同步辐射激光加温DAC技术及在地球深部物质研究中的应用
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摘要
实验室模拟地球深部的温度和压力环境,研究地球相关材料的物理和化学性质,是解释地震波数据、进一步了解地球内部结构和动力学过程的重要途径。用高功率的红外激光光束,加温金刚石对顶砧压腔(DAC)中的样品,可以获得深部地幔乃至地核的极端温度和压力条件,已广泛地用于地球深部矿物的相变、熔融和状态方程研究。同步辐射微束技术的发展,为激光加温DAC技术的应用开辟了新的领域,也使地幔及地核条件下的矿物研究有了重要的突破。文章介绍激光加温DAC技术的发展;阐述高温高压原位的同步辐射X射线衍射方法;例举激光加温DAC技术在地球深部物质研究中的一些应用;并对一些关键的技术问题加以分析和讨论。
The study of the physical and chemical properties of Earth's materials using experiments that simulate high-pressure and high-temperature conditions is an important method to elucidate the seismic wave data and to understand the structure and the dynamic processes in the deep Earth.A sample in the diamond anvil cell (DAC) is heated by the powered infrared laser beam to simulate the extreme conditions of high pressure and high temperature similar to those in the mantle, and even the core of the Earth. Thus it is possible to study phase transformations, melting curves and equation of state of minerals of the Earth's interior. The improvement of synchrotron X-ray micro-beam technique creates the field of application for the laser-heated diamond anvil cell, and have made important progress in the research on minerals that exist in the Earth's mantle and core. This paper introduces the developments of the laser-heated diamond anvil cell technique and the in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction method under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. We illustrate the applications of laser-heated DAC technique to the research on the Earth's interior materials, and discuss key technical problems.
The study of the physical and chemical properties of Earth's materials using experiments that simulate high-pressure and high-temperature conditions is an important method to elucidate the seismic wave data and to understand the structure and the dynamic processes in the deep Earth.A sample in the diamond anvil cell (DAC) is heated by the powered infrared laser beam to simulate the extreme conditions of high pressure and high temperature similar to those in the mantle, and even the core of the Earth. Thus it is possible to study phase transformations, melting curves and equation of state of minerals of the Earth's interior. The improvement of synchrotron X-ray micro-beam technique creates the field of application for the laser-heated diamond anvil cell, and have made important progress in the research on minerals that exist in the Earth's mantle and core. This paper introduces the developments of the laser-heated diamond anvil cell technique and the in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction method under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. We illustrate the applications of laser-heated DAC technique to the research on the Earth's interior materials, and discuss key technical problems.
引文
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[16] JEPHCOAT A P,BASEDIN S P.Temperature measurementand melting determination in the laser heated diamond anvilcell[J].PhilTransR SocLondonA,1996,354:13331359.
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[18] ZOU G T,MA Y,MAO H K, et al.A diamond gasket forthe laser heated diamond anvil cell[J].RevSciInstrum,2001,72(2):12981301.
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[24] YANG B X,RIVERS M,SCHILDKAMP W, et al.GeoCARS microfocusingKirkpatrickBaez mirror bender develop ment[J].RevSciInstrum,1995,66:22782280.
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[26] BOEHLER R,CHOPELAS A.Phase transition in a500 kbar3000K gas apparatus[A].SYONO Y,MANGHNANI MH.HighPressureResearch inMineralPhysics:ApplicationtoEarth andPlanetarySciences[M].Geophys.Monograph67,MineralPhys.Vol3,TerraSci.Publ.Co.,Tokyo,1992:5560.
[27] FIQUET G,DEWAELE A,ANDRAULT D, et al.Ther moelastic properties and crystal structure ofMgSiO3 perovs kite at lower mantle pressure and temperature conditions[J].GeophysResLett,2000,27:2124.
[28] SHIM S H,DUFFY T S,SHEN G.The stability andpV TEOS ofCaSiO3Pv in theEarth sLower mantle[J].J Geo physRes,2000,105(B11):2595525968.
[29] SWEENEY J S,HEINZ D L.Melting of iron magnesium sili cate perovskite[J].GeophysResLett,1993,20:855858.
[30] ZERR A,BOEHLER R.Melting of(Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskiteto625 kilobars:Indication of a high melting temperature inthe lower mantle.[J].Science,1993,262:553555.
[31] SHEN G,HEINZ D L.High pressure melting of deep mantleand core materials[A].HEMLEY R J.UltrahighPressureMineralogy:Physics andChemistry of theEarth sDeepIn terior[M].Reviews inMineralogy,1998,37:369396.
[32] FIQUET G,ANDRAULT D.PowderX ray diffraction underextreme conditions of pressure and temperature[J].J Syn chrotronRad,1999,6:8186.
[33] DUBROVINSKY L S,SAXENA S K,LAZOR P.X raystudy of iron with in situ heating at ultra high pressures[J].GeophysResLett,1997,24:18351838.
[34] DUBROVINSKY L S,SAXENA S K,LAZOR P.Stabilityofβ iron:A new synchrotronX ray study of heated iron athigh pressure[J].EurJ Mineral,1998,10:4347.
[35] DUBROVINSKY L S,SAXENA S K,TUTTI F, et al.InsituX ray study of thermal expansion and phase transition ofiron at multi megabar pressure[J].PhysRevLett,2000,84:17201723.
[25] 刘景,赵菁,车荣钲,等.高压下的同步辐射能量色散粉末衍射[J].高压物理学报,2002,14(4):247252.
[2] HEINZ D L,JEANLOZ R.Temperature measurements inthe laser heated diamond cell[A ].MANGHNANI M H,SYONO Y.HighPressureResearch inMineralPhysics[M].WashingtonD C:TerraScientific,Tokyo/AmericanGeophysicalUnion,1987:113127.
[3] MING L C,BASSETT W A.Laser heating in the diamondanvil press up to2000℃ sustained and3000℃ pulsed atpressures up to260 kilobars[J].RevSciInstrum,1974,45:11151118.
[4] WILLIAMS Q,JEANLOZ R,BASS J, et al.The meltingcurve of iron to250 gigapascal:A constrain on the tempera ture atEarth s center[J].Science,1987,236:181182.
[5] BOEHLER R, vonBARGEN N,CHOPELAS A.Melting,thermal expansion, and phase transitions of iron at high pres sures[J].J GeophysRes,1990,95:2173121736.
[6] SAXENA S K,SHEN G,LAZOR P.Experimental evidencefor a new iron phase and implications forEarth s core[J].Science,1993,260:13121314.
[7] SHEN G,PETER L.Measurement of melting temperature ofsome minerals under lower mantle pressure[J].J GeophysRes,1995,100:1769917713.
[8] BOEHLER R.Temperatures in theEarth s core from melt ing point measurements of iron at high static pressures[J].Nature,1993,363:534536.
[9] SHEN G,MAO H K,HEMLEY R J, et al.Melting andcrystal structure of iron at high pressures and temperatures[J].GeophysResLett,1998,25:373376.
[10] BOEHLER R,CHOPELAS A.A new approach to laser heat ing in high pressure mineral physics[J].GeophysResLett,1991,18(6):11471150.
[11] SHEN G,MAO H K,HEMLEY R J.Laser heated diamondanvil cell technique:Double sided heating with multimodeNd:YAG laser[A].AdvancedMaterials96—NewTrendsinHighPressureResearch[C].NIRIM,Tsukuba,Japan,1996:149152.
[12] MAO H K,SHEN G,R.J.HEMLEY, et al.X ray diffrac tion with a double hot plate laser heated diamond cell[A].MANGHNANI M H,YAGI T.Properties of theEarth andPlanetaryMaterials atHighPressure andTemperature[M].Washington,D C:Geophys.Monograph101,Am.Geophys.Union,1998:2734.
[13] SHEN G,RIVERS M L,WANG Y, et al.Laser heated dia mond cell system at the advanced photon source for in situX ray measurements at high pressure and temperature[J].RevSciInstrum,2001,72:12731282.
[14] HEINZ D L,SWEENEY J S,MILLER P.A laser heatingsystem that stabilizes and controls the temperature:Diamondanvil cell applications[J].RevSciInstrum,1991,62:15681575.
[15] BOEHLER R.High pressure experiments and the phase dia gram of lower mantle and core materials[J].RevGeophys,2000,38:221245.
[16] JEPHCOAT A P,BASEDIN S P.Temperature measurementand melting determination in the laser heated diamond anvilcell[J].PhilTransR SocLondonA,1996,354:13331359.
[17] SAXENA S K,SHEN G,LAZOR P.Temperature inearth s core based on melting and phase transformation exper iments on iron[J].Science,1994,264:405407.
[18] ZOU G T,MA Y,MAO H K, et al.A diamond gasket forthe laser heated diamond anvil cell[J].RevSciInstrum,2001,72(2):12981301.
[19] JAMIESON J C.New device for obtainingX ray diffractionpatterns from substances exposed to high pressure[J].RevSciInstrum,1959,30:10161019.
[20] MAO H K,WU Y,R J HEMLEY, et al.X ray diffractionto302 gigapascals:High pressure crystal structure of cesiumiodide[J].Science,1989,246:649651.
[21] ANDRAULT D,FIQUET G,KUNZ M, et al.The ortho rhombic structure of iron:An in situ study at high tempera ture and high pressure[J].Science,1997,278:831834.
[22] SAXENA S K,DUBROVINSKY L S,HAGGKVIST P, etal.SynchrotronX ray study of iron at high pressure and tem perature[J].Science,1995,269:17031704.
[23] YOO C S,AKELLA J,CAMPBELL A J, et al.Phase dia gram of iron by in situX ray diffraction:Implications forEarth s core[J].Science,1995,270:14731475.
[24] YANG B X,RIVERS M,SCHILDKAMP W, et al.GeoCARS microfocusingKirkpatrickBaez mirror bender develop ment[J].RevSciInstrum,1995,66:22782280.
[25] LIU Jing,ZHAO Jing,CHE Rongzheng, et al.In situ ener gy dispersive diffraction under high pressure using synchro tron radiation[J].ChineseJournal ofHighPressurePhys ics,2000,14(4):247252(inChinese).
[26] BOEHLER R,CHOPELAS A.Phase transition in a500 kbar3000K gas apparatus[A].SYONO Y,MANGHNANI MH.HighPressureResearch inMineralPhysics:ApplicationtoEarth andPlanetarySciences[M].Geophys.Monograph67,MineralPhys.Vol3,TerraSci.Publ.Co.,Tokyo,1992:5560.
[27] FIQUET G,DEWAELE A,ANDRAULT D, et al.Ther moelastic properties and crystal structure ofMgSiO3 perovs kite at lower mantle pressure and temperature conditions[J].GeophysResLett,2000,27:2124.
[28] SHIM S H,DUFFY T S,SHEN G.The stability andpV TEOS ofCaSiO3Pv in theEarth sLower mantle[J].J Geo physRes,2000,105(B11):2595525968.
[29] SWEENEY J S,HEINZ D L.Melting of iron magnesium sili cate perovskite[J].GeophysResLett,1993,20:855858.
[30] ZERR A,BOEHLER R.Melting of(Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskiteto625 kilobars:Indication of a high melting temperature inthe lower mantle.[J].Science,1993,262:553555.
[31] SHEN G,HEINZ D L.High pressure melting of deep mantleand core materials[A].HEMLEY R J.UltrahighPressureMineralogy:Physics andChemistry of theEarth sDeepIn terior[M].Reviews inMineralogy,1998,37:369396.
[32] FIQUET G,ANDRAULT D.PowderX ray diffraction underextreme conditions of pressure and temperature[J].J Syn chrotronRad,1999,6:8186.
[33] DUBROVINSKY L S,SAXENA S K,LAZOR P.X raystudy of iron with in situ heating at ultra high pressures[J].GeophysResLett,1997,24:18351838.
[34] DUBROVINSKY L S,SAXENA S K,LAZOR P.Stabilityofβ iron:A new synchrotronX ray study of heated iron athigh pressure[J].EurJ Mineral,1998,10:4347.
[35] DUBROVINSKY L S,SAXENA S K,TUTTI F, et al.InsituX ray study of thermal expansion and phase transition ofiron at multi megabar pressure[J].PhysRevLett,2000,84:17201723.
[25] 刘景,赵菁,车荣钲,等.高压下的同步辐射能量色散粉末衍射[J].高压物理学报,2002,14(4):247252.
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