城市绿地应急避难场所分析——以焦作市为例
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摘要
城市绿地是城市应急避难场所的主要组成部分。以焦作市为例,将城市绿地分类与景观生态学指标运用到绿地应急避难所的研究中,对防灾避难空间、绿地组成与结构等进行分析。结果表明:1)1999-2007年期间,焦作市人均中长期绿地避难所面积由5.60m~2扩增加到11.34 m~2,远超过了人均中长期避难所需的基本避难面积;人均绿地临时避难所面积呈现先上升后下降的趋势,至2007年时为2.80m~2达到了人均绿地临时避难所需的基本面积;人均绿地紧急避难所面积逐渐下降,由1999年的2.61m~2逐年递减到2007年的0.98m~2 ,低于人均紧急避难空间所需的基本面积。2)大比例的公园绿地、生产绿地,较小比例的防护绿地、附属绿地和其他绿地,以及不合理的绿地格局导致无效绿地的增加,是上述问题的主要原因。
As is often said, parks are lungs of the city. And, in turn, it can be said that the green space is the main constituent section of the urban emergency shelters because of its special functions of disaster prevention and property-damage reduction. This paper is aimed at taking Jiaozuo city as a case study to demonstrate ways on how to classify the urban green space in regard to some landscape ecological indicators, such as diversity index (H), evenness index (E), fragmentation index( C), dominance index( D) and fractal dimension index( FD). In addition, in view of disaster prevention and emergency evacuation, the composition and structure of green space in the years of 1999-2007 were also analyzed. The results of our analysis show that: (1) During the period between 1999 -2007, the green space per-capita share of medium and long-term emergency evacuation shelters in urban area of Jiaozuo has increased from 5.60 m~2 in 1999 to 11.34 m~2 in 2007, which by far exceeds that of the basic average per-capita medium and long-term shelter. Thus, the percapita share of the green space temporary shelters for the time being tends to increase at the beginning and later to decline. To be exact, the beginning per-capita share in 1999 was 1.84 m~2, which rose from 3.24 m~2 in 2003 to 3.55 m~2 in 2005. However, the share had been gradually declining to 2.80 m~2 in 2007, which is merely above the basic per-capita share during the decade. During the same period, the per-capita green space share of emergency shelter presents the process of gradually declining from 2.61 m~2 in 1999 to 0.98 m~2 in 2007, which is actually even below the critical line of the per-capita basic. (2) The chief reason leading to the abnormal lies in the large proportion of park green space and production green space in the suburban areas, which can meet the needs of long-term shelter and temporary shelters for the public in contrast to the smaller proportion of protection green space, green space for special purposes and other green space, which Jeads to the unreasonable green space patterns, such as higher fragmentation index and lower evenness index, etc. As a result, the available green space emergency shelter for public use fails to increase enough to meet the residents' demand for emergency shelter.
As is often said, parks are lungs of the city. And, in turn, it can be said that the green space is the main constituent section of the urban emergency shelters because of its special functions of disaster prevention and property-damage reduction. This paper is aimed at taking Jiaozuo city as a case study to demonstrate ways on how to classify the urban green space in regard to some landscape ecological indicators, such as diversity index (H), evenness index (E), fragmentation index( C), dominance index( D) and fractal dimension index( FD). In addition, in view of disaster prevention and emergency evacuation, the composition and structure of green space in the years of 1999-2007 were also analyzed. The results of our analysis show that: (1) During the period between 1999 -2007, the green space per-capita share of medium and long-term emergency evacuation shelters in urban area of Jiaozuo has increased from 5.60 m~2 in 1999 to 11.34 m~2 in 2007, which by far exceeds that of the basic average per-capita medium and long-term shelter. Thus, the percapita share of the green space temporary shelters for the time being tends to increase at the beginning and later to decline. To be exact, the beginning per-capita share in 1999 was 1.84 m~2, which rose from 3.24 m~2 in 2003 to 3.55 m~2 in 2005. However, the share had been gradually declining to 2.80 m~2 in 2007, which is merely above the basic per-capita share during the decade. During the same period, the per-capita green space share of emergency shelter presents the process of gradually declining from 2.61 m~2 in 1999 to 0.98 m~2 in 2007, which is actually even below the critical line of the per-capita basic. (2) The chief reason leading to the abnormal lies in the large proportion of park green space and production green space in the suburban areas, which can meet the needs of long-term shelter and temporary shelters for the public in contrast to the smaller proportion of protection green space, green space for special purposes and other green space, which Jeads to the unreasonable green space patterns, such as higher fragmentation index and lower evenness index, etc. As a result, the available green space emergency shelter for public use fails to increase enough to meet the residents' demand for emergency shelter.
引文
[1] HE Zhende(何振德), JIN Lei(金磊). Outline of city disasters(城市灾害概论) [M], Tianjin: Tianjin University Press, 2005．
[2] ZHOU Xiaonieng(周晓猛), LIU Mao(刘茂), WANG Yang(王阳). Emergency shelter amount confirm and location optimized [J] . Journal of Safety and Environment (安全与环境学报) , 2006, 6(S) : 118-122．
[3] LIU Changhua(刘昌华), ZHANG Houtian(张后甜) , WANG Shidong (王世东) , et al. Study on mine closure for recourses exhausting and model optimization of economic transition programming in Jiaozuo city [J]. Journal of China Coal Society (煤炭学报) , 2005, 30(3) : 395-399．
[4] LI Kaibing(李开兵), QIAN Hongbo(钱洪波), LI Suyan(李素艳). Priority-based optimal investment planning of refuge in cities [J] . Journal of Natural Disasters (自然灾害学报), 2007, 16(5) : 111-115．
[5] LI Jing(李静), ZHANG Lang(张浪), CHEN Aijie(陈艾杰) , et al. Discussion of the ways of combining the urban emergency shelter and urban green space construction[J] . Chinese Landscape Architecture(中国园林), 2007, 23(5) : 83-87．
[6] CHU Jianyu(初建宇) , SU Youpo(苏幼坡). The planning principles and requirements refuges for evacuation [J]. World Information on Earthquake Engineering(世界地震工程) , 2006, 22(4) : 80-83．
[7] ZHENG Guoqiang(郑国强), ZHAO Qing(赵清), ZHU Peng(朱鹏) , et al. Landscape pattern analysis of urban forest in Jinan[J] . Resources Science(资源科学), 2008, 30(5) : 786-791．
[2] ZHOU Xiaonieng(周晓猛), LIU Mao(刘茂), WANG Yang(王阳). Emergency shelter amount confirm and location optimized [J] . Journal of Safety and Environment (安全与环境学报) , 2006, 6(S) : 118-122．
[3] LIU Changhua(刘昌华), ZHANG Houtian(张后甜) , WANG Shidong (王世东) , et al. Study on mine closure for recourses exhausting and model optimization of economic transition programming in Jiaozuo city [J]. Journal of China Coal Society (煤炭学报) , 2005, 30(3) : 395-399．
[4] LI Kaibing(李开兵), QIAN Hongbo(钱洪波), LI Suyan(李素艳). Priority-based optimal investment planning of refuge in cities [J] . Journal of Natural Disasters (自然灾害学报), 2007, 16(5) : 111-115．
[5] LI Jing(李静), ZHANG Lang(张浪), CHEN Aijie(陈艾杰) , et al. Discussion of the ways of combining the urban emergency shelter and urban green space construction[J] . Chinese Landscape Architecture(中国园林), 2007, 23(5) : 83-87．
[6] CHU Jianyu(初建宇) , SU Youpo(苏幼坡). The planning principles and requirements refuges for evacuation [J]. World Information on Earthquake Engineering(世界地震工程) , 2006, 22(4) : 80-83．
[7] ZHENG Guoqiang(郑国强), ZHAO Qing(赵清), ZHU Peng(朱鹏) , et al. Landscape pattern analysis of urban forest in Jinan[J] . Resources Science(资源科学), 2008, 30(5) : 786-791．
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