循环载荷下大试件岩石破坏声发射实验——岩石破坏前兆的研究
摘要
岩石等脆性材料在加载过程中,随着载荷的增加,材料内部的微裂纹产生、扩展并伴随着声发射现象的发生。声发射是研究脆性材料损伤演化的良好工具,它能连续、实时地监测脆性物体内部微裂纹的产生与扩展,这是其他任何方法都不具有的优势。在三轴应力条件下进行了大尺度岩石(片麻岩)破坏声发射实验,试件尺寸达1.05 m。为了模拟日、月潮汐力对地球的加载和卸载作用,在某一固定水平的轴向压力作用下,叠加上循环载荷。实验过程中记录到大量的声发射信息,它能够反映岩石试件内部每一个损伤(微裂纹)发生的时间、地点和强度。利用声发射记录研究了预测岩石宏观破坏的 2 种前兆现象:能量加速释放及加卸载响应比剧增,为地震预测提供了实验依据。同时还发现,实验中存在声发射的 Felicity 效应。
The microfractures in a brittle material like rock may appear or grow while loading. Microfracturing process in a material results in energy dissipation and acoustic emission(AE). Acoustic emission is a good tool to detect the damage in brittle materials. Because it can monitor the microfractures in the body continuously and in-real-time and is better than other methods. Large-scaled gneiss failure experiments under triaxial loading are conducted. The size of the specimen reaches 1.05 m. In order to simulate the effect of tide-generating force of the sun and the moon,a cycle stress is loaded superposing on a basic axial load level. Lots of acoustic emission during the entire loading are recorded. The recording is able to indicate the occurrence time,location and magnitude of every damage (micro-crack) in the specimen. Acoustic emission record is used to study the two macroscopic failure precursors of rock,accelerating energy release (AER) and load/unload response ratio (LURR),which can be served as the experimental foundation of earthquake prediction. At the same time the Felicity effect is identified in the experiment.
The microfractures in a brittle material like rock may appear or grow while loading. Microfracturing process in a material results in energy dissipation and acoustic emission(AE). Acoustic emission is a good tool to detect the damage in brittle materials. Because it can monitor the microfractures in the body continuously and in-real-time and is better than other methods. Large-scaled gneiss failure experiments under triaxial loading are conducted. The size of the specimen reaches 1.05 m. In order to simulate the effect of tide-generating force of the sun and the moon,a cycle stress is loaded superposing on a basic axial load level. Lots of acoustic emission during the entire loading are recorded. The recording is able to indicate the occurrence time,location and magnitude of every damage (micro-crack) in the specimen. Acoustic emission record is used to study the two macroscopic failure precursors of rock,accelerating energy release (AER) and load/unload response ratio (LURR),which can be served as the experimental foundation of earthquake prediction. At the same time the Felicity effect is identified in the experiment.
引文
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2BaiY L,LuC S,KeF J,et al.Evolution induced catastrophe[J].Phys.Lett.,1994,185(2):196～200
3夏蒙棼,韩闻生,柯孚久等.统计细观损伤力学和损伤演化诱致突变(I)[J].力学进展,1995,25(1):1～40
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5腾山邦久.声发射(AE)技术的应用[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1997
6LocknerD A,ByerleeJ D,KuksenkoV,et al.Quasi-static fault growth and shear fracture energy in granite[J].Nature,1991,350(7):39～42
7LocknerD A.The role of emission in the study of rock failure[J].Int.J.RockMech.Min.Sci.&Geomech.Abstr.,1993,30(7):883～899
8秦跃平,孙文标,王磊.岩石损伤力学模型分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(5):702～705
9蔡美峰,来兴平.复合坚硬岩石巷道塌陷段监控的研究与应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(3):391～394
10赵向东,陈波,姜福兴.微地震工程应用研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(增2):2609～2612
11许迎年,徐文胜,王元汉等.岩爆模拟试验及岩爆机理研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(10):1462～1466
12周小平,张永兴.大厂铜坑矿细脉带岩石结构面直剪实验中声发射特性研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(5):724～727
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14KaiserJ.An investigation into the occurrence of noises in tensile tests or a study of acoustic phenomena in tensile tests[PhD Thesis][D].Munich:Tech.Hosch.Munchen,1950
15GoodmanR E.Subaudible noise during compression of rocks[J].Geol.Soc.Amer.Bull,1963,74(3):487～490
16张守良,邓金根,徐显广等.油田地应力测量技术及中国西部地应力分布规律[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(增):2134～2138
17LiC,NorlundE.Experimental verification ofKaiser effect in rocks[J].RockMechanics andRockEngineering,1993,26(4):333～351
18Vere-JonesD.Statistical theory of crack propagation[J].Math.Geol.,1977,9(4):455～481
19SornetteA,SornetteD.Earthquake rupture as a critical point: consequences for telluric precursors[J].Tectonophysics,1990,179(3/4):327～334
20SornetteD ,SammisC G.Complex critical exponents from renormalization group theory of earthquakes: implications for earthquake predictions[J].J.Phys.I,1995,5(5):607～619
21SammisC G,SmithS W.Seismic cycles and the evolution of stress correlation in cellular automation models of finite fault networks[J].PureAppl.Geophys.,1999,155(2/4):307～334
22BowmanD D,OuillonG,SammisC G,et al.An observation test of the critical earthquake concept[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103(24):359～372
23KnopoffL,LevshinaT,Keilis-BorokV I,et al.Increased long-range intermediate-magnitude earthquake activity prior to strong earthquakes inCalifornia[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1996,101(S3):5779～5796
24RundleJ B,KleinW,GrossS.A physical basis for statical patterns in complex earthquake populations:models,predictions and tests[J].PureAppl.Geophys.,1999,155(3/4):575～607
25JaumeS C,SykesL R.Evolution toward a critical point:a review of accelerating seismic moment/energy release prior to large great earthquakes[J].PureAppl.Geophys.,1999,155(3/4):279～306
26吴忠良.地震震源物理中的临界现象[M].北京:地震出版社,2000
27SmithR L,PhoenixS L.Asymptotic distributions for the failure fibrous materials under series-parallel structure and equal load-sharing[J].J.App.Mech.,1981,48(103):75～82
28CurtinW A.Theory of mechanical properties of ceramic-matrix composites[J].J.Am.Ceramsoc.,1991,74(11):2837～2845
29NewmanW L,PhoenixS L.Time dependent fiber-bundles with local load sharing[J].Phys.Rev.,2001,63(2):507～507
30TurcotteD L,NewmanW I,ShcherbakovR.Micro-and macro-scopic models of rock fracture[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2002,152(3):718～728
31Ben-ZionY,LyakhovskyV.Accelerated seismic release and related aspects of seismicity patterns of earthquakes faults[J].PureAppl.Geophys.,2002,158(12):2385～2412
32SornetteD.CriticalPhenomena inNatualScience(Chaos,Fractals,Selforganizaion andDisorder,Concept andTools)[M].Herdelberg:SpringerSeries inSynergetics,2000
33XiaM F,WeiY J,KeF J,et al.Critical sensitivity and trans-scale fluctuations in catastrophic rupture[J].Pageoph.,2002,159(9):2491～2509
34YinX C,MoraP,PengK,et al.Load-unload response ratio and accelerating moment/energy release critical region scaling and earthquake prediction[J].Pageoph.,2002,159(9):2511～2523
35HuangA,JohansenM W,LeeH,et al.Artifactual log-periodicity in finite-size data,relevance for earthquake aftershocks[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2004,in press
36PressW H,FlannergyB P,VetterlingW T,et al.NumericalRecipes[M].Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1986
37YinX C,YinC.The precursor of instability for nonliner system and its application to earthquake prediction[J].Science inChina,1991,34(8):977～986
38YinX C,ChenX Z,SongZ P,et al.A new approach to earthquake prediction—— the load/unload response ratio(LURR) theory[J].Pageoph.,1995,145(3/4):701～715
39YinX C,ChenX Z,WangY C,et al.Development of a new approach to earthquake prediction:load/unload response ratio(LURR) theory[J].PureAppl.Geophys.,2000,156(11/12):2365～2383
40YinX C ,ChenX Z ,SongZ P.The load/unload response ratio(LURR)theory and its application to earthquake prediction[J].Journal ofEarthquakePredictionResearch,1994,3(3):325～333
41宋治平,尹祥础,陈学忠.加卸载响应比的时空演化特征及其对地震三要素的预测意义[J].地震学报,1996,18(2):179～186
42王海涛,彭克银,张永仙等,新疆伽师强震群过程中加卸载响应比变化特征[J].科学通报,1998,43(10):1109～1111
43尹祥础,陈学忠,宋治平等.关东等地区加卸载响应比的时间变化及其预测意义[J].中国地震,1996,12(3):331～334
44施行觉,许和明,万永中等.模拟引潮力作用下的岩石破裂特征——加卸载响应比理论的实验研究之一[J].地球物理学报,1994,37(5):633～638
45WangY C.Mechanical simulation of seismogenesis on macro-and meso-scopic scale[PhD Thesis][D].Beijing:Institute ofGeophysics,ChinaSeismologicalBureau,1998
2BaiY L,LuC S,KeF J,et al.Evolution induced catastrophe[J].Phys.Lett.,1994,185(2):196～200
3夏蒙棼,韩闻生,柯孚久等.统计细观损伤力学和损伤演化诱致突变(I)[J].力学进展,1995,25(1):1～40
4夏蒙棼,韩闻生,柯孚久等.统计细观损伤力学和损伤演化诱致突变(II)[J].力学进展,1995,25(2):145～171
5腾山邦久.声发射(AE)技术的应用[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1997
6LocknerD A,ByerleeJ D,KuksenkoV,et al.Quasi-static fault growth and shear fracture energy in granite[J].Nature,1991,350(7):39～42
7LocknerD A.The role of emission in the study of rock failure[J].Int.J.RockMech.Min.Sci.&Geomech.Abstr.,1993,30(7):883～899
8秦跃平,孙文标,王磊.岩石损伤力学模型分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(5):702～705
9蔡美峰,来兴平.复合坚硬岩石巷道塌陷段监控的研究与应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(3):391～394
10赵向东,陈波,姜福兴.微地震工程应用研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(增2):2609～2612
11许迎年,徐文胜,王元汉等.岩爆模拟试验及岩爆机理研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(10):1462～1466
12周小平,张永兴.大厂铜坑矿细脉带岩石结构面直剪实验中声发射特性研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(5):724～727
13TomilinN G,DamaskinskayaE E,VkuksenkoS.Formation of a fracture focus during the deformation of heterogeneous materials(granite)[J].Fiz.Tverd.Tela(St.Petersburg),1994,36(10):1649～1653
14KaiserJ.An investigation into the occurrence of noises in tensile tests or a study of acoustic phenomena in tensile tests[PhD Thesis][D].Munich:Tech.Hosch.Munchen,1950
15GoodmanR E.Subaudible noise during compression of rocks[J].Geol.Soc.Amer.Bull,1963,74(3):487～490
16张守良,邓金根,徐显广等.油田地应力测量技术及中国西部地应力分布规律[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(增):2134～2138
17LiC,NorlundE.Experimental verification ofKaiser effect in rocks[J].RockMechanics andRockEngineering,1993,26(4):333～351
18Vere-JonesD.Statistical theory of crack propagation[J].Math.Geol.,1977,9(4):455～481
19SornetteA,SornetteD.Earthquake rupture as a critical point: consequences for telluric precursors[J].Tectonophysics,1990,179(3/4):327～334
20SornetteD ,SammisC G.Complex critical exponents from renormalization group theory of earthquakes: implications for earthquake predictions[J].J.Phys.I,1995,5(5):607～619
21SammisC G,SmithS W.Seismic cycles and the evolution of stress correlation in cellular automation models of finite fault networks[J].PureAppl.Geophys.,1999,155(2/4):307～334
22BowmanD D,OuillonG,SammisC G,et al.An observation test of the critical earthquake concept[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103(24):359～372
23KnopoffL,LevshinaT,Keilis-BorokV I,et al.Increased long-range intermediate-magnitude earthquake activity prior to strong earthquakes inCalifornia[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1996,101(S3):5779～5796
24RundleJ B,KleinW,GrossS.A physical basis for statical patterns in complex earthquake populations:models,predictions and tests[J].PureAppl.Geophys.,1999,155(3/4):575～607
25JaumeS C,SykesL R.Evolution toward a critical point:a review of accelerating seismic moment/energy release prior to large great earthquakes[J].PureAppl.Geophys.,1999,155(3/4):279～306
26吴忠良.地震震源物理中的临界现象[M].北京:地震出版社,2000
27SmithR L,PhoenixS L.Asymptotic distributions for the failure fibrous materials under series-parallel structure and equal load-sharing[J].J.App.Mech.,1981,48(103):75～82
28CurtinW A.Theory of mechanical properties of ceramic-matrix composites[J].J.Am.Ceramsoc.,1991,74(11):2837～2845
29NewmanW L,PhoenixS L.Time dependent fiber-bundles with local load sharing[J].Phys.Rev.,2001,63(2):507～507
30TurcotteD L,NewmanW I,ShcherbakovR.Micro-and macro-scopic models of rock fracture[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2002,152(3):718～728
31Ben-ZionY,LyakhovskyV.Accelerated seismic release and related aspects of seismicity patterns of earthquakes faults[J].PureAppl.Geophys.,2002,158(12):2385～2412
32SornetteD.CriticalPhenomena inNatualScience(Chaos,Fractals,Selforganizaion andDisorder,Concept andTools)[M].Herdelberg:SpringerSeries inSynergetics,2000
33XiaM F,WeiY J,KeF J,et al.Critical sensitivity and trans-scale fluctuations in catastrophic rupture[J].Pageoph.,2002,159(9):2491～2509
34YinX C,MoraP,PengK,et al.Load-unload response ratio and accelerating moment/energy release critical region scaling and earthquake prediction[J].Pageoph.,2002,159(9):2511～2523
35HuangA,JohansenM W,LeeH,et al.Artifactual log-periodicity in finite-size data,relevance for earthquake aftershocks[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2004,in press
36PressW H,FlannergyB P,VetterlingW T,et al.NumericalRecipes[M].Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1986
37YinX C,YinC.The precursor of instability for nonliner system and its application to earthquake prediction[J].Science inChina,1991,34(8):977～986
38YinX C,ChenX Z,SongZ P,et al.A new approach to earthquake prediction—— the load/unload response ratio(LURR) theory[J].Pageoph.,1995,145(3/4):701～715
39YinX C,ChenX Z,WangY C,et al.Development of a new approach to earthquake prediction:load/unload response ratio(LURR) theory[J].PureAppl.Geophys.,2000,156(11/12):2365～2383
40YinX C ,ChenX Z ,SongZ P.The load/unload response ratio(LURR)theory and its application to earthquake prediction[J].Journal ofEarthquakePredictionResearch,1994,3(3):325～333
41宋治平,尹祥础,陈学忠.加卸载响应比的时空演化特征及其对地震三要素的预测意义[J].地震学报,1996,18(2):179～186
42王海涛,彭克银,张永仙等,新疆伽师强震群过程中加卸载响应比变化特征[J].科学通报,1998,43(10):1109～1111
43尹祥础,陈学忠,宋治平等.关东等地区加卸载响应比的时间变化及其预测意义[J].中国地震,1996,12(3):331～334
44施行觉,许和明,万永中等.模拟引潮力作用下的岩石破裂特征——加卸载响应比理论的实验研究之一[J].地球物理学报,1994,37(5):633～638
45WangY C.Mechanical simulation of seismogenesis on macro-and meso-scopic scale[PhD Thesis][D].Beijing:Institute ofGeophysics,ChinaSeismologicalBureau,1998
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