青藏高原东缘地壳上地幔结构及其动力学意义
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摘要
本文综述了我们在青藏高原东缘实施的垂直切过龙门山断裂带宽频带地震探测的研究成果,揭示了研究区复杂的地壳上地幔结构,结果表明松潘—甘孜地块与四川盆地西缘莫霍而深度为58 km与40 km±,在龙门山断裂带下方存在约15 km的莫霍面错断;松潘—甘孜与龙门山断裂带域地壳纵横波速度比V_p/V_s比值远大于1.73,预示着粘性下地壳流或基性/超基性物质的存在。探讨了研究区强烈的盆山之间以及深部不同层圈之间的相互作用,推断四川盆地对青藏高原东缘软流圈驱动的物质东向逃逸阻挡作用可能深达整个上地幔。
We summarize results from broadband passive source tele-seismic observation across Longmenshan fault belt on the eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau, and reveal the complex arichtecture of the crust and upper mantle in the studied area. The results demonstrate crustal thickness thins from about 58 km under Songpan-Ganzi to about 40 km under Sichuan Basin, and about 15 km Moho offset beneath Longmenshan fault belt; much larger than 1.73 of the average crustal V_p/V_s beneath Songpan-Ganzi and Longmenshan fault belt suggests the existence of viscous lower crust or mafic/super-mafic materials in their crusts. We make further discussion on the interaction between Tibetan Plateau and its neighboring Sichuan Basin, and among crust,lithosphere and asthenosphere,and infer the Sichuan Basin barrier to the eastward Tibetan Plateau's flow may reach to the upper mantle.
We summarize results from broadband passive source tele-seismic observation across Longmenshan fault belt on the eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau, and reveal the complex arichtecture of the crust and upper mantle in the studied area. The results demonstrate crustal thickness thins from about 58 km under Songpan-Ganzi to about 40 km under Sichuan Basin, and about 15 km Moho offset beneath Longmenshan fault belt; much larger than 1.73 of the average crustal V_p/V_s beneath Songpan-Ganzi and Longmenshan fault belt suggests the existence of viscous lower crust or mafic/super-mafic materials in their crusts. We make further discussion on the interaction between Tibetan Plateau and its neighboring Sichuan Basin, and among crust,lithosphere and asthenosphere,and infer the Sichuan Basin barrier to the eastward Tibetan Plateau's flow may reach to the upper mantle.
引文
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王椿镛,吴建平,楼海,周民都,白志明.2003． 川西藏东地区的地壳P波速度结构.中国科学(D辑),33(增刊):18l-189． Wang Chunyong,Wu Jianping,Lou 1-1ai,Zhou Mindu and Bai Zhiming. 2003． The P-wave crustal structure in western Sichuan and eastern Tibetan region. Science in China( Series D) ,44( suppl. ):254-265．
王椿镛,楼海,吕智勇,吴建平,常利军,戴仕贵,尤惠川,唐方头,Zhu L,Silver P.2008． 青藏高原东部地壳上地幔S 波速度结构--下地壳流的深部环境.中国科学(D辑),38(1) :22-32． Wang Chunyong,Lou Hai,Lü Zhiyong,Wu Jianping,Chang Lijun,Dai Shigui,You Huichuan,Tang Fangtou,Zhu L and Silver P. 2008． S wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle in the eastern Tibetan Plateau--Deep environment of low crustal flow. Science in China( Series D) ,38(1) :22-32．
徐水森,任寰,宋杰.2006． 龙泉山断裂带地震活动性浅析.四川地震,(2) :21-27． Xu Shuisen,Ren Huan and Song Jie. 2006． Primary study on the seismicity along the faults of Longquanshan. Earthquake Research in Sichuan, (2) :21-27．
徐锡伟,闻学泽,郑荣章,马文涛,宋方敏,于贵华.2003川滇地区活动块体最新构造变动样式及其动力来源.中国科学(D辑),33(增刊):151-162． Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze, Zheng Rongzhang, Ma Wentao, Song Fangmin and Yu Guihua. 2003． The recent tectonicvariation pattern of Chuan-Dian active blocks and its dynamic sources. Science in China( Series D) .33 (suppl.) : 151-162．
徐锡伟,张培震,闻学泽,秦尊丽,陈桂华,朱艾斓.2005． 川西及其邻近地区活动构造基本特征与强震复发模型.地震地质,27(3) :446-461． Xu Xiwei, Zhang Peizhen, Wen Xueze, Qin Zunli, Chen Guihua and Zhu Ailan. 2005． Features of active tectonics and recurrence behaviors of strong earthquakes in the western Sichuan Province and its adjacent regions. Seismology and Geology, 27 (3) :446-461．
许志琴,侯立玮,王宗秀.1992． 中国松潘-甘孜造山带的造山过程北京:地质出版社.1-60． Xu Zhiqin,Hou Liwei and Wang Zongxiu. 1992． Mountain Building Processes of the Songpan-Ganzi Orogeny,China. Beijing: Geologic Publishing House. 1-60．
许志琴,李化启,侯立玮,付小芳,陈 文,曾令森,蔡志慧,陈方远.2007． 青藏高原东缘龙门山-锦屏造山带的崛起--大型拆离断层和挤出机制.地质通报,26(10) :1262-1276． Xu Zhiqin, Li Huaqi, Hou Liwei, Fu Xiaofang,Chen Wen,Zeng Lingsen,C. ai Zhihui and Chen Fangyuan. 2007． Uplift of the Longmen-Jinping orogenic belt along the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:Large-scale detachment faulting and extrusion mechanism. Geological Bulletin of China,26 (10) :1262-1276．
张培震,邓起东,张国民,马瑾,甘卫军,闵伟,毛凤英,王琪.2003． 中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学(D辑),33(增刊):12-20． Zhang Peizhen,Deng Qidong, Zhang Guomin, Ma Jin, Gan Weijun, Min Wei, Mao Fengying and Wang Qi. 2003． Active tectonic blocks and strong earthquakes in the continent of China. Science in China (Series D) ,33 (suppl.) : 12-20．
赵国泽,陈小斌,王立凤,王继军,汤吉,万战生,张继红,詹艳,肖骑彬.2008． 青藏高原东边缘地壳“管流”层的电磁探测证据.科学通报,53(3) :345-350． Zhao Guoze,Chen Xiaobin, Wang Lifeng, Wang Jijun, Tang Ji, Wan Zhansheng, Zhang Jihong, Zhan Yan and Xiao Qibin. 2008． Evidence of crustal “channel flow” in eastern margin of Tibet Plateau from MT measurements. Chinese Science Bulletin,52(12) :1887-1893．
Beaumont C,Jamieson R A, Nguyen M H and Lee B. 2001． Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation. Nature,414: 738-742．
Bereoviei D and Karato S. 2003． Whole-mantle convection and the transition-zone water filter. Nature,425 : 39-44．
Bina C R and Helffrieh G. 1994． Phase transition Clapeyron slopes and transition zone seismic discontinuity topography. Journal of Geophysical Research ,99( B8 ) : 15853-15860．
Burchfiel B C,Chen Z L, Liu Y P and Royden L H. 1995． Tectonics of the Longmen Shan and adjacent regions,central China.International Geology Review ,37 ( 8 ) : 661-735．
Chen J G,lnoue T, Yurimoto H and Weidner D J. 2002． Effect of water on olivine-wadsleyite phase boundary in the( Mg,Fe)_2SiO_4 system. Geophysical Research Letters,29(18) : 1875 ,doi : 10． 1029/2001GL014429．
Clark M K and Royden L H. 2000． Topographic ooze:Building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow. Geology,28(8) : 703-706．
Farra V and Vinnik L. 2000． Upper mantle stratification by P and S receiver functions. Geophysical Journal International, 141 (3) : 699-712．
Helffrich G. 2000． Topography of the transition zone seismic discontinuities. Reviews of Geophysics,38(1) :141-158．
Jia D,Wei G Q,Chen Z X,Li B L,Zeng Q and Yang G. 2006． Longmen Shan fold-thrust belt and its relation to the western Sichuan Basin in central China:New insights from hydrocarbon exploration. AAPG Bulletin,90 (9) : 1425-1447．
Kennett B L N and Engdahl R. 1991． Traveltimes for global earlhquake location and phase identification. Geophysical Journal International, 105 (2) :429-465．
Kind R,Yuan X,Saul J,Nelson D,Soblev S V,Mechie J,Zhao W,Kosarev G,Ni J,Achauer U and Jiang M. 2002． Seismic images of crust and upper mantle beneath Tibet: Evidence for Eurasian Plate subduction. Science, 298 (5596) :1219-1221．
Kirby S H, Stein S, Okal E A and Rubie D C. 1996． Metastable mantle phase transformations and deep earthquakes in subducting oceanic lithosphere. Reviews of Geophysics,34(2) :261-306．
Langston C A. 1979． Structure under Mount Rainier,Washington,inferred from teleseismic body waves. Journal of Geophysical Research ,84 (B9) :4749-4762．
Li X Q and Yuan X H. 2003． Receiver functions in northeast China-implications for slab penetration into the lower mantle in northwest Pacific subduction zone. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,216 (4) : 679-691．
Ligorria J P and Ammon C J. 1999． lterative deconvolution and receiver-function estimation. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 89 (5) :1395-1400．
Liu K H,Gao S S, Silver P G and Zhang Y. 2003． Mantle layering across central South American. Joarnal of Geophysical Research, 108 (B11) :2510, doi:10． 1029/2002JB002208．
Meng Q R, Hu J M,Wang E and Qu H J. 2006． Late Cenozoic denudation by large-magnitude landslides in the eastern edge of Tibetan Plateau. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth,243(1-2) : 252-267．
Molnar P and Chen W P. 1978． Evidence for large Cenozoic crustal shortening of Asia. Nature,273: 218-220．
Molnar P and Tapponnier P. 1975． Cenozoic tectonics of Asia:Effects of a continental collision. Science,189(4201 ) : 419-426．
Ohtani E,Litasov K,Hosoya T,Kubo T and Kondo T. 2004． Water transport into the deep mantle and formation of a hydrous transition zone. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 143-144 : 255-269．
Priestley K,Jackson J and McKenzie D. 2008． Lithospheric structure and deep earthquakes beneath India,the Himalaya and southern Tibet. Geophysical Journal International,172( 1 ) : 345-362．
Royden L H,Burchfiel B C and Van der Hilst R D. 2008． The geological evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. Science, 321(5892) : 1054-1058．
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