建筑结构连续性倒塌及其控制设计的研究现状
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摘要
纽约世贸大楼遭受大型客机撞击后引起的结构倒塌事故是从局部楼层的破坏向其他各楼层扩展的连续性倒塌过程,这种最终的完全倒塌或相对于初始局部破坏的大范围倒塌,导致了大量的人员伤亡和巨大的财产损失。国外针对突发事件下结构抵抗连续性倒塌的课题研究历经数十年,形成了明晰的抗倒塌设计思想,提出拉结力设计和备用荷载路径分析等方法,但在诸多方面仍未充分展开,尚难以与传统的结构设计方法相融合。将对结构连续性倒塌控制与设计方法、结构鲁棒性能和冗余特性评价等问题作出评述,并针对大跨结构体系的抗倒塌研究作一探讨,最后结合工程实例,简单讨论倒塌事故的过程和防倒塌设计的注意点。
The catastrophic collapse of New York WTC buildings due to airliner attack is a typical example of progressive collapse,occurring from initial failure of local floors to the entire structure.Such a complete collapse,or a large-scale severe collapse,would lead to the worst loss of life and property.Research has gradually been focused on structural performance against progressive collapse due to accidental event,and ideas and design methods for preventing progressive collapse have been put forward,such as the Tie Force and Alternate Load Path methods.However,the research achievement has not yet been in accordance with the traditional methodology for structural design.Referring to the latest literature,this paper reviews the methodologies of structural collapse control design,the evaluation of structural robustness and redundancy,as well as the issue of large span truss structures against progressive collapse.As an example,collapse case is simply analyzed and the key factors for preventing progressive collapse are discussed.
The catastrophic collapse of New York WTC buildings due to airliner attack is a typical example of progressive collapse,occurring from initial failure of local floors to the entire structure.Such a complete collapse,or a large-scale severe collapse,would lead to the worst loss of life and property.Research has gradually been focused on structural performance against progressive collapse due to accidental event,and ideas and design methods for preventing progressive collapse have been put forward,such as the Tie Force and Alternate Load Path methods.However,the research achievement has not yet been in accordance with the traditional methodology for structural design.Referring to the latest literature,this paper reviews the methodologies of structural collapse control design,the evaluation of structural robustness and redundancy,as well as the issue of large span truss structures against progressive collapse.As an example,collapse case is simply analyzed and the key factors for preventing progressive collapse are discussed.
引文
[1]ASCE7-05Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures[S]
[2]Dusenberry D O.Review of existing guidelines and provisions related to progressive collapse[EB/OL].[2002-9-18].http://www.nibs.org
[3]Ellingwood B R.Building design for abnormal loads and progressive collapse[J].Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering,2005,20(3):194-205
[4]Moore D B.The UK and European regulations for accidental actions[EB/OL].[2002-9-18].http://www.nibs.org
[5]HMSO.The Building Regulations2000:Approved document A-Structure[S].Norwich:The Stationary Office,2004
[6]EN1991-1-7Eurocode1-actions on structures-part1.7:general actions-accidental actions due to impact and explosions[S],2006
[7]General Services Administration.Progressive Collapse Analysis and Design Guidelines for New Federal Office Buildings and Major Modernization Projects[S].Washington D C:GSA,2003
[8]UFC4-023-03Design of Buildings to Resist Progressive Collapse[S],2005
[9]陈俊岭,马人乐,何敏娟.偶然事件下框架结构抗连续倒塌分析[J].四川建筑科学研究,2007,33(1):65-68(Chen Junling,Ma Renle,He Minjuan.Prevention of progressive collapse for frame structure in abnormal incidents[J].Sichuan Building Science,2007,33(1):65-68(in Chinese))
[10]McGuire W.Prevention of progressive collapse[C]//Proceedings of the Regional Conference on Tall Buildings.Bangkok:Asian Institute of Technology,1974
[11]Burnett E F P.The avoidance of progressive collapse:regulatory approaches to the problem[R].NBS-GCR75-48.Washington D C:National Bureau of Standards,1975
[12]Japanese Society of Steel Construction&Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.Guidelines for Collapse Control Design-Construction of Steel Buildings with High Redundancy[S].Tokyo:Japanese Society of SteelConstruction&Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat,2004
[13]Husain M,Tsopelas P.Measures of structural redundancy in reinforced concrete buildings I:Redundancy indices[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,2004,130(11):1651-1658
[14]Powell G.Progressive collapse:case studies using nonlinear analysis[C]//SEAOC2004Annual Convention.Monterey:SEAOC,2004
[15]Leyendechker E V,Ellingwood B R.Design methods for reducing the risk of progressive collapse in buildings[R].Washington D C:National Bureau of Standards,1977
[16]田志敏,张想柏,杜修力.防恐怖爆炸重要建筑物的概念设计[J].土木工程学报,2007,40(1):34-41(Tian Zhimin,Zhang Xiangbai,Du Xiuli.Conceptual design of important buildings to mitigate terrorist explosion attack[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2007,40(1):34-41(in Chinese))
[17]Cundall P A.A computer model for simulating progressive,large scale movement in blocky rock system[C]//Proceedings of Symposium of the International Society for Rock Mechanics.Salzburg:ISRM,1971:129-136
[18]孙利民,秦东,范立础.扩展散体单元法在钢筋混凝土桥梁倒塌分析中的应用[J].土木工程学报,2002,35(6):53-58(Sun Limin,Qin Dong,Fan Lichu.A new model for collapse analysis of reinforced concrete bridge[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2002,35(6):53-58(in Chinese))
[19]宣纲,顾祥林,吕西林.强震作用下混凝土框架结构倒塌过程的数值分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,2003,23(6):24-30(Xuan Gang,Gu Xianglin,LüXilin.Numerical analysis of collapse process for RC frame structures subjected to strong earthquakes[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2003,23(6):24-30(in Chinese))
[20]Shi G H,Goodman R E.Discontinuous deformation analysis[C]//Proceedings of25th U.S.Symposium on rock Mechanics.Evanston:Society of Mining Engineers of AIME,1984:269-277
[21]Isobe D,Toi Y.Analysis of structurally discontinuous reinforced concrete building frames using the ASI technique[J].Computers&Structures,2000,76:471-481
[22]Corley W G.Applicability of Seismic Design in Mitigating Progressive Collapse[EB/OL].[2002-9-18].http://www.nibs.org
[23]Hayes J R,Woodson S C,Pekelnicky R G,et al.Can strengthening for earthquake improve blast and progressive collapse resistance[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,2006,131(8):1157-1177
[24]Bilow D N,Kamara M.U.S.General Services Administration progressive collapse design guidelines applied to concrete moment-resisting frame buildings[C]//ASCE Structures Congress.Reston:ASCE,2004
[25]Blockley D I,Agarwal J,Pinto T,et al.Structural vulnerability,reliability and risk[J].Prog.Struct.Engng Mater,2002(4):203-212
[26]姜长生,孙隆和,吴庆宪,等.系统理论与鲁棒控制[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,1998(Jiang Changsheng,Sun Longhe,Wu Qingxian,et al.System theory and robust control[M].Beijing:Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Press,1998(in Chinese))
[27]Baker J W,Straub D,Nishijima K,et al.On the assessment of robustness I:a general framework[C]//Proceeding of JCSS Workshop on Robustness of Structures.Watford:JCSS,2005
[28]Schubert M,Straub D,Baker J W,et al.On the assessment of robustness II:numerical investigations[C]//Proceeding of JCSS Workshop on Robustness of Structures.Watford:JCSS,2005
[29]Lu Z,Yu Y,Woodman N J,et al.A theory of structural vulnerability[J].The Structural Engineer,1999,77(18):17-24
[30]Agarwal J,Blockley D I,Woodman N J.Vulnerability of systems[J].Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems,2001,18:141-165
[31]Agarwal J,Blockley D I,Woodman N J.Vulnerability of3-dimensional trusses[J].Structural Safety,2001,23:203-220
[32]Working groups on concepts and techniques,safety evaluation,design and optimization and code implementation.Research needs in structural reliability[J].Structural Safety,1990(7):299-309
[33]Frangopol D M,Curley J P.Effects of damage and redundancy on structural reliability[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1987,113(7):1533-1549
[34]Bertero R D,Bertero V.Redundancy in earthquake-resistant design[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1999,125(1):81-88
[35]Pandey P C,Barai S V.Structural sensitivity as a measure of redundancy[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1997,123(3):360-364
[36]Tan S,Astaneh-Asl A.Cable-based retrofit of steel building floors to prevent progressive collapse,UCB-CEE-STEEL-2003/02[R].Berkeley:University of California,2003
[37]Crawford J E.Retrofit methods to mitigate progressive collapse[EB/OL][.2002-9-18].http://www.nibs.org
[38]Smith E A,Epstein H.Hartford Coliseum roof collapse:structural sequence and lesson learned[J].Civil Engineering,1980,52(4):59-62
[39]徐建设.厂房钢桁架节点性能及结构极限承载状态研究[D].上海:同济大学,2003(Xu Jianshe.Research on Mechanical Behavior of Joint and Ultimate Bearing State of Structure of Steel Plant Truss[D].Shanghai:Tongji University,2003(in Chinese))
[40]Morris N.Effect of member snap on space truss collapse[J].Journal of Engineering Mechanics,1993,119(4):870-886
[41]Malla R,Wang B,Nalluri B.Dynamic effects of progressive member failure on the response of truss structures[C]//Dynamic Response and Progressive Failure of Special Structures.Reston:ASCE,1993
[42]Blandford G.Review of progressive failure analysis for truss structures[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1997,123(2):122-129
[43]Hanaor A,Dallard P R B,Levy R,et al.Member buckling with joint instability-design Application[J].International Journal of Space Structures,2000,15(3):205-213
[44]Malla R,Wang B.Response of space structures under sudden local damage[C]//Engineering,Construction and Operations in Space III.Reston:ASCE,1992
[45]Murtha-Smith E A.Alternate path analysis of space trusses for progressive collapse[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1988,114(9):1978-1999
[46]Marsh C.Improving space truss performance by member removal[C]//Shells,Membranes and Space Frames.Amsterdam:Elsevier,1986
[47]郭范围.广东省九江大桥设计简介[J].公路,1989,(11):21-28(Guo Fanwei.Introduction of Jiujiang bridge design at Guangdong province[J].Highway,1989(11):21-28(in Chinese))
[48]JTG D60—2004公路桥涵设计通用规范[S](JTG D60—2004General Code for Design of Highway Bridge and Culverts[S](in Chinese))
[2]Dusenberry D O.Review of existing guidelines and provisions related to progressive collapse[EB/OL].[2002-9-18].http://www.nibs.org
[3]Ellingwood B R.Building design for abnormal loads and progressive collapse[J].Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering,2005,20(3):194-205
[4]Moore D B.The UK and European regulations for accidental actions[EB/OL].[2002-9-18].http://www.nibs.org
[5]HMSO.The Building Regulations2000:Approved document A-Structure[S].Norwich:The Stationary Office,2004
[6]EN1991-1-7Eurocode1-actions on structures-part1.7:general actions-accidental actions due to impact and explosions[S],2006
[7]General Services Administration.Progressive Collapse Analysis and Design Guidelines for New Federal Office Buildings and Major Modernization Projects[S].Washington D C:GSA,2003
[8]UFC4-023-03Design of Buildings to Resist Progressive Collapse[S],2005
[9]陈俊岭,马人乐,何敏娟.偶然事件下框架结构抗连续倒塌分析[J].四川建筑科学研究,2007,33(1):65-68(Chen Junling,Ma Renle,He Minjuan.Prevention of progressive collapse for frame structure in abnormal incidents[J].Sichuan Building Science,2007,33(1):65-68(in Chinese))
[10]McGuire W.Prevention of progressive collapse[C]//Proceedings of the Regional Conference on Tall Buildings.Bangkok:Asian Institute of Technology,1974
[11]Burnett E F P.The avoidance of progressive collapse:regulatory approaches to the problem[R].NBS-GCR75-48.Washington D C:National Bureau of Standards,1975
[12]Japanese Society of Steel Construction&Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.Guidelines for Collapse Control Design-Construction of Steel Buildings with High Redundancy[S].Tokyo:Japanese Society of SteelConstruction&Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat,2004
[13]Husain M,Tsopelas P.Measures of structural redundancy in reinforced concrete buildings I:Redundancy indices[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,2004,130(11):1651-1658
[14]Powell G.Progressive collapse:case studies using nonlinear analysis[C]//SEAOC2004Annual Convention.Monterey:SEAOC,2004
[15]Leyendechker E V,Ellingwood B R.Design methods for reducing the risk of progressive collapse in buildings[R].Washington D C:National Bureau of Standards,1977
[16]田志敏,张想柏,杜修力.防恐怖爆炸重要建筑物的概念设计[J].土木工程学报,2007,40(1):34-41(Tian Zhimin,Zhang Xiangbai,Du Xiuli.Conceptual design of important buildings to mitigate terrorist explosion attack[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2007,40(1):34-41(in Chinese))
[17]Cundall P A.A computer model for simulating progressive,large scale movement in blocky rock system[C]//Proceedings of Symposium of the International Society for Rock Mechanics.Salzburg:ISRM,1971:129-136
[18]孙利民,秦东,范立础.扩展散体单元法在钢筋混凝土桥梁倒塌分析中的应用[J].土木工程学报,2002,35(6):53-58(Sun Limin,Qin Dong,Fan Lichu.A new model for collapse analysis of reinforced concrete bridge[J].China Civil Engineering Journal,2002,35(6):53-58(in Chinese))
[19]宣纲,顾祥林,吕西林.强震作用下混凝土框架结构倒塌过程的数值分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,2003,23(6):24-30(Xuan Gang,Gu Xianglin,LüXilin.Numerical analysis of collapse process for RC frame structures subjected to strong earthquakes[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2003,23(6):24-30(in Chinese))
[20]Shi G H,Goodman R E.Discontinuous deformation analysis[C]//Proceedings of25th U.S.Symposium on rock Mechanics.Evanston:Society of Mining Engineers of AIME,1984:269-277
[21]Isobe D,Toi Y.Analysis of structurally discontinuous reinforced concrete building frames using the ASI technique[J].Computers&Structures,2000,76:471-481
[22]Corley W G.Applicability of Seismic Design in Mitigating Progressive Collapse[EB/OL].[2002-9-18].http://www.nibs.org
[23]Hayes J R,Woodson S C,Pekelnicky R G,et al.Can strengthening for earthquake improve blast and progressive collapse resistance[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,2006,131(8):1157-1177
[24]Bilow D N,Kamara M.U.S.General Services Administration progressive collapse design guidelines applied to concrete moment-resisting frame buildings[C]//ASCE Structures Congress.Reston:ASCE,2004
[25]Blockley D I,Agarwal J,Pinto T,et al.Structural vulnerability,reliability and risk[J].Prog.Struct.Engng Mater,2002(4):203-212
[26]姜长生,孙隆和,吴庆宪,等.系统理论与鲁棒控制[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,1998(Jiang Changsheng,Sun Longhe,Wu Qingxian,et al.System theory and robust control[M].Beijing:Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Press,1998(in Chinese))
[27]Baker J W,Straub D,Nishijima K,et al.On the assessment of robustness I:a general framework[C]//Proceeding of JCSS Workshop on Robustness of Structures.Watford:JCSS,2005
[28]Schubert M,Straub D,Baker J W,et al.On the assessment of robustness II:numerical investigations[C]//Proceeding of JCSS Workshop on Robustness of Structures.Watford:JCSS,2005
[29]Lu Z,Yu Y,Woodman N J,et al.A theory of structural vulnerability[J].The Structural Engineer,1999,77(18):17-24
[30]Agarwal J,Blockley D I,Woodman N J.Vulnerability of systems[J].Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems,2001,18:141-165
[31]Agarwal J,Blockley D I,Woodman N J.Vulnerability of3-dimensional trusses[J].Structural Safety,2001,23:203-220
[32]Working groups on concepts and techniques,safety evaluation,design and optimization and code implementation.Research needs in structural reliability[J].Structural Safety,1990(7):299-309
[33]Frangopol D M,Curley J P.Effects of damage and redundancy on structural reliability[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1987,113(7):1533-1549
[34]Bertero R D,Bertero V.Redundancy in earthquake-resistant design[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1999,125(1):81-88
[35]Pandey P C,Barai S V.Structural sensitivity as a measure of redundancy[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1997,123(3):360-364
[36]Tan S,Astaneh-Asl A.Cable-based retrofit of steel building floors to prevent progressive collapse,UCB-CEE-STEEL-2003/02[R].Berkeley:University of California,2003
[37]Crawford J E.Retrofit methods to mitigate progressive collapse[EB/OL][.2002-9-18].http://www.nibs.org
[38]Smith E A,Epstein H.Hartford Coliseum roof collapse:structural sequence and lesson learned[J].Civil Engineering,1980,52(4):59-62
[39]徐建设.厂房钢桁架节点性能及结构极限承载状态研究[D].上海:同济大学,2003(Xu Jianshe.Research on Mechanical Behavior of Joint and Ultimate Bearing State of Structure of Steel Plant Truss[D].Shanghai:Tongji University,2003(in Chinese))
[40]Morris N.Effect of member snap on space truss collapse[J].Journal of Engineering Mechanics,1993,119(4):870-886
[41]Malla R,Wang B,Nalluri B.Dynamic effects of progressive member failure on the response of truss structures[C]//Dynamic Response and Progressive Failure of Special Structures.Reston:ASCE,1993
[42]Blandford G.Review of progressive failure analysis for truss structures[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1997,123(2):122-129
[43]Hanaor A,Dallard P R B,Levy R,et al.Member buckling with joint instability-design Application[J].International Journal of Space Structures,2000,15(3):205-213
[44]Malla R,Wang B.Response of space structures under sudden local damage[C]//Engineering,Construction and Operations in Space III.Reston:ASCE,1992
[45]Murtha-Smith E A.Alternate path analysis of space trusses for progressive collapse[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1988,114(9):1978-1999
[46]Marsh C.Improving space truss performance by member removal[C]//Shells,Membranes and Space Frames.Amsterdam:Elsevier,1986
[47]郭范围.广东省九江大桥设计简介[J].公路,1989,(11):21-28(Guo Fanwei.Introduction of Jiujiang bridge design at Guangdong province[J].Highway,1989(11):21-28(in Chinese))
[48]JTG D60—2004公路桥涵设计通用规范[S](JTG D60—2004General Code for Design of Highway Bridge and Culverts[S](in Chinese))
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