遥感-岩石力学(VIII)——论岩石破裂的热红外前兆
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摘要
岩石破裂存在多种前兆,它是岩石力学和岩石工程中的一项重要研究内容。在总结多年遥感-岩石力学基础实验研究的基础上,对岩石破裂的热红外前兆进行了系统总结与分析,包括:前兆表现形式及其类型、前兆的时间及空间特征、前兆的机理等。研究表明:(1) 岩石破裂的热红外前兆有平均红外幅射温度-时间曲线异常和热像异常2种形式,分别反映前兆的时空特征;(2) 热像异常分为高温条带和低温条带两种类型,平均红外幅射温度-时间曲线异常分为降温、升温加速和降温转升3种类型;(3) 前兆出现在岩石载荷峰前s = (0.77～0.87)sp 的应力区间内,与微破裂带的形成密切相关;(4) 高围压和压性强的剪性破裂出现前兆的几率要大于低围压和压性弱的剪性破裂,而随着破裂向纯剪过渡,前兆出现的几率降低,且前兆发生的时间越接近岩石破裂时刻;(5) 岩石破裂热红外前兆机理是岩石热弹和摩擦热效应的综合。
There are many omens existing before rock fracturing,which is an important research issue of rock mechanics and rock engineering. Based on the fundamental experiments on remote sensing-rock mechanics,the thermal infrared radiation (TIR) omens of rock fracturing are systematically analyzed and studied. The research contents of this paper include the types and features of TIR omens,the occurring time of TIR omens,the spatio-temporal features of TIR omens,and its mechanism. It is concluded that (1) there are two kinds of TIR omens for rock fracturing,i.e.,TIR image anomaly and curve of average TIR temperature and time anomaly,which reflect the spatial and temporal features of TIR omens respectively,(2) the TIR image anomaly is classified as high-temperature strip and low-temperature strip,and the curve of average TIR temperature and time anomaly is classified as temperature drop,rapid rise of temperature and rise-from-drop of temperature,(3) the omens occur before peak load at the moment when load is 77%～87% of the peak load,and they are tightly related to the formation of micro-cracks,(4) the possibility of omens of shearing fracturing with high confining pressure or high compressive stress is higher than that with low confining pressure or low compressive stress,and the possibility of omens for pure-shear will be less and its occurring time is close to the fracturing moment,and (5) the mechanism for the TIR omens of rock fracturing is the comprehensive effect of rock thermo-elasticity and rock friction.
There are many omens existing before rock fracturing,which is an important research issue of rock mechanics and rock engineering. Based on the fundamental experiments on remote sensing-rock mechanics,the thermal infrared radiation (TIR) omens of rock fracturing are systematically analyzed and studied. The research contents of this paper include the types and features of TIR omens,the occurring time of TIR omens,the spatio-temporal features of TIR omens,and its mechanism. It is concluded that (1) there are two kinds of TIR omens for rock fracturing,i.e.,TIR image anomaly and curve of average TIR temperature and time anomaly,which reflect the spatial and temporal features of TIR omens respectively,(2) the TIR image anomaly is classified as high-temperature strip and low-temperature strip,and the curve of average TIR temperature and time anomaly is classified as temperature drop,rapid rise of temperature and rise-from-drop of temperature,(3) the omens occur before peak load at the moment when load is 77%～87% of the peak load,and they are tightly related to the formation of micro-cracks,(4) the possibility of omens of shearing fracturing with high confining pressure or high compressive stress is higher than that with low confining pressure or low compressive stress,and the possibility of omens for pure-shear will be less and its occurring time is close to the fracturing moment,and (5) the mechanism for the TIR omens of rock fracturing is the comprehensive effect of rock thermo-elasticity and rock friction.
引文
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21吴立新,刘善军,吴育华等.遥感-岩石力学(II)——断层双剪粘滑的热热红外辐射规律及其构造地震前兆意义[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(2):192～198
22吴立新,刘善军,许向红等.遥感-岩石力学(III)——交汇断层粘滑的热热红外辐射与声发射规律及其构造地震前兆意义[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(3):401～407
23吴立新,刘善军,吴育华等.遥感-岩石力学(IV)——岩石压剪破裂的热热红外辐射规律及其地震前兆意义[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(4):539～544
24刘善军,吴立新,吴育华等.遥感-岩石力学(V)——岩石粘滑过程中热红外辐射的影响因素分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(5):730～735
25刘善军,吴立新,吴育华等.遥感-岩石力学(VI)——岩石摩擦滑移特征及其影响因素分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(8):1247～1251
26徐秀登,徐向民,强祖基.热红外临震异常的基本特征与成因机理再认识[J].浙江师大学报,1994,17(3):43～47
27强祖基,徐秀登,赁常恭.卫星热热红外异常临震前兆[J].科学通报,1990,35(17):1324～1327
28高文学,马瑾.首都圈地震?刂?环境与地?鹪趾 M] .北京:地震出版社,1993
29ThomsonW.Onthedynamicaltheoryofheat[J].T rans. R.Soc.Edinb ur gh,1853,20:8 3～261
30 BaroneS,Patterso nEA .Thedevel opment ofsimultaneousthermo-andphoto-elasticityforprincipalstressanalyses[J].Strain,1999,35(2):57～65
2Brad yBT,RowellGlenA.Laborato ryinvestiga tef ort heelectrodynami cs ofro ckfracture[J].Nature,1986,321(29):488～492
3Cr essGO,Br adyBT,Row ellGA.So ur ceofelectromagn eticradia tion fromfrac tu reof rocksam pl esi nthelaboratory[J].GeophysicalRearchLetters,1987,14(4):331～334
4郭自强,尤峻汉,李高等.破裂岩石的电子发射与压缩原子模型[J].地球物理学报,1989,32(2):173～177
5朱元清,罗祥麟,郭自强等.岩石破裂时电磁辐射的机理研究[J].地球物理学报,1991,34(5):364～601
6徐为民,童芜生,吴培稚.岩石破裂过程中地磁辐射的实验研究[J].地球物理学报,1985,28(2):181～190
7刘煜洲,刘因,王寅生等.岩石破裂时电磁辐射的影响[J].地震学报,1997,19(4):418～425
8Ma rtelliG,Smi thPN,Wo odwordAJ.Light radiofre que ncyemissio nandion izationeff ects asso ciatedwithrockfracture[J].Geophys.J.Int.,1989,98:3 97～401
9 LuongMP.Inf ra redobse rvationof fa ilure processesinplainconcrete[ A].In:DurabilityofB uildingMaterialsandComponent,4DBMC[C].Singapore:Pergamon,1987,2: 870～878
10LuongMP.In fr aredth ermovisio no fdamagep roc essesinconcreteandrock[J].EngineeringFractureMechanics,1990,35(1～3 ):127～135
11LuongMP.I nfraredtherm og raph icobservationsofrockf a ilure[A].In:HudsonJAed.ComprehensiveRockEngineeringPrinciples—Practice&Projects[C].NewYork:Pergamon,199 3,4:715～ 730
12Luo ngMP,EytardJ C. Infraredthe rm ovisiono fdi ssipatio ninconcreteandconcreteworks[A ].In:G閚ieParasism iqueetR閜onseDynam iquedesOuvrages[C].[s.l.]:AFPS ,1999,471 ～4 7 8
13Gorn yVI,Sa lmanA G,AATronin ,etal.The ea rt houtgoing IR radiati onasanindicatorofseismicactivity[J].Proc.Acad.Sci.USSR,1988,30(1):67～69
14耿乃光,于萍,邓明德等.热热红外震兆成因的模拟实验研究[J].地震,1998,18(1):83～88
15吴立新,王金庄.煤岩受压热红外热像与辐射温度特征实验[J].中国科学 (D辑),1 998,28(1): 41～46
1 6WuLX,Wa ng JZ.I nfr aredr adiat ionfeaturesofcoalandrocksunderloading[J].Int.J.RockMech.&Min.Sci.,1998,35(7):969～976
17吴立新.遥感岩石力学及其新近进展与未来发展[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2001,20(2):139～146
18刘善军,吴立新,吴焕萍等.多暗色矿物类岩石单轴加载过程中热红外辐射定量研究[J].岩石力学与工 程学报 ,2002 ,21( 11):1585～ 1589
19 WuLX ,LiuSJ,WuYH,etal.ChangesinIRwithrockdeformation[J].Int.J.RockMech.&Min.Sci.,2002,39(6):825～831
20吴立新,刘善军,吴育华等.遥感-岩石力学(I)——非连续组合断层破裂的热热红外辐射规律及其构造地震前兆意义[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(1):24～30
21吴立新,刘善军,吴育华等.遥感-岩石力学(II)——断层双剪粘滑的热热红外辐射规律及其构造地震前兆意义[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(2):192～198
22吴立新,刘善军,许向红等.遥感-岩石力学(III)——交汇断层粘滑的热热红外辐射与声发射规律及其构造地震前兆意义[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(3):401～407
23吴立新,刘善军,吴育华等.遥感-岩石力学(IV)——岩石压剪破裂的热热红外辐射规律及其地震前兆意义[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(4):539～544
24刘善军,吴立新,吴育华等.遥感-岩石力学(V)——岩石粘滑过程中热红外辐射的影响因素分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(5):730～735
25刘善军,吴立新,吴育华等.遥感-岩石力学(VI)——岩石摩擦滑移特征及其影响因素分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(8):1247～1251
26徐秀登,徐向民,强祖基.热红外临震异常的基本特征与成因机理再认识[J].浙江师大学报,1994,17(3):43～47
27强祖基,徐秀登,赁常恭.卫星热热红外异常临震前兆[J].科学通报,1990,35(17):1324～1327
28高文学,马瑾.首都圈地震?刂?环境与地?鹪趾 M] .北京:地震出版社,1993
29ThomsonW.Onthedynamicaltheoryofheat[J].T rans. R.Soc.Edinb ur gh,1853,20:8 3～261
30 BaroneS,Patterso nEA .Thedevel opment ofsimultaneousthermo-andphoto-elasticityforprincipalstressanalyses[J].Strain,1999,35(2):57～65
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