汶川地震导致的壁画文物震害研究——以广元市觉苑寺大雄宝殿壁画为例
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摘要
为保护壁画文物,以四川省广元市剑阁县大雄宝殿为例,对汶川地震作用下殿内壁画的震害进行了研究。根据震后勘查结果,讨论了大雄宝殿壁画的典型震害症状,分析了古建筑侧脚构造对壁画抗震的有利影响。根据大雄宝殿壁画加固工艺作法及古建筑榫卯连接特点,建立了大雄宝殿的震前有限元模型。为研究汶川地震作用下壁画的震害特征,首先对其进行了模态分析,然后将模拟汶川地震波进行调幅,然后作用于大雄宝殿进行地震反应分析。通过采用时程分析法,获得了地震作用下不同时刻壁画整体的内力与变形响应峰值,并获得了典型节点的地震响应曲线。结果表明:大雄宝殿壁画开裂与空鼓的主要原因是面层与墙体粘结不牢导致的受拉破坏;地震作用下壁画保持稳定的振动状态;为提高壁画的抗震性能,壁画木框与外墙板间应加强连接,并在空隙处填塞隔震材料,同时应加强壁画本身保养工作。
In order to protect the murals in Daxiong Palace in Jiange County,Sichuan Province,damage caused by the Wenchuan earthquake was analyzed.Base on survey results made after earthquake,typical damage characteristics of the murals were discussed.The results demonstrate that the Cejiao constitution concepts used in Chinese ancient buildings has helped to resist earthquakes.Considering the mural strengthening techniques as well as the characteristic mortise-and-tenon joints typical of Chinese ancient buildings,a finite model of Daxiong Palace was built.In order to simulate damages to the mural paintings under the Wenchuan earthquake conditions,modal analysis was done and then the Wenchuan waves were amplified and imposed on the model.By doing dynamic analysis,peak values for displacements as well as inner forces of the structure under simulated Wenchuan earthquake conditions were obtained.Response curves for selected typical nodes were obtained.Results show that main cause of damages to the murals occurred because they were not fixed tightly to the base layer of the wall,which led to tensile strength failure.Under Wenchuan earthquake condition,the murals kept vibrating constantly;In order to enhance aseismic capability of the murals,isolation materials have to be filled between the wooden frames and the outer wall plates.Connection between wall and wooden frames has to be strengthened.Daily maintenance of the murals is also a very important factor.
In order to protect the murals in Daxiong Palace in Jiange County,Sichuan Province,damage caused by the Wenchuan earthquake was analyzed.Base on survey results made after earthquake,typical damage characteristics of the murals were discussed.The results demonstrate that the Cejiao constitution concepts used in Chinese ancient buildings has helped to resist earthquakes.Considering the mural strengthening techniques as well as the characteristic mortise-and-tenon joints typical of Chinese ancient buildings,a finite model of Daxiong Palace was built.In order to simulate damages to the mural paintings under the Wenchuan earthquake conditions,modal analysis was done and then the Wenchuan waves were amplified and imposed on the model.By doing dynamic analysis,peak values for displacements as well as inner forces of the structure under simulated Wenchuan earthquake conditions were obtained.Response curves for selected typical nodes were obtained.Results show that main cause of damages to the murals occurred because they were not fixed tightly to the base layer of the wall,which led to tensile strength failure.Under Wenchuan earthquake condition,the murals kept vibrating constantly;In order to enhance aseismic capability of the murals,isolation materials have to be filled between the wooden frames and the outer wall plates.Connection between wall and wooden frames has to be strengthened.Daily maintenance of the murals is also a very important factor.
引文
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[2]楼庆西,徐伯安,郭黛姮.梁思成全集(第七卷)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004:135-137.LOUQing-xi,XUBo-an,GUO Dai-heng.Whole works for Liang Si-cheng(Vol 7)[M].Beijing:Chinese Building Industrial Press,2004:135-137.
[3]Fang D P,Iwasaki S,Yu MH.Ancient Chinese timber architecture-I:Experimental study[J].J Str Eng,2001,11:1348-1357.
[4]姚侃,赵鸿铁,葛鸿鹏.古建木结构榫卯连接特性的试验研究[J].工程力学,2006,23(10):168-172.YAO Kan,ZHAO Hong-tie,GE Hong-peng.Experimental studies onthe characteristic of mortise-tenon joint in the historic timber build-ings[J].Eng Mech,2006,23(10):168-172.
[5]周乾,闫维明,杨小森.汶川地震古建筑震害研究[J].北京工业大学学报,2009,35(3):289-296.ZHOUQian,YAN Wei-ming,YANG Xiao-sen.Study on damage ofancient buildings after Wenchuan earthquake in China[J].J BeijingUniv Technol,2009,35(3):289-296.
[6]故宫博物院古建部.四川省剑阁县觉苑寺震害评估报告(2)[R].北京:故宫博物院,2008:1-3.Ancient Building Department of Palace Museum.Reports on ap-praisement of damages caused bywenchuan earthquakein JueyuanTemple in Jiange County,Sichuan(2)[R].Beijing:Palace Muse-um,2008:1-3.
[7]沈聚敏,周锡元,高小旺,等.抗震工程学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000:8-11.SHEN Ju-min,ZHOUXi-yuan,GAO Xiao-wang,LIUJing-bo,et al.Aseismic Engineering[M].Beijing:Chinese Industrial Press,2000:8-11.
[8]刘晶波,杜修力.结构动力学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005:118-120.LIUJing-bo,DUXiu-li.Structural Dynamics[M].Beijing,Mechani-cal Industrial Press,2005:118-120.
[9]沈治国.砖石古塔的力学性能及鉴定与加固方法的研究[D].西安建筑科技大学,2005:38-41.SHEN Zhi-guo.Study on mechanics performance,appraisal and rein-forcing techniques of bricky&masonry ancient pagodas[D].Xi an:Xi an University of Architecture and Technology,2005:38-41.
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