青藏高原地震波三维速度结构的研究
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摘要
根据青藏高原及其邻区的模拟地震台站和宽频带数字地震记录资料 ,采用区域体波层析成像和瑞利面波层析成像 ,反演得到了青藏高原地区的三维地震波速度结构。两种层析成像方法得到的地壳上地幔P波和S波速度结构的结果非常相似 ,它们显示 ,青藏高原南部的拉萨块体的上地壳存在明显的低速区 ,青藏高原北部的羌塘地区的下地壳和上地幔顶部相对速度较低。这些结果与青藏高原南、北部处于碰撞过程中的不同阶段有关。
Based on the recording data from the synthetic and broadband digital seismic stations in and around Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,the 3-D seismic velocity structures in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau were obtained by using the regional body wave tomography and surface wave tomography. The results from these two tomography methods have similar characteristics for P- and S- wave velocity structure in crust and uppermost mantle. They show that there are remarkable low velocity zones in the upper crust of Lhasa block in the southern Xizang and the lower crust and uppermost mantle of Qiangtang block in the northern Xizang. These phenomena may be related to the different steps of collision process for southern and northern Xizang.
Based on the recording data from the synthetic and broadband digital seismic stations in and around Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,the 3-D seismic velocity structures in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau were obtained by using the regional body wave tomography and surface wave tomography. The results from these two tomography methods have similar characteristics for P- and S- wave velocity structure in crust and uppermost mantle. They show that there are remarkable low velocity zones in the upper crust of Lhasa block in the southern Xizang and the lower crust and uppermost mantle of Qiangtang block in the northern Xizang. These phenomena may be related to the different steps of collision process for southern and northern Xizang.
引文
常承法等,1982,青藏高原地质构造,北京:科学出版社。
丁国瑜主编,1991,中国岩石圈动力学概论,北京:地震出版社。
丁志峰、曾融生、吴大铭,1992,青藏高原的Pn波速度和Moho界面的起伏,地震学报,14(增刊),592～599。
丁志峰、曾融生,1996,青藏高原上地幔横波各向异性的探测研究,地球物理学报,39(2),211～220。
冯 锐、周海南,1985,青藏高原的地壳Q结构,地球物理学报,28(增刊),174～184。
马开义、薛光琦、董英君等,1996,地幔内异常热熔变与青藏高原的隆升,地球学报,17(2),214～223。
吴功建、肖序常、李廷栋,1989,青藏高原亚东格尔木地学断面,地质学报,63(4),285～296。
吴建平、明跃红、叶太兰等,1998,体波波形反演对青藏高原上地幔速度结构的研究,地球物理学报,41(增刊),15～25。
吴庆举,1996,宽频带远震体波波形反演方法与青藏高原岩石圈速度结构研究,博士论文,北京:国家地震局地球物理研究所。
吴庆举、曾融生,1998,用宽频带远震接受函数研究青藏高原的地壳结构,地球物理学报,41(5),669～679。
肖序常等,1988,喜马拉雅岩石圈构造演化,北京:地质出版社。
熊绍柏、滕吉文、尹周勋,1985,青藏高原地区的地壳厚度和莫霍界面的起伏,地球物理学报,28(增刊),16～27。
赵文津、Nelson,K .D .、徐中信等,1997,雅鲁藏布缝合带的双陆内俯冲构造与部分熔融层特征———INDEPTH项目结果的初步综合,地球物理学报,40(3),325～336。
曾融生、吴大铭、OwensT .J.,1992,中美合作课题“青藏高原地壳上地幔结构以及地球动力学的研究”介绍,地震学报,14(增刊),521～522。
曾融生、丁志峰、吴庆举,1994,青藏高原岩石圈构造及动力学过程研究,地球物理学报,37(增刊),99～116。
曾融生、孙为国、毛桐恩等,1995,中国大陆莫霍界面深度图,地震学报,17(3),322～327。
曾融生、丁志峰、吴庆举,1998a,喜马拉雅-祁连山地壳构造与大陆-大陆碰撞过程,地球物理学报,41(1),49～60。
曾融生、丁志峰、吴庆举等,1998b,喜马拉雅及藏南的地壳俯冲带以及印度—欧亚碰撞的新模式,中国学术期刊文摘(科技快报),4(6),767。
周 兵、朱介寿、秦建业,1991,青藏高原及邻近地区的S波三维速度结构,地球物理学报,34(4):426～440。
Arnaud,N .O .,Vidal,P .,Tapponnier,P .,Matte,P .,Deng,M .,1992,ThehighK2OvolcanismofnorthwesternTibet:Geochemistryandtectonicimplications,EarthPlanet.Sci.Lett.,111:351～367.
Barazangi,M .,andJ .Ni,1982,VelocitiesandpropagationcharacteristicsofPnandSnbeneaththeHimalayanarcandTibetanPlateau:PossibleevidenceforunderthrustingoftheIndiancontinentallithospherebeneathTibet,Geology,10:179～185.
Brown,L .D .,Zhao,W .,Nelson,K .D .,Hauck,M .,Alsdorf,D .,Ross,A .,Cogan,M .,Clark,M .,Liu,X .,Chen,J.,1996,Brightspots,structure,andmagmatisminsouthernTibetfromINDEPTHseismicreflectionprofiling,Science,274:1688～1690.
Chen,L .,Booker,J.R .,Jones,A .G .,Wu,N .,Unsworth,M .J .,Wenbo,W .,Tan,H .,1996,ElectricallyconductivecrustinsouthernTibetfromINDEPTHmagnetotelluricsurveying,Science,274:1694～1696.
Ditmar,P .G .,Yanovskaya,T .B .,1987,AnextensionoftheBackusGilberttechniqueforestimatinglateralvariationsofsurfacewaveve locities,lzv.ANSSSR ,FizikaZemli,6:30～60(inRussian).
Hirn,A .,Lepine,J.C .,Jobert,G .,Sapin,M .,Wittlinger,G .,Xu,Z .,Gao,E .,Wang,X .,Teng,J.,Xiong,S .,Pandey,M .R .,Tater,J.M .,1984a,CrustalstructureandvariabilityofHimalayanborderofTibet,Nature,307:23～25.
Hirn,A .,Nercessian,A .,Sapin,M .,Hobert,G .,Xu,Z .,Gao,E .,Lu,D .,Teng,J .,1984b,Lhasablockandborderingsutures———acontinuationofa500 kmMohotraversethroughTibet,Nature,307:25～27.
LePichon,X .,Fournier,M .,Jolivet,L .,1992,Kinematics,topography,shorteningandextrusionintheIndiaEurasiacollision,Tectonics,11(6):1085～1098.
Makovsky,Y .,Klemperer,S .L .,Ratschbacher,L .,Brown,L .D .,Li,M .,Zhao,W .,Meng,Z .,1996,INDEPTHwide anglereflectionobservationofP wave toS waveconversionfromcrustalbrightspotsinTibet,Science,274:1690～1691.
McNamara,D .E .,Owens,T .J.,Silver,P .G .,Wu,F .T .,1994,ShearwaveanisotropybeneaththeTibetanPlateau,J .Geophys.Res.,99:13655～13665.
McNamara,D .E .,Walter,W .R .,Owens,T .J.,Ammon,C .J .,1997,UppermantlevelocitystructurebeneaththeTibetanPlateaufromPntraveltimetomography,J .Geophys.Res.,101(B1):493～505.
Molnar,P .,1988,AreviewofgeophysicalconstraintsonthedeepstructureoftheTibetanPlateau,theHimalaya,andtheKarakoram,andtheirtectonicimplications,Phil.Trans.R .Soc.Lond.A326:33～88.
Molnar,P .,1993,Mantledynamics,upliftoftheTibetanPlateau,andtheIndianmansoon,Rev.Geophys.,31:357～386.Nelson,K .D .,etal.,1996,PartiallymoltenmiddlecrustbeneathsouthernTibet:SynthesisofprojectINDEPTHresults,Science,274:1684～1688.
Owens,T .J .,Randall,G .E .,Wu,F .T .,Zeng,R .,1993,PASSCALinstrumentperformanceduringtheTibetanPlateaupassiveseismicexperiment,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,83:1959～1970.
Owens,T .J .,Zandt,G .,1997,ImplicationsofcrustalpropertyvariationsformodelsofTibetanplateauevolution,Nature,387:37～43.
Turner,S .,Hawksworth,C .,Liu,J .,Rogers,N .,Kelley,S .,vanCalsteren,P .,1993,TimingoftheTibetanupliftconstrainedbyanalysisofvolcanicrocks,Nature,364:50～54.
Wittlinger,G .,F .Masson,G .Poupinet,P .Tapponnier,M .Jiang,G .Herquel,J.Guilbert,U .Achauer,G .Xue,D .Shi,1996,Seismicto mographyofnorthernTibetandKunlun:Evidenceforcrustalblocksandmantlevelocitycontrasts,EarthPlanet.Sci.Let.,139:263～279.
Wittlinger,G .,P .Tapponnier,G .Pouplinet,M .Jiang,D .Shi,G .Herquel,F .Masson,1998,Tomographicevidenceforlocalizedlithos phericshearalongtheAltynTaghfault,Science,282:74～76.
Yuan,X .,Ni,J .,King,R .,Mechie,J .,Sandov,E .,1997,LithosphericanduppermantlestructureofsouthernTibetfromaseismologicalpassivesourceexperiment,J .Geophys.Res.,102(B12):27491～27500.
ZengRongsheng,DingZhifeng,WuQingju,1995,AreviewonthelithosphericstructureintheTibetanPlateauandconstraintsfordynam ics,PAGEOPH ,145(34):425～443.
Zhao,L .S .andXie,J .,1993,LateralvariationsincompressionalvelocitiesbeneaththeTibetanPlateaufromPntraveltimetomography,Geophys.J .Int.,115:1070～1084.
Zhao,W .,Nelson,K .D .,ProjectINDEPTHteam,1993,DeepseismicreflectionevidenceforcontinentalunderthrustingbenearthsouthernTibet,Nautre,366:557～559.
丁国瑜主编,1991,中国岩石圈动力学概论,北京:地震出版社。
丁志峰、曾融生、吴大铭,1992,青藏高原的Pn波速度和Moho界面的起伏,地震学报,14(增刊),592～599。
丁志峰、曾融生,1996,青藏高原上地幔横波各向异性的探测研究,地球物理学报,39(2),211～220。
冯 锐、周海南,1985,青藏高原的地壳Q结构,地球物理学报,28(增刊),174～184。
马开义、薛光琦、董英君等,1996,地幔内异常热熔变与青藏高原的隆升,地球学报,17(2),214～223。
吴功建、肖序常、李廷栋,1989,青藏高原亚东格尔木地学断面,地质学报,63(4),285～296。
吴建平、明跃红、叶太兰等,1998,体波波形反演对青藏高原上地幔速度结构的研究,地球物理学报,41(增刊),15～25。
吴庆举,1996,宽频带远震体波波形反演方法与青藏高原岩石圈速度结构研究,博士论文,北京:国家地震局地球物理研究所。
吴庆举、曾融生,1998,用宽频带远震接受函数研究青藏高原的地壳结构,地球物理学报,41(5),669～679。
肖序常等,1988,喜马拉雅岩石圈构造演化,北京:地质出版社。
熊绍柏、滕吉文、尹周勋,1985,青藏高原地区的地壳厚度和莫霍界面的起伏,地球物理学报,28(增刊),16～27。
赵文津、Nelson,K .D .、徐中信等,1997,雅鲁藏布缝合带的双陆内俯冲构造与部分熔融层特征———INDEPTH项目结果的初步综合,地球物理学报,40(3),325～336。
曾融生、吴大铭、OwensT .J.,1992,中美合作课题“青藏高原地壳上地幔结构以及地球动力学的研究”介绍,地震学报,14(增刊),521～522。
曾融生、丁志峰、吴庆举,1994,青藏高原岩石圈构造及动力学过程研究,地球物理学报,37(增刊),99～116。
曾融生、孙为国、毛桐恩等,1995,中国大陆莫霍界面深度图,地震学报,17(3),322～327。
曾融生、丁志峰、吴庆举,1998a,喜马拉雅-祁连山地壳构造与大陆-大陆碰撞过程,地球物理学报,41(1),49～60。
曾融生、丁志峰、吴庆举等,1998b,喜马拉雅及藏南的地壳俯冲带以及印度—欧亚碰撞的新模式,中国学术期刊文摘(科技快报),4(6),767。
周 兵、朱介寿、秦建业,1991,青藏高原及邻近地区的S波三维速度结构,地球物理学报,34(4):426～440。
Arnaud,N .O .,Vidal,P .,Tapponnier,P .,Matte,P .,Deng,M .,1992,ThehighK2OvolcanismofnorthwesternTibet:Geochemistryandtectonicimplications,EarthPlanet.Sci.Lett.,111:351～367.
Barazangi,M .,andJ .Ni,1982,VelocitiesandpropagationcharacteristicsofPnandSnbeneaththeHimalayanarcandTibetanPlateau:PossibleevidenceforunderthrustingoftheIndiancontinentallithospherebeneathTibet,Geology,10:179～185.
Brown,L .D .,Zhao,W .,Nelson,K .D .,Hauck,M .,Alsdorf,D .,Ross,A .,Cogan,M .,Clark,M .,Liu,X .,Chen,J.,1996,Brightspots,structure,andmagmatisminsouthernTibetfromINDEPTHseismicreflectionprofiling,Science,274:1688～1690.
Chen,L .,Booker,J.R .,Jones,A .G .,Wu,N .,Unsworth,M .J .,Wenbo,W .,Tan,H .,1996,ElectricallyconductivecrustinsouthernTibetfromINDEPTHmagnetotelluricsurveying,Science,274:1694～1696.
Ditmar,P .G .,Yanovskaya,T .B .,1987,AnextensionoftheBackusGilberttechniqueforestimatinglateralvariationsofsurfacewaveve locities,lzv.ANSSSR ,FizikaZemli,6:30～60(inRussian).
Hirn,A .,Lepine,J.C .,Jobert,G .,Sapin,M .,Wittlinger,G .,Xu,Z .,Gao,E .,Wang,X .,Teng,J.,Xiong,S .,Pandey,M .R .,Tater,J.M .,1984a,CrustalstructureandvariabilityofHimalayanborderofTibet,Nature,307:23～25.
Hirn,A .,Nercessian,A .,Sapin,M .,Hobert,G .,Xu,Z .,Gao,E .,Lu,D .,Teng,J .,1984b,Lhasablockandborderingsutures———acontinuationofa500 kmMohotraversethroughTibet,Nature,307:25～27.
LePichon,X .,Fournier,M .,Jolivet,L .,1992,Kinematics,topography,shorteningandextrusionintheIndiaEurasiacollision,Tectonics,11(6):1085～1098.
Makovsky,Y .,Klemperer,S .L .,Ratschbacher,L .,Brown,L .D .,Li,M .,Zhao,W .,Meng,Z .,1996,INDEPTHwide anglereflectionobservationofP wave toS waveconversionfromcrustalbrightspotsinTibet,Science,274:1690～1691.
McNamara,D .E .,Owens,T .J.,Silver,P .G .,Wu,F .T .,1994,ShearwaveanisotropybeneaththeTibetanPlateau,J .Geophys.Res.,99:13655～13665.
McNamara,D .E .,Walter,W .R .,Owens,T .J.,Ammon,C .J .,1997,UppermantlevelocitystructurebeneaththeTibetanPlateaufromPntraveltimetomography,J .Geophys.Res.,101(B1):493～505.
Molnar,P .,1988,AreviewofgeophysicalconstraintsonthedeepstructureoftheTibetanPlateau,theHimalaya,andtheKarakoram,andtheirtectonicimplications,Phil.Trans.R .Soc.Lond.A326:33～88.
Molnar,P .,1993,Mantledynamics,upliftoftheTibetanPlateau,andtheIndianmansoon,Rev.Geophys.,31:357～386.Nelson,K .D .,etal.,1996,PartiallymoltenmiddlecrustbeneathsouthernTibet:SynthesisofprojectINDEPTHresults,Science,274:1684～1688.
Owens,T .J .,Randall,G .E .,Wu,F .T .,Zeng,R .,1993,PASSCALinstrumentperformanceduringtheTibetanPlateaupassiveseismicexperiment,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,83:1959～1970.
Owens,T .J .,Zandt,G .,1997,ImplicationsofcrustalpropertyvariationsformodelsofTibetanplateauevolution,Nature,387:37～43.
Turner,S .,Hawksworth,C .,Liu,J .,Rogers,N .,Kelley,S .,vanCalsteren,P .,1993,TimingoftheTibetanupliftconstrainedbyanalysisofvolcanicrocks,Nature,364:50～54.
Wittlinger,G .,F .Masson,G .Poupinet,P .Tapponnier,M .Jiang,G .Herquel,J.Guilbert,U .Achauer,G .Xue,D .Shi,1996,Seismicto mographyofnorthernTibetandKunlun:Evidenceforcrustalblocksandmantlevelocitycontrasts,EarthPlanet.Sci.Let.,139:263～279.
Wittlinger,G .,P .Tapponnier,G .Pouplinet,M .Jiang,D .Shi,G .Herquel,F .Masson,1998,Tomographicevidenceforlocalizedlithos phericshearalongtheAltynTaghfault,Science,282:74～76.
Yuan,X .,Ni,J .,King,R .,Mechie,J .,Sandov,E .,1997,LithosphericanduppermantlestructureofsouthernTibetfromaseismologicalpassivesourceexperiment,J .Geophys.Res.,102(B12):27491～27500.
ZengRongsheng,DingZhifeng,WuQingju,1995,AreviewonthelithosphericstructureintheTibetanPlateauandconstraintsfordynam ics,PAGEOPH ,145(34):425～443.
Zhao,L .S .andXie,J .,1993,LateralvariationsincompressionalvelocitiesbeneaththeTibetanPlateaufromPntraveltimetomography,Geophys.J .Int.,115:1070～1084.
Zhao,W .,Nelson,K .D .,ProjectINDEPTHteam,1993,DeepseismicreflectionevidenceforcontinentalunderthrustingbenearthsouthernTibet,Nautre,366:557～559.
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