,westernChina.InternGeolRev,36:1058～1066.
SengorAMC .1993.EvolutionoftheAltaidtectonicscollageandPaleozoiccrustalgrowthinEurasia.Nature,364(6435):299～307.
SuppeJ ,ChouGT ,HookSC .1992.Ratesoffoldingandfaultingdeterminedfromgrowthstrata.In:McKlayKR .ed.ThrustTectonics.London:ChapmanHallPublisher,105～121.
ShawJ ,SuppeJ .1994.ActivefaultingandgrowthfoldingintheeasternSantaBarbaraChannel,California;GeolSocAmerBull,106:607～626.
ShankarM ,NamsonJ .1989.Equal-areabalancing,AmerJourSci,289:563～599.
.DengQidong,FengXianyue,ZhangPeizhen,etal.2000.ActiveTectonicsinChineseTianshan.Beijing:Seismo logicalPress(inChinese).
冯先岳,邓起东,石监邦,等.1991.天山南北缘活动构造及其演化.见:国家地震局地质研究所编.活动断裂研究(1).北京:地震出版社.1～16.
FengXianyue,DengQidong,ShiJianbang,etal.1991.ActivetectonicsonthesouthernandnorthernmarginsofTianshanandtheirtectonicevolution.In:InstituteofGeology,SSB .,ed.ResearchonActiveFaults(1).Bei jing:SeismologicalPress.1～16(inChinese).
卢华复,贾东,陈楚铭,等.1999.库车新生代构造性质和变形时间.地学前缘,6(4):215～221.
LuHuafu,JiaDong,ChenChuming,etal.1999.NatureandtimingoftheKuqaCenozoicstructures,EarthScienceFrontiers,6(4):215～221(inChinese).
王作勋.1990.天山多旋回构造演化与成矿.北京:科学出版社.1～120.
WangZuoxun.1990.Multi-cyclicTectonicEvolutionofTianshanandMineralization.Beijing:SciencePress.1～120(inChinese).
尹功明,赵华,沈军,等.1999.天山北麓三个泉河河流阶地的光释光测年.见:中国地震局地质研究所编.活动断裂研究(7).北京:地震出版社.49～57.
YinGongming,ZhaoHua,ShenJun,etal.1999.OpticallystimulatedluminescencedatingfortheterracesedimentsofSangequanRiver,NorthernTianshan.In:InstituteofGeology,CSB .,ed.ResearchonActiveFaults(7).Beijing:SeismologicalPress.49～57(inChinese).
杨晓平,邓起东,张培震,等.1995.利用阶地变形资料研究北天山吐谷鲁逆断裂-背斜带晚更新世以来的褶皱变形特征.见:国家地震局地质研究所编.活动断裂研究(4).北京:地震出版社.46～62.
YangXiaoping,DengQidong,ZhangPeizhen,etal.1995.FolddeformationalongtheTugulureversefault-foldzonesincelatePleistocence,NorthTianshan.In:InstituteofGeology,SSB .,ed.ResearchonActiveFaults(4).Beijing:SeismologicalPress.46～62(inChinese).
杨晓平,沈军.2000.天山内部博罗可努断裂精河—阿拉山口段晚更新世以来的活动特征.地震地质,22(3):305～315.
YangXiaoping,ShenJun.2000.LateQuaternaryactivityofJinghe-AlashankousectionoftheBoluokenufault.SeismologyandGeology,22(3):305～315(inChinese).
张培震,邓起东,杨晓平,等.1995.天山北麓的冰水冲洪积地貌与新构造运动.见:国家地震局地质研究所编.活动断裂研究(4).北京:地震出版社.63～78.
ZhangPeizhen,DengQidong,YangXiaoping,etal.1995.Glaciofluvialgeomorphologyandneotectonicsalongtherange-frontofthenorthernTianshan.In:InstituteofGeology,SSB .,ed.ResearchonActiveFaults(4).Beijing:SeismologicalPress.63～78(inChinese).
AvouacJP ,TapponnierP ,BaiM ,etal.1993.ActivethrustingandfoldingalongthenorthernTienShanandlateCenoziocrotationoftheTarimrelativetoDzungariaandKazakhstan.JourGeophysRes,98:11791～11808.
BurchfielBC ,BrownET ,DengQidong,etal.1999.CrustalshorteningonthemarginsoftheTienshan,Xinjiang,China.InternGeolReview,41:665～700.
BrownET ,BourlesDl,BurchfielBC ,etal.1998.EstimationofslipratesinthesouthernTienShanusingcosmicrayexposuredatesofabandonedalluvialfans.GeolSocAmerBull,110:377～386.
LuHuafu,JiaDong,ChenChuming,etal.1996.Evidenceforgrowthfault-bendfoldsintheTarimBasinanditsimplicationforfault-slipratesintheMesozoicandCenozoic.Proc30 thInt’lGeolCongr,14:253～262.
MolnarP ,DengQ .1984.FaultingassociatedwithlargeearthquakeandtheaveragerateofdeformationincentralandeasternAsia.JourGeophysRes,89:6203～6227.
MolnarP ,BrownET ,BurchfielBC ,etal.1994.QuaternaryclimatechangeandtheformationofriverterracesacrossgrowinganticlinesontheNorthFlankoftheTienshan,China.JournalofGeology,102:583～602.
ShiYangshen,LuHuafu,JiaDong,etal.1994.PaleoziocplatetectonicevolutionoftheTarimandTianshanre gions,westernChina.InternGeolRev,36:1058～1066.
SengorAMC .1993.EvolutionoftheAltaidtectonicscollageandPaleozoiccrustalgrowthinEurasia.Nature,364(6435):299～307.
SuppeJ ,ChouGT ,HookSC .1992.Ratesoffoldingandfaultingdeterminedfromgrowthstrata.In:McKlayKR .ed.ThrustTectonics.London:ChapmanHallPublisher,105～121.
ShawJ ,SuppeJ .1994.ActivefaultingandgrowthfoldingintheeasternSantaBarbaraChannel,California;GeolSocAmerBull,106:607～626.
ShankarM ,NamsonJ .1989.Equal-areabalancing,AmerJourSci,289:563～599.
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