基于环境激励的桥梁结构动力有限元模型修正研究
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摘要
在实际桥梁结构中,基于有限元分析得到的结构模型动力特性与测量结果相比往往有较大的出入,甚至超出了工程实践中所要求的精度,因此需要借助实验分析和模型修正技术对有限元模型进行修正。本文首先对有限元模型修正和传感器优化布置方法进行了详细的归纳和总结,并且分析了动力有限元模型修正中存在的一些问题。然后,通过具体的算例对近年的研究成果进行了总结,其中包括基于灵敏度分析和优化理论对一现有大型桥梁进行了有限元模型修正,以及基于序列法和改进遗传算法对一桥梁进行了传感器优化布置,研究结果可广泛应用于桥梁结构的损伤识别、既有(受损)结构的承载力评定和结构的长期健康监测,具有较大的理论意义和工程实用价值。
For actual bridge structures,large discrepancy often exists between dynmaic characteristics of structural model based on finite element(FE) analysis and measuring result,and it even exceed the precision required of engineering practice.The FE model need to be updated based on the experimental analysis and model updating technique.In the paper,the methods about FE model updating and optimal senor placement(OSP) are generalized detailedly,and some problems about dynamic FE model updating are analyzed.In the end,research results during recent years are summarized,which include FE model updating of an exsisting bridge based on sensitivity analysis and optimization theory,and OSP of a bridge based on serial method and improved genetic algorithms,the research results can be applied to bridge structures like damage detection,health monitoring,structural control,structural evaluation and assessment and it has a great theoretical and engineering value.
For actual bridge structures,large discrepancy often exists between dynmaic characteristics of structural model based on finite element(FE) analysis and measuring result,and it even exceed the precision required of engineering practice.The FE model need to be updated based on the experimental analysis and model updating technique.In the paper,the methods about FE model updating and optimal senor placement(OSP) are generalized detailedly,and some problems about dynamic FE model updating are analyzed.In the end,research results during recent years are summarized,which include FE model updating of an exsisting bridge based on sensitivity analysis and optimization theory,and OSP of a bridge based on serial method and improved genetic algorithms,the research results can be applied to bridge structures like damage detection,health monitoring,structural control,structural evaluation and assessment and it has a great theoretical and engineering value.
引文
[1]李辉,丁桦.结构动力模型修正方法研究进展[J].力学进展,2005,35(2):170-180.
[2]Mottershead J E,Friswell M L.Model updating instructural dynamics[J].Journal of Sound and Vibra-tion,1993,167(2):347-375.
[3]Astrom K J,Eykhoff P.System identification,a survey[J].Automation,1971,7(2):123-162.
[4]Guyan R J.Reduction of stiffness and mass matrices[J].AIAA Journal,1965,3(2):380.
[5]O’Callahan J C.A procedure for improved reducedsystem(Irs)model[C]//Alfred Lw,Dominick J,Demichele,Eds.Proceedings of The 7th InternationalModal Analysis Conference,Las Vegas,1989-02-20-22.Kissimmee:Union College,1989:17-21.
[6]Kammer D C.Test-analysis modal development usingan exact modal reduction[J].The International Jour-nal of Analytical and Experiment Modal Analysis,1987,2(4):174-179.
[7]张德文.改进Guyan递推减缩技术[J].计算结构力学及应用,1996,13(1):90-94.
[8]O’Callahan J C.A procedure for improved reducedsystem(irs)model[C]//Alfred Lw,Dominick J,Demichele,Eds.Proceedings of the 7th internationalmodal analysis conference,Las Vegas,1989-02-20-22.Kissimmee:Union College,1989:29-37.
[9]张德文,魏阜旋.模型修正与破损诊断[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.
[10]Berman A,Nagy E J.Improvement of a large analyti-cal model using test data[J].AIAA Journal,1983,21(3):1168-1173.
[11]Farhat C,Hemez F M.Updating finite element dy-namic models using an element-by-element sensitivitymethodology[J].AIAA Journal.1993,31(9):1702-1711.
[12]曾庆华.结构动力修改技术若干问题研究(博士学位论文)[D].南京:南京航空航天大学,1989.
[13]Kabe A M.Stiffness matrix adjustment using mode da-ta[J].AIAA Journal,1985,23(9):1431-1436.
[14]Foster C D,Mottershead J E.Method for improving fi-nite element models by using experimental data.Ap-plication and implications for vibration monitoring[J].International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,1990,32(3):191-203.
[15]Mottershead J E,Lees A W,Stanway R.Linear,fre-quency domain filter for parameter identification of vi-brating structures[J].American Society of MechanicalEngineers,Design Engineering Division(Publication)DE,1987,(4):153-162.
[16]Larsson P O.Model updating based on forced vibra-tions[C]//Proceedings of the 4th interactional confer-ence on recent advances in Structural Dynamics,1991:95-98.
[17]Kye-Si Kwon,Lin Rong-ming.Frequency selectionmethod for FRF-based model updating[J].Journal ofSound and Vibration,2004,278(1):285-306.
[18]Hemez F M,Brown G W.Improving structural dynam-ics models by correlating simulated to measured fre-quency response functions[J].Collection of TechnicalPapers-AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures,Structural Dynamics&Materials Conference,1998,1:772-782.
[19]Ting T.Design sensitivity analysis of structural fre-quency response[J].AIAA Journal,1993,31(10):1965-1967.
[20]Ziaei-Rad S,Ewins D J.Finite element model upda-ting of rotating structures using adaptive simulated an-nealing[C]//Proceedings of the 2002 InternationalConference on Noise and Vibration Engineering,IS-MA,2002:2281-2284.
[21]Levin R I,Lieven NAJ.Dynamic finite element mod-el updating using simulated annealing and genetic algo-rithms[J].Mechanical Systems&Signal Processing,1998,12(1):91-120.
[22]Kirkpatric S,Gelatt C D,Vecchi MP.Optimization bysimulated annealing[J].Science,1983,220(4598):671-680.
[23]Pandey P C,Barai S.Multiplayer perception in dan-mage detection of Bridge structures[J].Computersand Structures,1992,42(4):649-659.
[24]Atalla MJ,Inman D J.On model updating using neu-ral networks[J].Mechanical Systems and Signal Pro-cessing,1998,12(1):135-607.
[25]Levin R I,Lievin NA.Dynamical finite element mod-el updating using neural networks[J].Journal ofsound and vibration,1998,210(5):593-607.
[26]Levin R I,Lieven N A,Lowenberg M H.Measuringand improving neural network generalization for modelupdating[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,2000,238(3):401-424.
[27]Yun C B,Bahng E Y.Substructure identification u-sing neural networks[J].Computers and Structures,2000,77(1):41-52.
[28]Xu Bin,Wu Zhishen,Chen Genda,et al.Direct i-dentification of structural parameters from dynamic re-sponses with neural networks[J].Engineering Appli-cations of Artificial Intelligence,2004,17(8):931-943.
[29]Zang C,Imregun M.Structural damage detection usingartificial neural networks and measured FRF data re-duced via component projection[J].Journal of soundand vibration,2001,242(5):813-827.
[30]Chang C C,Xu Y G,To W M.Selection of trainingsamples for model updating using neural networks[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,2002,249(5):867-883.
[31]夏品奇,Brownjohn J MW.斜拉桥有限元建模与模型修正[J].振动工程学报,2003,16(2):219-223.
[32]Brownjohn J M W,Lee J,Cheong B.Dynamic per-formance of a curved cable-stayed bridge[J].Engi-neering structure,1999,21(11):1015-1027.
[33]范立础,袁万城,张启伟.悬索桥结构基于敏感性分析的动力有限元模型修正[J].土木工程学报,2000,33(1):9-14.
[34]张启伟.基于环境振动测量值的悬索桥结构动力模型修正[J].振动工程学报,2002,15(1):74-78.
[35]袁颖,林皋,周爱红,等.基于改进遗传算法的桥梁结构损伤识别应用研究[J].应用力学学报,2007,24(2):186-191.
[36]McKinney D C,Lin M D.Genetic algorithm solutionof groundwater management models[J].Water Re-sources Research,1994,30(6):1897-1906.
[37]Grefenstette J J.Optimization of control parameters forgenetic algorithms[J].IEEE Transactions on Systems,Man and Cybernetics,1986,16(1):122-128.
[38]Ricles J M,Kosmatka J B.Damage detection in elas-tic structures using vibratory residual forces and weigh-ted sensitivity[J].AIAA Journal,1992,30(9):2310-2316.
[39]Michelevicz Z.Genetic algorithms+data structures=evolution programs,AI Series[M].NewYork:Spring-er-Verlag,1994.
[40]闫桂荣,段忠东,欧进萍.遗传算法在结构有限元模型修正中的应用[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2007,39(2):181-186.
[41]Chou J H,Ghaboussi J.Genetic algorithmin structuraldamage detection[J].Computers and Structures,2001,79:1335-1353.
[42]段雪平,朱宏平.基于遗传算法的结构破损参数检测[J].工程力学,2001,(A3):422-426.
[43]孟祥苹,张化光,何巍.一种基于二进制编码的改进遗传算法[J].吉林工业大学学报(自然科学版),1999,29(3):81-85.
[44]刘福强,张令弥.作动器/传感器优化配置的研究进展[J].力学进展,2000,30(4):506-516.
[45]李宏男,李东升.土木工程结构安全性评估、健康监测及诊断述评[J].地震工程与工程振动,2002,22(3):82-90.
[46]于阿涛,赵鸣.基于振动的土木工程结构健康监测研究进展[J].福州大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(增刊):233-239
[47]崔飞,袁万城,史家钧.传感器优化布设在桥梁健康监测中的应用[J].同济大学学报,1999,27(2):165-169.
[48]Thomas G Came,Clark R Dohmann.A modal test de-sign strategy for modal correlation[C]//Proc 13th In-ternational Modal Analysis Conference,Edited byBathe,K J,New York:Union College,Schenectady,1995:927-933.
[49]Cheng Anpan.Optimal sensor placement for modal pa-rameter identification using signal subspace correlationtechniques[J].Mechanical System and Signal Pro-cessing,2003,17(2):361-378.
[50]马震岳,张克华,陈婧.传感器优化布设在水电站厂房振动特性研究中应用[J].大连理工大学学报,2006,46(2):262-266.
[51]黄民水,郭文增,朱宏平,等.基于环境激励的桥梁动力特性测试及模型修正[J].华中科技大学学报(城市科学版),2006,23(4):57-60.
[52]Huang minshui,Zhu hongping.Finite element modelupdating of bridge structures based on sensitivity analy-sis and optimization algorithm[J].Wuhan UniversityJournal of Natural Sciences,2008,13(1):87-92.
[53]Huang minshui,Guo wenzeng,Zhu hongping,et al.Dynamic test and finite element model updating ofbridge structures based on ambient vibration[J].Frontiers of Architecture and Civil Engineering in Chi-na,2008,2(2):139-144.
[54]黄民水,朱宏平,李炜明.基于改进遗传算法的桥梁结构传感器优化布置[J].振动与冲击,2008,27(3):82-86.
[55]黄民水,朱宏平.桥梁结构模态测试中传感器优化布置的序列法及应用[J].桥梁建设,2007,(5):80-83.
[56]黄民水,朱宏平,宋金强.传感器优化布置在桥梁结构损伤检测中的应用[J].公路交通科技,2008,25(2):85-88.
[2]Mottershead J E,Friswell M L.Model updating instructural dynamics[J].Journal of Sound and Vibra-tion,1993,167(2):347-375.
[3]Astrom K J,Eykhoff P.System identification,a survey[J].Automation,1971,7(2):123-162.
[4]Guyan R J.Reduction of stiffness and mass matrices[J].AIAA Journal,1965,3(2):380.
[5]O’Callahan J C.A procedure for improved reducedsystem(Irs)model[C]//Alfred Lw,Dominick J,Demichele,Eds.Proceedings of The 7th InternationalModal Analysis Conference,Las Vegas,1989-02-20-22.Kissimmee:Union College,1989:17-21.
[6]Kammer D C.Test-analysis modal development usingan exact modal reduction[J].The International Jour-nal of Analytical and Experiment Modal Analysis,1987,2(4):174-179.
[7]张德文.改进Guyan递推减缩技术[J].计算结构力学及应用,1996,13(1):90-94.
[8]O’Callahan J C.A procedure for improved reducedsystem(irs)model[C]//Alfred Lw,Dominick J,Demichele,Eds.Proceedings of the 7th internationalmodal analysis conference,Las Vegas,1989-02-20-22.Kissimmee:Union College,1989:29-37.
[9]张德文,魏阜旋.模型修正与破损诊断[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.
[10]Berman A,Nagy E J.Improvement of a large analyti-cal model using test data[J].AIAA Journal,1983,21(3):1168-1173.
[11]Farhat C,Hemez F M.Updating finite element dy-namic models using an element-by-element sensitivitymethodology[J].AIAA Journal.1993,31(9):1702-1711.
[12]曾庆华.结构动力修改技术若干问题研究(博士学位论文)[D].南京:南京航空航天大学,1989.
[13]Kabe A M.Stiffness matrix adjustment using mode da-ta[J].AIAA Journal,1985,23(9):1431-1436.
[14]Foster C D,Mottershead J E.Method for improving fi-nite element models by using experimental data.Ap-plication and implications for vibration monitoring[J].International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,1990,32(3):191-203.
[15]Mottershead J E,Lees A W,Stanway R.Linear,fre-quency domain filter for parameter identification of vi-brating structures[J].American Society of MechanicalEngineers,Design Engineering Division(Publication)DE,1987,(4):153-162.
[16]Larsson P O.Model updating based on forced vibra-tions[C]//Proceedings of the 4th interactional confer-ence on recent advances in Structural Dynamics,1991:95-98.
[17]Kye-Si Kwon,Lin Rong-ming.Frequency selectionmethod for FRF-based model updating[J].Journal ofSound and Vibration,2004,278(1):285-306.
[18]Hemez F M,Brown G W.Improving structural dynam-ics models by correlating simulated to measured fre-quency response functions[J].Collection of TechnicalPapers-AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures,Structural Dynamics&Materials Conference,1998,1:772-782.
[19]Ting T.Design sensitivity analysis of structural fre-quency response[J].AIAA Journal,1993,31(10):1965-1967.
[20]Ziaei-Rad S,Ewins D J.Finite element model upda-ting of rotating structures using adaptive simulated an-nealing[C]//Proceedings of the 2002 InternationalConference on Noise and Vibration Engineering,IS-MA,2002:2281-2284.
[21]Levin R I,Lieven NAJ.Dynamic finite element mod-el updating using simulated annealing and genetic algo-rithms[J].Mechanical Systems&Signal Processing,1998,12(1):91-120.
[22]Kirkpatric S,Gelatt C D,Vecchi MP.Optimization bysimulated annealing[J].Science,1983,220(4598):671-680.
[23]Pandey P C,Barai S.Multiplayer perception in dan-mage detection of Bridge structures[J].Computersand Structures,1992,42(4):649-659.
[24]Atalla MJ,Inman D J.On model updating using neu-ral networks[J].Mechanical Systems and Signal Pro-cessing,1998,12(1):135-607.
[25]Levin R I,Lievin NA.Dynamical finite element mod-el updating using neural networks[J].Journal ofsound and vibration,1998,210(5):593-607.
[26]Levin R I,Lieven N A,Lowenberg M H.Measuringand improving neural network generalization for modelupdating[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,2000,238(3):401-424.
[27]Yun C B,Bahng E Y.Substructure identification u-sing neural networks[J].Computers and Structures,2000,77(1):41-52.
[28]Xu Bin,Wu Zhishen,Chen Genda,et al.Direct i-dentification of structural parameters from dynamic re-sponses with neural networks[J].Engineering Appli-cations of Artificial Intelligence,2004,17(8):931-943.
[29]Zang C,Imregun M.Structural damage detection usingartificial neural networks and measured FRF data re-duced via component projection[J].Journal of soundand vibration,2001,242(5):813-827.
[30]Chang C C,Xu Y G,To W M.Selection of trainingsamples for model updating using neural networks[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,2002,249(5):867-883.
[31]夏品奇,Brownjohn J MW.斜拉桥有限元建模与模型修正[J].振动工程学报,2003,16(2):219-223.
[32]Brownjohn J M W,Lee J,Cheong B.Dynamic per-formance of a curved cable-stayed bridge[J].Engi-neering structure,1999,21(11):1015-1027.
[33]范立础,袁万城,张启伟.悬索桥结构基于敏感性分析的动力有限元模型修正[J].土木工程学报,2000,33(1):9-14.
[34]张启伟.基于环境振动测量值的悬索桥结构动力模型修正[J].振动工程学报,2002,15(1):74-78.
[35]袁颖,林皋,周爱红,等.基于改进遗传算法的桥梁结构损伤识别应用研究[J].应用力学学报,2007,24(2):186-191.
[36]McKinney D C,Lin M D.Genetic algorithm solutionof groundwater management models[J].Water Re-sources Research,1994,30(6):1897-1906.
[37]Grefenstette J J.Optimization of control parameters forgenetic algorithms[J].IEEE Transactions on Systems,Man and Cybernetics,1986,16(1):122-128.
[38]Ricles J M,Kosmatka J B.Damage detection in elas-tic structures using vibratory residual forces and weigh-ted sensitivity[J].AIAA Journal,1992,30(9):2310-2316.
[39]Michelevicz Z.Genetic algorithms+data structures=evolution programs,AI Series[M].NewYork:Spring-er-Verlag,1994.
[40]闫桂荣,段忠东,欧进萍.遗传算法在结构有限元模型修正中的应用[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2007,39(2):181-186.
[41]Chou J H,Ghaboussi J.Genetic algorithmin structuraldamage detection[J].Computers and Structures,2001,79:1335-1353.
[42]段雪平,朱宏平.基于遗传算法的结构破损参数检测[J].工程力学,2001,(A3):422-426.
[43]孟祥苹,张化光,何巍.一种基于二进制编码的改进遗传算法[J].吉林工业大学学报(自然科学版),1999,29(3):81-85.
[44]刘福强,张令弥.作动器/传感器优化配置的研究进展[J].力学进展,2000,30(4):506-516.
[45]李宏男,李东升.土木工程结构安全性评估、健康监测及诊断述评[J].地震工程与工程振动,2002,22(3):82-90.
[46]于阿涛,赵鸣.基于振动的土木工程结构健康监测研究进展[J].福州大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(增刊):233-239
[47]崔飞,袁万城,史家钧.传感器优化布设在桥梁健康监测中的应用[J].同济大学学报,1999,27(2):165-169.
[48]Thomas G Came,Clark R Dohmann.A modal test de-sign strategy for modal correlation[C]//Proc 13th In-ternational Modal Analysis Conference,Edited byBathe,K J,New York:Union College,Schenectady,1995:927-933.
[49]Cheng Anpan.Optimal sensor placement for modal pa-rameter identification using signal subspace correlationtechniques[J].Mechanical System and Signal Pro-cessing,2003,17(2):361-378.
[50]马震岳,张克华,陈婧.传感器优化布设在水电站厂房振动特性研究中应用[J].大连理工大学学报,2006,46(2):262-266.
[51]黄民水,郭文增,朱宏平,等.基于环境激励的桥梁动力特性测试及模型修正[J].华中科技大学学报(城市科学版),2006,23(4):57-60.
[52]Huang minshui,Zhu hongping.Finite element modelupdating of bridge structures based on sensitivity analy-sis and optimization algorithm[J].Wuhan UniversityJournal of Natural Sciences,2008,13(1):87-92.
[53]Huang minshui,Guo wenzeng,Zhu hongping,et al.Dynamic test and finite element model updating ofbridge structures based on ambient vibration[J].Frontiers of Architecture and Civil Engineering in Chi-na,2008,2(2):139-144.
[54]黄民水,朱宏平,李炜明.基于改进遗传算法的桥梁结构传感器优化布置[J].振动与冲击,2008,27(3):82-86.
[55]黄民水,朱宏平.桥梁结构模态测试中传感器优化布置的序列法及应用[J].桥梁建设,2007,(5):80-83.
[56]黄民水,朱宏平,宋金强.传感器优化布置在桥梁结构损伤检测中的应用[J].公路交通科技,2008,25(2):85-88.
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