碳酸盐岩成岩史及其对储层的控制作用——以普光气田为例
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摘要
碳酸盐岩成岩作用贯穿沉积物从堆积到埋藏直至抬升的整个历史,碳酸盐矿物对成岩环境的高度敏感性使得岩石原始组构及其物性在长期的成岩作用过程中不断被改造,川东北普光大气田长兴组礁滩云岩和飞仙关组鲕滩云岩储层复杂的成岩史即是例证。综合运用高精度三维地震和岩心资料对储层的准同生成岩环境进行分析,利用普光气田重点探井薄片资料对埋藏成岩进行研究。上二叠统长兴组至下三叠统飞仙关组沉积时期,普光气田主体位于(镶边)台地,长兴组台地镶边礁、飞仙关组台缘滩和台内滩构成该气田的储层相,礁滩后和鲕潍间的局限环境提供了渗透-回流准同生白云石化条件。薄片研究表明普光气田长兴组和飞仙关组经历了大范围白云石化、多期胶结作用、压实、多期溶解、裂缝等成岩作用。白云石化作用产生了晶间孔并提高储层渗透率,早期方解石胶结物可使岩石原始孔隙度免遭压实作用破坏,鲕粒的选择性溶解形成溶模孔,埋藏期非组构选择性溶解产生溶蚀扩大孔或溶洞,构造裂缝不仅大大提高了储层渗透率而且作为埋藏溶蚀性流体运移通道形成溶蚀扩大缝。尽管多种成岩事件的叠加以及沉积组构的复杂性决定了礁滩储层物性的非均质性,但鲕滩和礁滩岩相的原始沉积组构控制着潜在储层分布。
The diagenesis of carbonate rocks underwent through the entire period from the accumulation,burial to the uplifting of sediments.Because carbonate rocks were sensitive to the rock-forming environment,primary petrofabric and physical properties of rocks were constantly modified during the long time of diagenesis.Exam- ples are the complex diagenesis processes of the Changxing reef shoal dolomite and the Feixianguan oolitic beach dolomite in the Puguang gas field in northwest Sichuan.This paper focuses on the burial diagenesis through thin- sections of key wells in the Puguang gas field,and high precision 3D seism and cores data have been used to analyse the penecontemporaneous diagenesis environment.From the sedimentation of the Changxing Formation of the Upper Permian to the Feixianguan Formation of the Lower Triassic,most part of the Puguang gas field was lo- cated on the platform margin.Reef on the Changxing Formation platform margin,marginal beach and intraplat- form beach on the Feixianguan Formation platform composed the reservoir facies of the Puguang gas field.Limi- ted environment after and between reef beach has provided penetration-reflux conditions for penecontemporane- ous dolomitization.The study on thin-sections shows that the Permian Changxing Formation and the Triassic Feixianguan Formation underwent large-scale diagenesis processes like dolomitization,multistage cementation, compaction,multistage dissolution and fissure.The dolomitization generated intracrystalline pores and improved reservoir permeability.Early calcite cementing materials protected the original porosity from compaction.The se- lective dissolution of oolite formed moldic pores.The selective dissolution of non-fabric materials created en- larged pores or caverns.Tectonic fracture not only improved reservoir permeability but also served as the liquid migration channels to enlarge the dissolved fissure.Despite the heterogeneity of reef beach facies reservoirs, which was determined by various diagenesis processes and the complexity of depositional fabric,the original dep- ositional fabric of oolitic beach and reef beach facies controlled the distribution of potential reservoirs.
The diagenesis of carbonate rocks underwent through the entire period from the accumulation,burial to the uplifting of sediments.Because carbonate rocks were sensitive to the rock-forming environment,primary petrofabric and physical properties of rocks were constantly modified during the long time of diagenesis.Exam- ples are the complex diagenesis processes of the Changxing reef shoal dolomite and the Feixianguan oolitic beach dolomite in the Puguang gas field in northwest Sichuan.This paper focuses on the burial diagenesis through thin- sections of key wells in the Puguang gas field,and high precision 3D seism and cores data have been used to analyse the penecontemporaneous diagenesis environment.From the sedimentation of the Changxing Formation of the Upper Permian to the Feixianguan Formation of the Lower Triassic,most part of the Puguang gas field was lo- cated on the platform margin.Reef on the Changxing Formation platform margin,marginal beach and intraplat- form beach on the Feixianguan Formation platform composed the reservoir facies of the Puguang gas field.Limi- ted environment after and between reef beach has provided penetration-reflux conditions for penecontemporane- ous dolomitization.The study on thin-sections shows that the Permian Changxing Formation and the Triassic Feixianguan Formation underwent large-scale diagenesis processes like dolomitization,multistage cementation, compaction,multistage dissolution and fissure.The dolomitization generated intracrystalline pores and improved reservoir permeability.Early calcite cementing materials protected the original porosity from compaction.The se- lective dissolution of oolite formed moldic pores.The selective dissolution of non-fabric materials created en- larged pores or caverns.Tectonic fracture not only improved reservoir permeability but also served as the liquid migration channels to enlarge the dissolved fissure.Despite the heterogeneity of reef beach facies reservoirs, which was determined by various diagenesis processes and the complexity of depositional fabric,the original dep- ositional fabric of oolitic beach and reef beach facies controlled the distribution of potential reservoirs.
引文
1 杨雨,王一刚,文应初,等.川东飞仙关组沉积相与鲕滩气藏的分布[J].天然气勘探与开发,2001,24(3) :18～21
2 杨雨,文应初.川东北开江-梁平海槽发育对T_1f鲕粒岩分布的控制[J].天然气工业,2002,22(S1) :30～32
3 魏国齐,陈更生,杨威,等.川北下三叠统飞仙关组“槽台”沉积体系及演化[J].沉积学报,2004,22(2) :254～260
4 王一刚,文应初,洪海涛,等.四川盆地开江-梁平海槽内发现大隆组[J]天然气工业,2006,26(9) :32～36
5 马永生,梅冥相,陈小兵.碳酸盐岩储层沉积学[M].北京:地质出版社,1999
6 马永生,郭旭升,郭彤楼,等.四川盆地普光大型气田的发现与勘探启示[J].地质论评,2005,25(4) :476～480
7 马永生,牟传龙,郭彤楼,等.四川盆地东北部长兴组层序地层与储层分布[J].地学前缘,2005,12(3) :179～185
8 马永生,牟传龙,郭彤楼,等.四川盆地东北部飞仙关组层序地层与储层分布[J].矿物岩石,2005,25(4) :73～79
9 马永生,郭旭升,凡睿.川东北普光气田飞仙关组鲕滩储集层预测[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(4) :60～64
10 马永生,蔡勋育,李国雄.四川盆地普光大型气藏基本特征及成藏富集规律[J].地质学报,2005,79(6) :858～865
11 马永生,傅强,郭彤楼.川东北地区普光气田长兴-飞仙关气藏成藏模式与成藏过程[J].石油实验地质,2005,27(5) :455～461
12 马永生,牟传龙,郭彤楼,等.四川盆地东北部长兴期沉积特征和沉积格局[J].地质评论,2006,52(1) :25～29
13 马永生,牟传龙,郭旭升,等.川东北达县-宣汉地区飞仙关组沉积相与储层分布[J].地质学报,2006,80(2) :293～293
14 马永生.碳酸盐岩微相[M].北京:地质出版社,2006
15 Tucker M E,Wright V P.Carbonate sedimentology[M].London:Oxford,Blackwell Scientific,1990． 51-72
16 Zhao W Z,Luo P,Chen G S,et al.Origin and reservoir rock characteristics of dolostones in the Early Triassic Feixianguan Formation,NE Sichuan Basin,China:significance for future gas exploration[J].Journal fo Petroleum Geology,2005,28:83-100
17 Borkhataria R,Aigner T,P(?)ppelreiter M C,et al.Characterisation of epeiric“layer-cake”carbonate reservoirs:Upper Muschelkakl(Middle Triassic),the Netherlands[J].Journal ofPetroleum Geology,2005,28:119-146
18 Borkhataria R,Aigner T,Koos J C,et a1． An unusual,muddy,epeiric carbonate reservoir:the Lower Muschelkalk(Middle Triassic)ofthe Netherlands[J].AAPG Bulletin,2006,90:61-89
19 Choquette P W.Pray L C.Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates[J].American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,1970,54:207-250
20 Darryl G,Eric W M.Fault and conduit controlled burial dolomitization of the Devonian west-central Alberta Deep Basin [ J ].Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,2005,53:101-129
21 Moore C H.Carbonate diagenesis and porosity [ J ].Developments in Sedimentology 46,Elsevier,Amsterdam,1989,338
22 Adams A E,Mackenzie W S.A colour atlas of carbonate sediments and rocks under the microscope[ M ].London:Manson Publishing,1998． 180
23 Bathurst R G C.Carbonate sediments and diagenesis.Developments in Sedimentology 12(Second Edition)[ J ].Amsterdam:Elsevier,1975． 658
24 马永生,蔡勋育.四川盆地川东北区二叠系-三叠系天然气勘探成果与前景展望[J].石油与天然气地质,2006,27(6) :742～750
25 马永生,郭彤楼,朱光有,等.硫化氢对碳酸盐储层溶蚀改造作用的模拟实验证据--以川东飞仙关组为例[J].科学通报,2007,52(增刊1) :136～141
26 Yang C,Hutcheon I,Krouse H R.Fluid inclusion and stable isotopic studies of thermochemical sulphate reduction from Burnt Timber and Crossfield East gas fields in Alberta,Canada [ J ].Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,2001,49:149-164
27 朱光有,张水昌,梁英波,等.川东北地区飞仙关组高含H_2S天然气TSR成因的同位素证据[J].中国科学D辑,2005,35(11) :1037～1046
28 刘德汉,肖贤明,熊永强,等.四川东部飞仙关组鲕滩气藏储层含自然硫不混溶包裹体及硫化氢成因研究[J].中国科学D辑(地球科学),2006,36(6) :520～532
29 马永生,蔡勋育,李国雄.四川盆地普光大型气藏基本特征及成藏富集规律[J].地质学报,2005,79(6) :858～865
30 马永生,傅强,郭彤楼.川东北地区普光气田长兴-飞仙关气藏成藏模式与成藏过程[J].石油实验地质,2005,27(5) :455～461
31 马永生,牟传龙,谭钦银,等.关于开江-梁平海槽的认识[J].石油与天然气地质,2006,27(3) :326～331
32 刘殊,唐建明,马永生,等.川东北地区长兴组-飞仙关组礁滩相储层预测[J].石油与天然气地质,2006,27(3) :332～339,347
33 Krouse H R,Viau CA,Eliuk L S,et al.Chemical and isotopic evidence of thermochemical sulphate reduction by light hydrocarbon gases in deep carbonate reservoirs [ J].Nature,1988,333:415-419
34 Hanor J S.Dissolved methane in sedimentary brines:Potential effect on the PVT properties of fluid inclusions[ J].Economic Geology,1980,75:603-609
35 Namoit A Y,Gubkina G F.Effects of dissolved Ⅱ_2S on the solubility of methane in water[ J].Geochemistry.International,1989,26:117-119
36 Huang SS,Leu A D,Ng H J,et al.The phase behaviour of twomixtures of methane,carbon dioxide,hydrogen sulphide,and water[ J ].Fluid Phase Equilibria,1985,19:21-32
37 Ehrenberg S N,Nadeau P H.Sandstone vs.carbonate petroleum reservoirs:A global perspective on porosity-depth and porosity-permeability relationships[ J ].AAPG Bulletin,2005,89(4) :435-445
2 杨雨,文应初.川东北开江-梁平海槽发育对T_1f鲕粒岩分布的控制[J].天然气工业,2002,22(S1) :30～32
3 魏国齐,陈更生,杨威,等.川北下三叠统飞仙关组“槽台”沉积体系及演化[J].沉积学报,2004,22(2) :254～260
4 王一刚,文应初,洪海涛,等.四川盆地开江-梁平海槽内发现大隆组[J]天然气工业,2006,26(9) :32～36
5 马永生,梅冥相,陈小兵.碳酸盐岩储层沉积学[M].北京:地质出版社,1999
6 马永生,郭旭升,郭彤楼,等.四川盆地普光大型气田的发现与勘探启示[J].地质论评,2005,25(4) :476～480
7 马永生,牟传龙,郭彤楼,等.四川盆地东北部长兴组层序地层与储层分布[J].地学前缘,2005,12(3) :179～185
8 马永生,牟传龙,郭彤楼,等.四川盆地东北部飞仙关组层序地层与储层分布[J].矿物岩石,2005,25(4) :73～79
9 马永生,郭旭升,凡睿.川东北普光气田飞仙关组鲕滩储集层预测[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(4) :60～64
10 马永生,蔡勋育,李国雄.四川盆地普光大型气藏基本特征及成藏富集规律[J].地质学报,2005,79(6) :858～865
11 马永生,傅强,郭彤楼.川东北地区普光气田长兴-飞仙关气藏成藏模式与成藏过程[J].石油实验地质,2005,27(5) :455～461
12 马永生,牟传龙,郭彤楼,等.四川盆地东北部长兴期沉积特征和沉积格局[J].地质评论,2006,52(1) :25～29
13 马永生,牟传龙,郭旭升,等.川东北达县-宣汉地区飞仙关组沉积相与储层分布[J].地质学报,2006,80(2) :293～293
14 马永生.碳酸盐岩微相[M].北京:地质出版社,2006
15 Tucker M E,Wright V P.Carbonate sedimentology[M].London:Oxford,Blackwell Scientific,1990． 51-72
16 Zhao W Z,Luo P,Chen G S,et al.Origin and reservoir rock characteristics of dolostones in the Early Triassic Feixianguan Formation,NE Sichuan Basin,China:significance for future gas exploration[J].Journal fo Petroleum Geology,2005,28:83-100
17 Borkhataria R,Aigner T,P(?)ppelreiter M C,et al.Characterisation of epeiric“layer-cake”carbonate reservoirs:Upper Muschelkakl(Middle Triassic),the Netherlands[J].Journal ofPetroleum Geology,2005,28:119-146
18 Borkhataria R,Aigner T,Koos J C,et a1． An unusual,muddy,epeiric carbonate reservoir:the Lower Muschelkalk(Middle Triassic)ofthe Netherlands[J].AAPG Bulletin,2006,90:61-89
19 Choquette P W.Pray L C.Geological nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates[J].American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,1970,54:207-250
20 Darryl G,Eric W M.Fault and conduit controlled burial dolomitization of the Devonian west-central Alberta Deep Basin [ J ].Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,2005,53:101-129
21 Moore C H.Carbonate diagenesis and porosity [ J ].Developments in Sedimentology 46,Elsevier,Amsterdam,1989,338
22 Adams A E,Mackenzie W S.A colour atlas of carbonate sediments and rocks under the microscope[ M ].London:Manson Publishing,1998． 180
23 Bathurst R G C.Carbonate sediments and diagenesis.Developments in Sedimentology 12(Second Edition)[ J ].Amsterdam:Elsevier,1975． 658
24 马永生,蔡勋育.四川盆地川东北区二叠系-三叠系天然气勘探成果与前景展望[J].石油与天然气地质,2006,27(6) :742～750
25 马永生,郭彤楼,朱光有,等.硫化氢对碳酸盐储层溶蚀改造作用的模拟实验证据--以川东飞仙关组为例[J].科学通报,2007,52(增刊1) :136～141
26 Yang C,Hutcheon I,Krouse H R.Fluid inclusion and stable isotopic studies of thermochemical sulphate reduction from Burnt Timber and Crossfield East gas fields in Alberta,Canada [ J ].Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,2001,49:149-164
27 朱光有,张水昌,梁英波,等.川东北地区飞仙关组高含H_2S天然气TSR成因的同位素证据[J].中国科学D辑,2005,35(11) :1037～1046
28 刘德汉,肖贤明,熊永强,等.四川东部飞仙关组鲕滩气藏储层含自然硫不混溶包裹体及硫化氢成因研究[J].中国科学D辑(地球科学),2006,36(6) :520～532
29 马永生,蔡勋育,李国雄.四川盆地普光大型气藏基本特征及成藏富集规律[J].地质学报,2005,79(6) :858～865
30 马永生,傅强,郭彤楼.川东北地区普光气田长兴-飞仙关气藏成藏模式与成藏过程[J].石油实验地质,2005,27(5) :455～461
31 马永生,牟传龙,谭钦银,等.关于开江-梁平海槽的认识[J].石油与天然气地质,2006,27(3) :326～331
32 刘殊,唐建明,马永生,等.川东北地区长兴组-飞仙关组礁滩相储层预测[J].石油与天然气地质,2006,27(3) :332～339,347
33 Krouse H R,Viau CA,Eliuk L S,et al.Chemical and isotopic evidence of thermochemical sulphate reduction by light hydrocarbon gases in deep carbonate reservoirs [ J].Nature,1988,333:415-419
34 Hanor J S.Dissolved methane in sedimentary brines:Potential effect on the PVT properties of fluid inclusions[ J].Economic Geology,1980,75:603-609
35 Namoit A Y,Gubkina G F.Effects of dissolved Ⅱ_2S on the solubility of methane in water[ J].Geochemistry.International,1989,26:117-119
36 Huang SS,Leu A D,Ng H J,et al.The phase behaviour of twomixtures of methane,carbon dioxide,hydrogen sulphide,and water[ J ].Fluid Phase Equilibria,1985,19:21-32
37 Ehrenberg S N,Nadeau P H.Sandstone vs.carbonate petroleum reservoirs:A global perspective on porosity-depth and porosity-permeability relationships[ J ].AAPG Bulletin,2005,89(4) :435-445
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